-NRLF 


AND 


VfN.E-5 


Ex 

Libris 

BEATRIX 
JONES 


REEF  POINT  GARDENS 
LIBRARY 


The  Gift  of  Beatrix  Farrand 

to  the  General  Library 
University  of  California,  Berkeley 


BOOKS   BY   H.    E.    PARKHURST 


TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE    NORTHEASTERN 

UNITED    STATES.      12mo,  net $1.50 

SONG    BIRDS    AND    WATERFOWL.     Illustrated    by   Louis 

Agassiz  Fuertes.     12mo,  net, 1.50 

THE    BIRDS'    CALENDAR.    With  24  Illustrations.     12mo,  net,      1.50 
HOW  TO   NAME   THE   BIRDS.     16mo,  net 1.00 


TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES 

OF  THE 

NORTHEASTERN    UNITED   STATES 

THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  LANDSCAPE  FEATURES 

FULLY  DESCRIBED  FOR  IDENTIFICATION  BY  THE  NON-BOTANICAL 
READER;  TOGETHER  WITH  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 
FOREIGN  HARDY  TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  CULTIVATED  IN 
OUR  COUNTRY,  AND  FOUND  IN  CENTRAL  PARK,  NEW  YORK  CITY 

BY 

H.    E.   £ARKHURST 


'The  gods,  to  live  in  woods,  have  left  the  skies." 

Dryden 


ILLUSTRATED 


CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS 
NEW    YORK::::::::::::::::1903 


COPYRIGHT,  1903,  BY 
CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS 


Published,  April,  1903 


TROW  DIRECTORY 

PRINTING  AND  BOOKBINDING  COMPANY 
NtW  YORK 


Add'l 

LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECTURE 

Earrand  Gift1 


*3 


LANDSCAPE 
AECH. 
LIBRUtT 


MY    WIFE 


32B 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Opening  Leaves     .    .    .    . 1 

Tree  Life 18 

Central  Park 29 

Wood  Notes 47 

Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion  .     .     .    .  57 

On  "The  Point "— Second  Excursion  ....  77 

Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion  ....  91 

In  the  "  Ramble  "— Fourth  Excursion    ....  105 

Shrubs  and  Vines 130 

Botanical  Descriptions 179 

Trees  with  Ornamental  Blossoms 184 

Description  of  Native  Trees 186 

of  Native  Shrubs 243 

of  Native  Vines 304 

of  Foreign  Trees 353 

of  Foreign  Shrubs 376 

of  Foreign  Vines 404 

vii 


Contents 

PAGE 

Plant  Structure 411 

Glossary .421 

Botanical  List  of  all  Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines  in 
Central  Park 425 

Index  *•..'..    *    ......  Y  ..  453 


viii 


TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES 

OF   THE 

NORTHEASTERN   UNITED  STATES 


OPENING  LEAVES 

*  Thou,  nature,  art  my  goddess :   to  thy  law 
My  services  are  bound :   wherefore  should  I 
Stand  to  the  plague  of  custom  ?  " 

— SHAKESPEARE. 

OUR  field  of  observation  in  the  following  pages  is 
practically  the  entire  Northeastern  States.  The 
record  is  in  no  sense  local,  except  as  the  chosen 
background  of  the  pictorial  account  is  the  most  representa- 
tive and  extensive  collection  of  our  finest  native  and  for- 
eign growth,  arranged  for  landscape  effect,  that  is  to  be 
found  in  the  country — the  famous  Central  Park,  of  New 
York  City. 

This  small  and  definite  area  not  only  affords  a  splendid 
concrete  example  of  landscape  vegetation  for  the  thou- 
sands annually  traversing  it,  but  is  so  illustrative  of  every 
phase  of  hardy,  deciduous,  and  evergreen  growth  at  home 
and  abroad  as  to  afford  ample  opportunity  for  discussing 
the  entire  range  of  native  vegetation  in  tree,  shrub,  and 
vine,  from  Maine  to  North  Carolina,  and  west  to  the 
Mississippi,  and  the  abundant  decorative  species  from 
Europe  and  Asia,  that  are  now  figuring  so  conspicuously 
in  all  our  private  lawns  and  gardens. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  a  description  of  all  the  trees, 
shrubs,  and  vines  in  Central  Park  has  been  presented  to 
the  public.  The  nearest  approach  to  it  was  a  botanical 

i 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


list,  published  in  1875  by  the  Park  Commissioners,  Ln 
their  third  general  report,  upon  the  completion  of  the 
Park ;  a  list  now  valueless,  owing  to  the  subsequent  dis- 
appearance of  many  species  not  suitable  to  our  climate, 
and  the  addition,  in  recent  years,  of  many  choice  foreign 
plants. 

The  utility  of  the  following  account,  in  its  relation 
to  the  Park,  is  not  limited  to  even  the  large  numbers 
that  frequent  these  splendid  grounds ;  for  the  orna- 
mental growth  here  is  of  so  representative  a  character 
as  to  comprise  most  of  the  species  cultivated  anywhere 
in  the  Northeastern  States,  the  identification  of  which 
is  made  possible  in  these  pages  without  resorting  to  text- 
books. It  may  also  be  added  that,  for  a  considerable 
amount  of  the  foreign  growth  herein  described,  which  is 
becoming  widely  popular  for  lawns  and  parks,  no  de- 
scription, sufficiently  detailed  for  identification,  is  else- 
where to  be  found  in  any  American  publication,  nor 
can  all  of  it  be  found  in  any  single  foreign  work.  In 
recent  years  the  treasures  of  Japan  and  other  parts  of 
Asia,  as  well  as  of  Europe,  have  been  extensively  drawn 
upon  for  landscape  decoration,  and  the  following  pages 
afford  a  ready  reference  for  determining  the  leading 
species  in  the  three  distinctive  types  of  growth  herein 
considered. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  a  matter  for  pride  that  our 
own  sylva  is  worthy  of  so  large  a  representation  in  this 
notable  collection ;  and  those  unfamiliar  with  our  native 
species  may  be  surprised  to  find  that  some  of  the  most 
stately  and  picturesque  effects  in  forestry,  and  some  of 
the  most  brilliant  and  graceful  forms  of  shrub  and  vine, 

2 


Opening  Leaves 

are  the  result  of  indigenous  growth.  Other  climes  have 
given  us  the  yulan,  tamarix,  forsythia,  quince,  English 
hawthorn,  bird  cherry,  ailanthus,  the  most  valuable  coni- 
fers, the  deutzia,  hydrangea,  lilac,  many  beautiful  spir- 
aeas, azaleas,  weigelas,  etc.,  etc. ;  but  we  are  proud  of 
our  elms,  maples,  and  oaks,  our  flowering  dogwood, 
silver-bell-tree,  red-bud,  cottonwood,  buttonwood,  yel- 
low-wood, catalpa,  beech,  birch,  etc.  At  the  same 
time  it  is  useless  to  deny  that  in  very  many  genera 
the  foreign  species  decidedly  outrank  the  native ;  and 
in  the  last  analysis  will  it  not  be  necessary  to  admit 
that,  with  a  presumably  Asiatic  origin  of  species,  we  are 
ultimately  indebted  to  the  Eastern  hemisphere  for  all 
our  wealth  of  vegetation  ? 

The  catalogue  herein  presented  is  based  upon  accurate 
official  lists  recently  completed,  and  not  yet  published, 
by  the  Park  Department,  the  correctness  of  which  has 
been  largely  verified  by  my  own  observations  during 
the  past  two  years. 

This  extensive  area  of  landscape  gardening  is  in  three 
sections :  the  first,  extending  from  Fifty-ninth  Street 
to  the  north  side  of  the  "  Ramble,"  is  by  far  the  most 
favorable  for  study,  as  it  contains,  in  an  area  of  little 
more  than  half  a  square  mile,  the  majority  of  all  the 
species  throughout  the  grounds.  The  second  section, 
reaching  northward  from  the  "Ramble"  to  above 
Ninetieth  Street,  though  hardly  less  beautiful  in  scenery, 
is  not  so  elaborately  cultivated ;  and  the  third  section 
contains  the  wilder  portion  at  the  upper  end,  where 
nature  boldly  asserts  itself  amid  the  few  deft  touches 
of  art. 

3 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  the  trees,  shrubs, 
and  vines  in  the  Park.  Those  with  an  asterisk  are 
foreign  or  American  extra-limital,  the  others  are  native 
or  naturalized  in  the  Northeastern  United  States. 


DECIDUOUS   TREES     (not  cone-bearing) 


Ailanthus  (A.  glandulosa) 

Alder  (Alnus) 
*(glutinosa) 
*(cordata) 

Angelica-tree  (Aralia  spinosa) 

Ash  (Fraxinus) 

White  (americana) 
^Flowering  (ornus) 
*European  (excelsior) 
Black  (sambucifolia) 

Beech  (Fagus) 

American  (ferruginea) 
*European  (sylvatica) 
*Weeping  (sylvatica  pen- 

dula) 
*Purple  (sylvatica  atropur- 

purea) 
*Cut-leaved  (sylvatica  as- 

plenifolia) 
Birch  (Betula) 

White  (populifolia) 
Black  (lenta ;  nigra) 
Red  (rubra) 
Yellow  (lutea) 
Paper  (papyracea) 
*Cut-leaved  (laciniata) 
*Weeping  (pendula) 
*Purple- leaved  (alba,  var. 
atropurpurea) 


Buckeye  (Pavia) 

Yellow  (flava) 

Ohio  (ohioensis) 

*Red  (rubra) 
Buckthorn,  Common  (Rhamnus 

catharticus) 

Butternut  (Juglans  cinerea) 
Buttonwood  (Platanus) 

(occidentalis) 

*(orientalis) 

Catalpa  (Catalpa) 
(bignonioides) 
*(bungei) 

Cherry  (Plum),  (Prunus) 
Wild  Black  (serotina) 
Wild  Red  (pennsylvanica) 
Sloe,  Black  Thorn  (spinosa) 
*Garden  Red  (cerasus) 
*Small  Bird  Cherry  (padus) 
^Japanese  Plum  (pissardii) 
*(mahaleb) 

Chestnut  (Castanea) 

American  (americana) 
*European  (sativa) 

*Cork  -  tree       ( Phellodendron 
armorense) 

Dogwood  (Cornus) 

Flowering  (florida,  var.  alba) 


Opening  Leaves 


DECIDUOUS  TREES—C<mtinue<t 


Dogwood — Continued 

Flowering  (florida,  var.  ro- 

sea) 

Alternate  -  leaved    (alterni- 
folia) 

Elm  (Ulmus) 

White  (americana) 
Slippery  (fulva) 
^English  (campestris) 
*Wych   or    Scotch    (mon- 

tana) 

*Small-leaved  (parvifolia) 
*Long- stemmed  Mountain 
(effusa) 

*Ginkgo-tree  (Salisburia  adian- 
tifolia) 

Hickory  (Carya) 

Shagbark  (alba) 

Western   Shell -bark  (sul- 

cata) 

Mocker-nut  (tomentosa) 
Pig-nut  (porcina) 

Holly  (Ilex) 

American  (opaca) 
*European  (aquifoliuin) 
*  Large-leaved  (macrophyl- 
lum) 

Hop-hornbeam  (Ostrya  virgin- 
ica) 

Hop-tree  (Ptelea  trifoliata) 

Hornbeam  (Carpinus) 
^European  (betulus) 
American  (americana) 


Horse-chestnut  (^sculus  hip- 
pocastanum) 

June-berry  (Amelanchier  cana- 
densis) 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree  (Gymno- 

cladon  canadensis) 
*Kcelreuteria  paniculata 

^Laburnum,  Common  (L.  vul- 

gare) 
Linden  (Tilia) 

American  (americana) 

"^European  (europaea) 

Locust,  Common  (Robinia  pseu- 

dacacia) 
Common  (Robinia  pseuda- 

cacia,  var.  inermis) 
Honey  (Gleditschia  triacan- 

thus) 

*Chinese   (Gleditschia    si- 
nensis) 

Magnolia  (Magnolia) 

Cucumber  (acuminata) 
Umbrella  (tripetala) 
Great-leaved  (macrophylla) 
Small  or  Laurel  (glauca) 
*Yulan  (conspicua) 
*  Pur  pie  (purpurea) 
*(soulangeana) 

Maple  (Acer) 

Red  (rubrum) 
Silver-leaf  (dasycarpum) 
Sugar  (saccharinum) 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


DECIDUOUS   TREES—  Continued 


Maple —  Con  tin  ued 

Sugar  cut-leaved  (s.  dissec- 

tum) 

Ash-leaved  (negundo) 
*  Field  (campestre) 
^Sycamore    (pseudo-plata- 

nus) 
*Purple  -  leaved     (pseudo- 

platanus,  var.  atropurpu- 

reum) 

*Norway  (platanoides) 
^Tartarian  (tartaricum) 
*(palmatum) 
*(polymorphum) 
*(polymorphum  dissectum 

atropurpureum) 
^Mulberry,  Paper  (Broussonet- 

tia  papyrifera) 
*White  (Morus  alba) 
*Black  (Morus  nigra) 
Red  (Morus  rubra) 

Nettle-tree  (Celtis  occidentalis) 

Oak  (Quercus) 
White  (alba) 
Swamp  White  (bicolor) 
Scarlet  (coccinea) 
Red  (rubra) 
Post  (obtusiloba) 
Laurel  or  Shingle   (imbri- 

caria) 

Bur-oak  (macrocarpa) 
Willow  (phellos) 
Chestnut  (prinus) 
Black  (nigra) 


O  ak —  Con  tin  tied 
Pin  (palustris) 
*European  (robur) 
•^European     Weeping     (r. 

pendula) 
*European    Cut-leaved   (r. 

asplenifolia) 
*(lyrata) 
*(cerris) 
*Oleaster    (Elaeagnus    angusti- 

folia) 

*Orange  (Citrus  trifoliata) 
*Osage  Orange  (Maclura  auran- 
tica) 

*Paulownia  imperialis 

Pear,  Apple  (Pyrus) 
*(malus) 
*(floribunda) 
•^(spectabilis) 
*(toringo) 

Persimmon  (Diospyros  virgini- 
ana) 

Poplar  (Populus) 
*White  (alba) 
Cottonwood  (monilifera) 
Balsam  (balsamifera) 
Aspen  (tremuloides) 
*Lombardy  (dilatata) 

Red-bud  (Cercis) 
(canadensis) 
*(  japonica) 

*Sand-thorn,  Common  (Hippo- 
phae  rhamnoides) 


Opening  Leaves 


DECIDUOUS   TREES—  Continued 


Sassafras  (S.  officinalis) 
*Sophora  (S.  japonica) 
Silver-bell-tree  (Halesia  tetrap- 

tera) 
Sorrel-tree     (Oxydendron     ar- 

boreum) 
Sweet  Gum  (Liquidamber  styra- 

ciflua) 

Thorn  (Crataegus) 

Cock-spur  (crus-galli) 
Scarlet  (coccinea) 
Summer  Haw  (flava) 
Black  (tomentosa) 
^English    Hawthorn  (oxy- 

acantha) 
^English  Hawthorn  (oxy- 

acantha       flore       plena 

rosea) 


Tulip-tree  (Liriodendron  tulip- 

ifera) 
Tupelo  (Nyssa  multiflora) 

Viburnum  (Viburnum) 

Black  Haw  (V.prunifolium) 
Sheep-berry  (V.  lentago) 

*Walnut,      English      (Juglans 

regia) 
Willow  (Salix) 

Glaucous  (discolor) 

*  Weeping  (babylonica) 

*(pentandra) 

*(alba  vitellinar) 

*(lancifolia) 

*(rosmarinifolia) 

Yellow-wood    (Cladrastis   tinc- 
toria) 


EVERGREEN   AND   CONIFEROUS  TREES 


Arbor- vitae  (Thuja) 

Common  (occidentalis) 
*Giant  (gigantea) 

Bald    Cypress    (Taxodium   dis- 
tichum) 

Cedar  (Cedrus) 

*of  Lebanon  (libani) 
*  Himalaya  (atlantica) 

*Cephalotaxus  fortunei 

*Cryptomeria  japonica 

Fir  (Picea) 

Balsam  (balsamea) 
Fraser's  (Fraseri) 


Hemlock  (Tsuga) 

Hemlock      Spruce 

densis) 
*Douglas'  (douglasii) 

Juniper  (Juniperus) 

Common  (communis) 
Prostrate  (prostrata) 
*Sabine's  (sabina) 
*(squamata) 


Larch  (Larix) 

American  (americana) 
*European  (europaea) 
*False  (Pseudo-larix) 


(cana- 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


EVERGREEN   AND   CONIFEROUS   TREES— Continued 


Pine  (Pinus) 

White  (strobus) 
Yellow  (mitis) 
Pitch  (rigid  a) 
Loblolly  (taeda) 
Jersey  Scrub  (inops) 
*Himalaya  (excelsa) 
*Cembra  (cembra) 
*Scotch  (sylvestris) 
*Austrian  (austriacus) 
*(Mugho) 

Red  Cedar  (Juniperus  virgini- 

ana) 
*Retinospora  pisifera 

*ericoides 

*obtusa 

*obtusa  aurea 


Spruce  (Abies) 

^Norway  (excelsa) 
^Eastern  (orientalis) 
*Silver     Fir    of    Colorado 

(concolor) 
*Nordmann's    Silver     Fir 

(nordmanniana) 
^Colorado     Blue      Spruce 

(pungens) 

White    Cedar    (Cupressus  thu- 
joides) 

Yew  (Taxus) 

^English  (baccata) 
*  (cuspidata) 


SHRUBS 


Alder,  Green  (Alnus  viridis) 
Andromeda  floribunda 
*Aralia  chinensis 

*pentaphylla 
*Aucuba  japonica 
Azalea  (Rhododendron) 

Purple  (nudiflorum) 

Flame-colored    (calendula- 
ceum) 

Clammy  (viscosum) 

*(amcenum) 

*(molle) 

*(ponticum) 

Baccharis  halinsifolia 
Barberry  (Berberis) 


Barberry —  Con  tin  ued 
*Common  (vulgare) 
*Purple-leaved    (v.  purpu- 

rea) 
*Holly  -  leaved     (Mahonia 

aquifolium) 

*  (Thunbergii) 

*  (Fortunei) 

Bay-berry  (Myrica  cerifera) 
Bladder-nut  (Staphylea) 

(trifoliata) 

*(pmnata) 

*(colchica) 
*Bladder-senna   (Colutea  arbo- 

rescens) 
Blueberry  (Vaccinium) 


8 


Opening  Leaves 


Blueberry —  Continued 

Common    Swamp  (corym- 

bosum) 

Low  (vacillans) 
Blue  Dangle  (Gaylussacia  fron- 

dosa) 
*Box,     Tree     (Buxus    semper- 

virens) 

Buckthorn  (Rhamnus) 
*(frangula) 
*(alaternus) 

Button  -  bush        (Cephalanthus 
occidentalis) 

*Cercidophyllum  japonicum 
Cherry,  Plum  (Prunus) 
Choke  (virginiana) 
Beach  Plum  (maritima) 
*(sinensis) 
Choke-cherry  (Pyrus) 

red-berried         (arbutifolia 

erythrocarpa) 
black-berried      (arbutifolia 

melanocarpa) 
Coral -berry      (Symphoricarpus 

racemosa) 
*Cotoneaster  vulgaris 

*frigida 

*Currant,      Missouri       (Ribes 
aureum) 

*Deutzia  gracilis 

*crenata 

*scabra 
Dogwood  (Cornus) 

Wild    Red-osier    (stoloni- 
fera) 


SHRUBS—  Continued 

Dogwood — Continued 
Stiff  (stricta) 
Silky  (sericea) 
^European  Red-osier  (san- 

guinea) 
^Cornelian  Cherry  (mas) 


Elder  (Sambucus) 

Common  (canadensis) 
Red-berried  (racemosa) 
*Black  (nigra) 
*(nigra,  var.  aurea) 

Euonymus  americana 
*japonica 

*Exochorda  grandiflora 

^Flowering     Almond    (Amyg- 
dalus      communis     flore 
pleno) 
False   Indigo    (Amorpha  fruti- 

cosa) 

*Fontanesia  fortunei 
*Forsythia  viridissima 
*suspensa 
*fortunei 

Fringe-tree     (Chionanthus 
virginica) 

Hazel-nut  (Corylus) 

*avellana 

*avellana,     var.      atropur- 

purea 

*Heath  (Erica  carnea) 
Heather  (Calluna  vulgaris) 
Honeysuckle  (Lonicera) 

*(fragrantissima) 

*(Morrowi) 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


SHRUBS- 

Honeysuckle — Continued 

*(rubra) 

*(tartarica) 
*Horse-chestnut,   Dwarf   (^Es- 

culus  macrostachya) 
Hydrangea  arborescens 

*hortensis 

*paniculata  grandiflora 

*quercifolia 

*nivea 

*  Jasmine,  Early- flowering  (Jas- 
minum  nudiflorum) 

*Kerria  japonica 

*Kerria  japonica  flore  pleno 

*Kerria  japonica  fol.  var. 

Laurel,  Mountain  (Kalmia  lati- 

folia) 

Leucothoe  catesbaei 
Lilac  (Syringa) 

*Josikaea 

*villosa 

*vulgaris  alba 

*vulgaris  rubra 

*persica  alba 

*persica  rubra 
*Lycium  barbarum 

*chinensis 

^Magnolia  stellata 

Oleaster  (Elaeagnus) 
*argentea 
•^longipes 


-Continued 
*Pea-tree,   Siberian    (Caragana 

arborescens) 

Philadelphus,     Syringa   (Phila- 
delphus) 

(inodorus) 

(grandiflorus) 

*(coronarius) 

*(gordonianus) 

*(nana  aurea) 
Privet  (Ligustrum) 

*(ovalifolium) 

*vulgare 

*ibota 

*italicum 

Quince  (Cydonia  or  Pyrus) 
*(Common) 
*(Japanese) 

Raspberry  (Rubus) 

Purple  -  flowering    (odora- 
tus) 


*(fruticosa) 

*(fruticosa,  var.  laciniata) 
Rhododendron  (R.) 

*(ponticum) 

*(hybridum) 

*Rhodotypus  kerrinoides 
Rose  (Rosa) 

Early  Wild  (blanda) 

Sweet  Brier  (rubiginosa) 

*(Boursaltn'9 

*(canina) 

*(rugosa) 

*(centifolia) 


Opening  Leaves 


SHRUBS- 

Rose-acacia  (Robinia  hispida) 
*Rose-mallow    (Hibiscus   cali- 
fornicus) 

*Shepherdia  argentea 
Shrub,     Sweet-scented    (Caly- 
canthus) 

(floridus) 

(laevigatus) 
*Shrubby     Althaea      (Hibiscus 

syriacus) 

Spice-bush  (Lindera  benzoin) 
Spiraea  (S. ) 

Nine -bark  (opulifolia) 

Nine-bark  (opulifolia,   var. 
aurea) 

Hardhack  (tomentosa) 

*(callosa  alba) 

*(callosa  rosea) 

*(Antonia  Wateri) 

*(Douglasii) 

*(Reevesii) 

*(Reevesii  flore  pleno) 

*(sorbifolia) 

*(Van  Houttii) 

*(salicifolia) 

*(Fortunei) 

*(Thunbergii) 

*(trilobata) 

*(prunifolia) 
*St.   John's -wort    (Hypericum 

moseriana) 
Storax  (Styrax) 

*(japonica) 
Stuartia  pentagyna 
Sumach  (Rhus) 


-Continued 
Sumach —  Continued 
smooth  (glabra) 
cut-leaved  (glabra,  var.  laci- 

niata) 

staghorn  (typhina) 
dwarf  (copallina) 
*Smoke-tree  (cotinus) 
Snow -berry     (Symphorocarpus 
racemosa) 

*Tamarix  gallica 

*africana 

*indica 

Thorn,     Evergreen    (Crataegus 
pyracantha) 

Viburnum  (V.) 

Arrow-wood  (dentatum) 
Withe-rod  (cassinoides) 
Maple-leaved  (acerifolium) 
Hobble-bush  (lantanoides) 
*Cranberry-tree ;      Eu. 

Snowball  (opulus) 
American    Snowball  (oxy- 

coccus) 

*(tomentosum) 
*European  Wayfaring- tree 

(lantana) 
^Japanese    Snowball    (pli- 

catum) 

Weigela  (W.) 
*(amabilis) 
*(candida) 
*(rosea) 
*(rosea  fol.  var.) 


II 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


SHRUBS—  Continued 


Weigela —  Continued 

*(Desboissii) 

*(Lavallei) 

*(Abel  Carriere) 

*(Eva  Ratka) 
White  Alder  (Clethra  alnifolia) 


Winterberry  (Ilex  verticillata) 
Witch-hazel     (Hamamelis    vir- 
ginica) 

*Xanthocera  sorbifolia 
Xanthorrhiza  apiifolia 


VINES 


*Akebia  quinata 
Ampelopsis  (A.) 

Five-1  e  a  v  e  d    (Woodbine) 
(quinquefolia) 

*"  Boston  Ivy"  (Veitchii) 

^(tricolor) 

Bittersweet     (Solanum      dulca- 
mara) 

*Clematis  paniculata 

*Jacqmannii 

*flammula 

*Henryi 

*coccinea 

*Ianuginosa 

Climbing  Bittersweet  (Celastrus 
scandens) 

*Euonymus  radicans 
*Euonymus  radicans  fol.  var. 
*  Everlasting  Pea  (Lathyrus  lat- 
ifolia) 

Grape  (Vitis) 

Summer  (aestivalis) 
Northern  Fox  (labrusca) 
*European  (vinifera) 


Hedge   Bindweed  (Polygonum 

scandens) 
Honeysuckle  (Lonicera) 

Trumpet  (sempervirens) 

*  Japanese  (japonica) 

*Hall's  (Halleana) 

*(brachypoda) 

Ivy  (Hedera  hibernica) 
Ivy,   Poison   (Rhus   toxicoden- 
dron) 

Juniper  (Juniperus  squamata) 

Periploca  graeca 
Periwinkle  (Vinca  minor) 
Pipe-vine  (Aristolochia  sipho) 

Rose  (Rosa) 

Climbing   or  Prairie  (seti- 

gera) 

Baltimore  Belle 
*Field  (arvensis) 
*Wichuriana 
*Crimson  Rambler 
*Yellow  Rambler 

*Schizophragma      hydrangeoi- 

des 
Smilax  rotundifolia 


12 


Opening  Leaves 

VINES—  Co«tf*i*rf 

Trumpet-  flower  (Tecoma)  Wistaria  (W.) 

Common  (radicans)  *Chinese  (sinensis) 

*Large  -  flowered   (grandi-  (fruticosa) 

flora) 

A  botanical  list  of  all  the  trees,  shrubs,  and  vines  in 
Central  Park  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  book, 
page  425. 


From  mountain-top  to  sea-shore  the  profusion  of  trees, 
shrubs,  and  vines  —  summarized  as  landscape  vegetation 
—  less  difficult  of  identification  than  the  minuter, 
more  hidden  forms  of  growth,  affords  more  constant 
opportunities  for  entertaining  research  than  any  other 
department  of  natural  history.  The  areas  favorable  for 
the  other  sciences  are  more  or  less  local  and  restricted; 
but  these  three  growths  are  everywhere,  the  universal 
garb  and  ornament  of  nature  :  they  appeal  to  the  most 
casual  observer,  are  a  constant  incentive  to  observation, 
and  their  study  yields  its  reward  in  the  appreciation  of  a 
thousand  details  of  scenery  that  escape  the  careless  eye. 

The  significance  of  Central  Park,  as  the  background 
of  our  proposed  narrative-picture,  is  not  in  the  wide 
repute  of  these  spacious  grounds,  but  in  the  fact  that  in 
this  area,  accessible,  within  an  hour's  ride,  to  about  one- 
twentieth  of  the  population  of  the  whole  United  States, 
is  a  remarkable  epitome  of  these  three  types  of  vegeta- 
tion, showing  the  best  representatives  of  hardy  native  and 
foreign  trees,  shrubs,  and  vines.  Here  we  have  a  sort  of 
arboretum,  and  the  best  sort,  not  with  genera  and  species 

13 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


in  tabulated  regularity,  as  in  the  dead  herbarium,  but 
disposed  with  reference  to  their  contrasts  and  harmonies, 
and  showing  their  place  in  nature — miniature  landscape 
scenes,  with  nature's  spirit  and  atmosphere,  more  edu- 
cating than  the  completest  scientific  arboretum  in  the 
world.  Art  has  here  conspired  with  nature  only  to 
show  nature  at  her  best. 

This  work  is  designed  for  the  uninstructed  nature- 
lover,  who  wishes  help  in  learning  the  multitudinous 
forms  of  landscape  growth  all  around  him,  without  the 
labor  of  preliminary  training  in  botanical  science.  It 
will  be  found  of  great  convenience,  moreover,  to  the 
more  experienced  botanist ;  for,  in  scientific  works,  the 
classification  being  based  upon  the  details  of  the  blos- 
som, no  help  is  there  afforded  for  identifying  a  species 
except  in  the  short  flowering  period.  But  almost  every 
tree,  and  a  large  number  of  shrubs  and  vines,  by  the 
groupings  of  this  book,  can  be  learned  simply  from  the 
leaf  and  other  features  of  growth,  and  it  therefore  avails 
for  fully  half  the  year ;  and  by  the  Analytical  Keys  every 
species  can  be  more  quickly  found  than  any  botanist  can 
do  it  by  the  current  method,  even  with  the  flower  in 
hand. 

No  criticism  is  here  intended  of  the  prevailing 
method  of  classification  by  the  often  microscopic  re- 
semblances in  flower  and  fruit :  it  is  not  only  the  most 
valid  system  as  yet  devised,  but  is  indispensable  where 
thousands  of  plants  are  concerned.  The  following  work, 
however,  excludes  four-fifths  of  our  entire  flora  from  con- 
sideration, and  a  much  simpler  grouping  is  feasible. 
Moreover,  the  trained  botanist  regards  the  matter  from 

14 


Opening  Leaves 

one  point  of  view,  and  the  mere  wandering  nature-lover 
from  quite  another ;  and  for  the  latter,  the  method  that 
makes  brothers  (or  at  least  cousins)  of  the  great  laurel 
and  the  lowly  pipsissewa,  of  the  frail  little  bunch-berry 
and  the  great  sour-gum-tree,  is  certainly  not  a  service- 
able one.  Science  represents  the  ripest  thought  of  the 
world's  most  patient  and  gifted  thinkers,  and  its 
methods  are  never  to  be  spoken  lightly  of — but  it  is 
fearfully  dogmatic ;  too  much  so,  considering  its  ex- 
treme agility  (acquired  through  long  practice)  in  chang- 
ing its  attitude  to  square  with  new  and  victorious  truths 
which  it  could  not  overthrow.  Evolution,  of  the  most 
ultra  sort,  is  one  of  these  winning  truths,  to  which  the 
scientific  world  is  fast  surrendering. 


No  previous  knowledge  of  botany  is  here  presumed 
upon.  The  descriptions,  to  which  one  is  referred  in 
the  Key,  contain  few  technical  terms,  and  these,  if  not 
self-evident,  are  fully  explained  and  illustrated.  Only 
the  obvious  features  of  leaf  and  blossom  needful  for 
identification,  and  requiring  no  microscope,  are  pre- 
sented. By  this  condensation  all  native  and  natural- 
ized trees,  shrubs,  and  vines  found  in  the  prescribed 
territory  are  described  in  about  a  hundred  pages. 

The  area  covered  by  the  work — as  regards  oui 
native  plants — is  the  Northeastern  United  States — from 
Maine  to  Virginia  (inclusive),  and  west  to  the  Missis- 
sippi— whose  flora  contains,  approximately,  170  species 
of  trees,  197  of  shrubs,  and  127  of  vines.  Supple- 
mental to  this  is  a  similar  description  of  the  foreign 

15 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


(unnatural! zed)  and  the    native  (extra-limital)  species 
in  Central  Park. 

In  trees,  the  leaf  affords  the  principal  basis  of 
arrangement,  and  the  flower  is  secondary ;  but,  for  the 
still  easier  identification  of  the  numerous  ornamental 
flowering  trees,  a  second  Key  is  added,  to  serve  in  the 
flowering  season. 

Shrubs,  having  in  general  less  distinctive  foliage  than 
trees,  very  often  require  the  flower  for  absolute  cer- 
tainty :  the  blossom,  therefore,  affords  the  principal  basis 
in  the  grouping  of  this  section,  with  a  second  Key  based 
only  upon  the  leaf,  wherein  over  a  third  of  the  shrubs 
are  traceable  to  groups  of  only  from  two  to  twelve,  so 
that  most  of  them  can  be  determined  without  the  flower. 

Vines  are  grouped  primarily  according  to  their  method 
of  growth,  as,  trailing  on  the  ground,  twining,  climbing 
by  tendrils,  or  climbing  by  rootlets,  and  are  further 
subdivided  according  to  differences  of  leaf  and  flower. 

It  is  the  prominent  part  of  the  flower — the  corolla — 
that  is  emphasized,  the  minuter  parts — calyx,  stamens, 
and  pistil — having  much  less  importance  in  this  scheme 
and  all  that  is  needful  to  understand  of  flower-structure 
is  fully  explained  at  the  end  of  the  work,  and  can  be 
learned  in  an  hour's  time.  For  conciseness  a  few  simple 
technical  terms  are  used,  which  are  either  self-explana- 
tory or  are  fully  defined.  The  aim  throughout  has  been 
to  reduce  the  brain-effort  of  the  student  to  a  minimum. 
In  addition  to  this  more  formal  part,  are  several  chapters 
designed  to  bring  the  matter  home  to  the  reader  in  a 
more  intimate  and  attractive  way,  roaming  at  will  wher- 
ever the  vista  proves  inviting,  now  with  the  atmosphere 

16 


Opening  Leaves 

of  spring  in  every  scene,  and  later  amid  the  vanishing 
glories  of  autumn  days. 

For  a  definite  background  on  which  to  project  the 
picture  of  tree-life,  and  to  call  more  distinct  attention 
to  its  unrivalled  opportunities  for  botanical  study, 
Central  Park  has  been  chosen  as  perhaps  the  most  exten- 
sive illustration  in  this  country  of  landscape-gardening, 
where  nature  has  been  not  so  much  assisted  as  left  untram- 
melled by  superfluous  growth,  to  work  out  her  own  ideals 
of  beauty  and  dignity.  The  reader  is  in  imagination 
taken  along  a  few  of  the  real  paths  in  this  nature's 
garden — threads  on  which  to  string  such  accounts  of  the 
adjacent  growth  as  will  appeal  to  his  mood  of  sentiment 
rather  than  of  science,  and  perhaps  help  him  to  realize 
the  charms  hovering  all  around  in  the  great  out-of-doors, 
and  only  needing  mention  to  be  recognized. 

But  soon  the  inborn  naturalist  will  find  the  Park  a 
gilded  cage  ;  and  his  soul  will  long  for  mountain,  plain, 
and  valley,  the  arena  of  nature's  grandest  as  well  as 
most  delicate  accomplishments.  The  slightest  human 
touch  mars  the  grace  of  many  woodland  growths,  which 
must  be  sought  where  they  flourish  in  native  simplicity. 

Although  these  pages  are  designed  for  popular  read- 
ing, the  botanical  names  of  plants,  according  to  the  re- 
vised nomenclature,  have  been  added,  for  convenience, 
to  their  detailed  description.  Yet  I  am  free  to  confess 
that  I  am  much  less  concerned  to  learn  the  latest  ap- 
proved scientific  name  than  to  discover  the  spirit  and 
special  significance  of  a  plant.  My  thanks  are  due  to 
several  of  the  Park  officials  for  their  most  cordial  and 
valuable  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  this  work. 

17 


TREE    LIFE 

' '  Are  not  these  woods 
More  free  from  peril  than  the  court  ?" 

— SHAKESPEARE. 

THE  next  best  thing  to  getting  the  reader  out 
among  the  trees  is  to  bring  the  trees  home  to 
the  reader,  and  this  I  have  endeavored  to  do  in 
subsequent  chapters,  which  aim,  not  so  much  to  present 
a  few  bare  facts — statistics  and  purely  botanical  lore — 
as  to  be  a  sort  of  cordial  introduction  to  the  numerous 
arboreal  individualities  all  around  us,  and  to  help  the 
novice  to  find  a  new  significance  in  natural  scenery. 

In  order  to  realize  the  extent  and  variety  of  tree-life, 
which  makes  this  section  of  our  vegetation  so  important, 
it  will  be  well  to  preface  the  description  of  particular 
species  by  a  broad  survey  of  our  native  sylva.  The 
best  method  of  grouping  the  species,  for  such  survey,  is 
by  the  variations  in  some  conspicuous  feature  common 
to  all  the  trees ;  and  by  such  subdivision  the  majority 
of  nearly  two  hundred  species  can  easily  be  remem- 
bered. 

For  this  purpose  we  take  the  blossom,  in  which  the 
variations  are  more  radical  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
plant.  For  those  who  feel  that  all  classification  should 
proceed  upon  the  orthodox  lines  laid  down  in  current 
botanical  science  it  may  be  a  satisfaction  to  know  that 

18 


Tree  Life 

to  a  great  extent  the  following  groups  present  substan- 
tially the  affinities  recognized  by  rigid  science :  and — 
as  our  present  purpose  is  not  to  teach  botany,  but 
simply  to  help  the  reader  to  enjoy  nature — we  do  not 
feel  obliged  to  apologize  for  the  few  discrepancies.  A 
bird's-eye  view  of  the  trees  of  the  Northeastern  United 
States  is  all  that  we  are  here  attempting  to  present. 

A  few  simple  but  interesting  facts  in  flower-structure 
will  make  the  principle  of  our  classification  apparent. 

All  trees  produce  flowers,  that  outgrowth  that  even- 
tuates in  fruit  of  some  sort ;  but  the  flowers  are  of  two 
very  distinct  sorts;  one  found  in  deciduous  trees 
(shedding  their  foliage  in  fall),  the  other  in  evergreens ; 
but  here  the  distinction  of  foliage  suffices  to  differen- 
tiate the  two  groups. 

In  the  flower-type  of  the  great  deciduous  group,  con- 
taining all  except  evergreens,  and  comprising  more  than 
nine-tenths  of  all  our  species,  a  complete  blossom  con- 
sists of  four  distinct  parts — calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  and 
pistil ;  and  the  evolution  of  this  type  from  the  simplest 
to  the  most  elaborate  form  shows  a  most  interesting 
series  of  gradations.  Lowest  in  the  scale  are  those 
trees  whereon  one  flower  consists  only  of  a  few  stamens 
containing  pollen,  another  of  only  a  pistil  or  seed -case 
to  be  fertilized  by  the  pollen,  neither  of  these  flowers 
with  the  slightest  vestige  of  either  calyx  or  corolla 
(which  botany  calls  the  "  floral  envelope"  of  the  blos- 
som). Willows  and  poplars  produce  this  rudimentary 
flower. 

A  little  higher  in  the  scale  such  staminate  and  pistil- 
late flowers  as  we  find  in  willows  have  a  rudimentary 

19 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


calyx,  but  no  corolla ;  still  higher,  each  has  both  calyx 
and  corolla ;  next,  stamens  and  pistils  are  combined  in 
the  same  flower,  but  without  calyx  or  corolla;  then 
with  only  calyx,  and,  last  and  highest  of  all,  the  com- 
plete flower  contains  all  four  parts,  each  variously 
elaborated  according  to  the  species. 

This  is  substantially  the  order  of  gradation  from  the 
rudimentary  willow  up  to  the  gorgeous  rhododendron 
and  the  magnificent  yulan.  But  for  our  present  pur- 
pose it  is  sufficient  to  observe  that  the  very  manner  in 
which  the  blossoms  are  clustered  on  the  tree  is  to  a  great 
degree  indicative  of  their  stage  of  evolution,  the  most 
rudimentary  of  the  foregoing  types  being  generally 
crowded  in  long,  slender,  pendent  tassels,  called  catkins 
or  aments,  whereas  the  more  complex  types  are  either  in 
large  single  flowers,  as  in  the  tulip-tree  or  magnolia,  or, 
if  clustered,  never  in  the  form  of  the  slender,  crowded 
catkin,  but  loosely  conjoined,  as  in  the  apple-tree, 
horse-chestnut  or  locust.  Thus,  using  the  catkin  or 
ament  as  the  criterion,  all  deciduous  trees  fall  into  two 
groups,  the  amentaceous  and  the  non-amentaceous ;  the 
latter,  as  having  the  most  elaborate  type  of  blossom, 
we  will  consider  first. 

In  the  non-amentaceous  group,  the  flower,  by  the 
elaboration  and  size  of  its  parts,  and  by  conspicuous  color- 
ing, is  more  or  less  ornamental.  To  one  whose  casual 
acquaintance  with  trees  is  mostly  summed  up  in  half  a 
dozen  species,  such  as  maples,  elms,  oaks,  and  hickories, 
it  is  a  surprise  to  think  of  any  tree — save  perhaps  an 
apple  or  cherry — as  being  covered  with  bloom,  deli- 
cate and  brilliant  as  that  of  our  choice  herbaceous 


Tree  Life 


plants,  and  that  a  large  section — more  than  a  quarter — 
of  all  our  native  and  naturalized  species  are  not  less 
worthy  of  cultivation  for  their  luxuriant  display  of  flowers 
than  are  the  ornamental  shrubs.  For  the  clearer  view  of 
the  matter  we  therefore  divide  this  non -amentaceous 
group  into  two  parts,  the  first  containing  those  trees  that 
are  often  quite  as  notable  for  their  beautiful  floral  display 
as  for  fine  foliage  or  imposing  figure.  These  are  the 

ORNAMENTAL  BLOSSOMING  TREES 


Silver-bell-tree 

Flowering  Dogwood 

Red  Bud 

Wild  Apple 

June-berry 

Catalpa 

Black  Haw 

Tulip-tree 

Common  Locust 

Clammy  Locust 

Wild  Yellow  Plum 

Red  Maple 

Papaw 

Umbrella-tree 

Ear-leaved  Umbrella-tree 

Small  Magnolia 

Great-leaved  Magnolia 

Cucumber-tree 

Loblolly  Bay 

Sweet  Leaf 

Fringe-tree 

Sweet  Viburnum 


Yellow  Wood 
American  Mountain-ash 
Horse-chestnut 
Ohio  Buckeye 
Sweet  Buckeye 
Purplish  Buckeye 
Red  Buckeye 
Sour  Wood 
Cockspur  Thorn 
White  Thorn 
Black  Thorn 
Washington  Thorn 
Summer  Thorn 
English  Hawthorn 
Downy-leaved  Hawthorn 
Dotted  Haw 
Southern  Buckthorn 
Alternate-leaved  Dogwood 
American  Holly 
Wild  Black  Cherry 
Wild  Red  Cherry 
White  Alder 


The  following   list    contains    the    remaining    non- 
amentaceous  trees  of  our   territory,   whose  bloom   is 

21 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


mostly  inconspicuous,  which  results    in  part  from   its 
minuteness  and  partly  from  its  dull  coloring. 

INCONSPICUOUS-FLOWERING,  NON-AMENTACEOUS 
TREES 

Sour  Gum  Staghorn  Sumach 

Persimmon  Hop-tree 

Sassafras  Angelica-tree 

Alligator  Pear  White  Ash 

Large  Tupelo  Red  Ash 

Basswood  Black  Ash 

Downy-leaved  Basswood  Green  Ash 

White  Basswood  Blue  Ash 

American  Elm  Carolina  Water  Ash 

Slippery  Elm  Silver-leaf  Maple 

Corky  White  Elm  Ash-leaved  Maple 

Winged  Elm  Sugar  Maple 

Nettle  tree  Striped  Maple 

Alder  Buckthorn  Mountain  Maple 

Planer-tree  Cut-leaved  Maple 

Sweet  Gum  Honey-locust 

Buttonwood  Water-locust 

Devilwood  Prickly  Ash 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree  Red  Mulberry 

Poison  Dogwood  White  Mulberry 
Ailanthus 

The  amentaceous  (catkin-bearing)  trees  exhibit  the 
lower  flower-types  as  explained  above,  and  the  flower- 
clusters  as  a  rule  are  not  in  the  least  degree  ornamental ; 
but  the  rule  has  a  few  notable  exceptions,  as  in  the  chest- 
nut and  some  of  the  birches,  the  graceful  effect  of  whose 
long,  pendent  tassels,  white  or  golden,  is  not  inferior  to 
that  of  many  of  the  more  pretentious  blossoming  trees. 
In  the  beech  the  catkin  takes  the  form  of  a  globular  mass. 

22 


Tree  Life 

The  amentaceous  group  admits  of  a  natural  and  very 
evident  twofold  division,  according  as  the  ripened 
fruit  is  a  nut  or  a  seed  (or  seed -like) — one  of  those  con- 
venient distinctions  that  science  deigns  to  make  use  of, 
though  the  difference  is  apparent  rather  than  real,  a  nut 
being  only  a  large,  meaty  seed,  and  a  seed  being  essen- 
tially a  diminutive  nut.  Moreover,  the  species  of  each 
division  exhibit  in  common  a  very  distinctive  tree-type, 
for  in  the  nut-fruited  group  are  our  finest  forest-growths; 
these  are  our  great  lumber-trees,  for  the  most  part  tough- 
fibred,  often  coarse-grained,  utilitarian,  like  chestnut, 
hickory,  and  oak ;  whereas  in  the  seed-fruited  group  are 
the  more  delicate  and  graceful  sorts— willows,  poplars, 
birches. 

The  following  are  our 


NUT-FRUITED  AMENTACEOUS  TREES 

Shagbark  Hickory  Scarlet  Oak 

Black  Hickory  Red  Oak 

Western  Shagbark  Hickory  Black  Oak 

Small -fruited  Hickory  Barren  Oak 

Pignut  (Hickory)  Spanish  Oak 

Bitternut  (Hickory)  Pin  Oak 

Pecan  Hickory  Post  Oak 

Butternut  Bur  Oak 

Black  Walnut  Willow  Oak 

Chestnut  Water  Oak 

Beech  Shingle  Oak 

White  Oak  Live  Oak 

Swamp  White  Oak  Upland  Willow  Oak 

Chestnut  Oak  Chinquapin 
Yellow  Chestnut  Oak 

23 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


The  fourth  section  of  deciduous  growth  contains  the 

SEED-FRUITED   AMENTACEOUS  TREES 

Shining  Willow  White  Birch 

White  Willow  Yellow  Birch 

Long-leaved  Willow  Red  Birch 

Peach  Willow  Common  Aspen 

Purple  Willow  Large-toothed  Aspen 

Glaucous  Willow  Lombardy  Poplar 

Heart-leaved  Willow  Balsam  Poplar 

Black  Willow  Downy  Poplar 

Brittle  Willow  Balm  of  Gilead 

Osier  Willow  Cottonwood 

Weeping  Willow  Angled  Cottonwood 

Scythe-leaved  Willow  Hornbeam 

Bebb  Willow  Hop  Hornbeam 

Sweet  Birch  Sea- side  Alder 
Paper  Birch 

Evergreens,  comprising  about  one-tenth  of  all  our 
species,  are  in  some  respects  the  most  characteristic  and 
effective  of  all  arboreal  growth.  Of  formal  aspect  and 
imperturbable  temperament,  they  may  be  less  responsive 
to  our  own  natures  than  the  livelier  and  changeable 
deciduous  trees,  but  their  unique  figure  and  dark,  mas- 
sive foliage  are  the  finest  possible  foil  for  all  other  vege- 
tation. Summer  and  winter  they  ever  stand  like  cooling 
shadows  in  the  landscape.  Pines  allure  the  sighing 
breeze,  and  fill  the  air  with  pleasing  melancholy; 
spruce  and  fir  are  cold  and  statuesque,  responsive  only 
to  snowdrifts;  red  cedar  and  arborvitae  in  artificial 
culture  are  as  immobile  and  passionless  as  mummies, 
whereas  in  nature's  hands,  who  makes  the  most  of  every- 
thing, they  often  beautify  a  scene  remarkably.  The 

24 


Tree  Life 

hemlock,  never  so  stately  and  distant  as  spruce  or  pine, 
is  the  most  gracious  of  all  its  kindred. 

Clustered  in  darksome  dignity,  and  swept  by  the 
north  wind,  their  communings  are  undoubtedly  the 
most  serious  of  all  their  race.  They  never  wax  nor 
wane,  like  other  trees;  the  thrill  of  spring-time  and 
forebodings  of  autumn  are  alike  unfelt,  as  they  maintain 
their  age-long  course  with  frigid  equanimity.  But  every 
nature-lover  feels  the  refreshment  of  their  rich  dark 
forms,  and  will  delight  in  studying  their  peculiarities 
of  species  and  genera  no  less  than  those  of  the  deciduous 
sorts.  Pine,  spruce,  fir  and  cedar  will  then  be  some- 
thing more  than  vague  distinctions,  and  the  one  simple 
scheme  of  arboreal  growth  will  here  be  found  curiously 
diversified. 

The  following  is  the  list,  found  in  our  territory,  of 

EVERGREEN  TREES 

White  Pine  Southern  Balsam  Fir 

Red  Pine  White  Spruce 

Yellow  Pine  Black  Spruce 

Pitch  Pine  Red  Spruce 

Loblolly  Pine  Norway  Spruce 

Jersey  Scrub  Pine  Hemlock 

Northern  Scrub  Pine  Arborvitae 

Table  Mountain  Pine  Larch  (coniferous  but  decidu- 

White  Cedar  ous) 

Red  Cedar  Bald   Cypress   (coniferous   but 

Balsam  Fir  deciduous) 

The  five  foregoing  lists  help  one  to  realize  the  abun- 
dance and  variety  of  our  sylva,  and  this  method  of 

25 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


grouping  will  assist  the  memory  in  recalling  the  species. 
Summarized,  the  classification  is  as  follows : 

Deciduous  Trees  :  non -amentaceous : 

Ornamental  Flowering 44 

Inconspicuous  Flowering 41 

Deciduous  Trees  :  amentaceous  : 

Nut-fruited 29 

Seed-fruited 29 

Evergreen  Trees  :   cone-bearing 20 

The  characteristics  of  all  these  species  will  receive 
attention  in  other  chapters. 

Botanists,  in  their  eagerness  to  get  the  name  of  a 
plant,  seldom  pay  any  regard  to  the  leaf,  except  as  it 
helps  to  identify  the  species ;  generally  they  hardly  stop 
to  admire  even  the  blossom  (if  there  be  any  left  after 
pulling  several  to  pieces  to  find  the  structure).  Money- 
misers  are  not  the  only  misers ;  botanists  are  misers,  in 
their  mad  haste  to  add  another  and  another  to  their 
growing  list  of  species,  taking  no  real  enjoyment  in 
what  they  have  already  accumulated.  This  is  no  slan- 
der ;  I  have  been  a  botanist,  and  know  the  fever  of  ac- 
quisition. 

A  leaf  is  the  whole  tree  in  miniature :  stem,  midrib, 
lateral  veins  and  veinlets — the  leafs  skeleton — are  mi- 
nute copies  of  trunk,  branch,  and  twig,  and  the  chloro- 
phyll is  the  foliage.  This  is  one  of  the  unities  of  nature, 
showing  the  massive  elm  and  its  tiniest  leaf  modelled 
alike.  Of  all  the  variable  features  of  a  leaf  none  con- 
tributes so  much  to  the  beauty  of  foliage  as  the  fringing 
of  its  edge,  as  in  the  maple,  birch,  and  elm,  which  in  the 

26 


Tree  Life 

mass  produces  a  thousand  shimmerings  of  light  and 
shade,  ever  grateful  to  the  eye,  as  compared  with  the 
characterless  type  of  leaf  in  the  sour  gum,  sassafras,  and 
osage  orange.  Although  a  leaf  is  not  as  important  as  a 
tree's  other  features  for  showing  its  character,  a  little 
observation  convinces  one  that  none  other  exhibits  more 
peculiar  and  interesting  differences.  Nothing  will  create 
such  an  instant  respect  for  this  atom  of  vegetation  as 
the  accurate  drawing  of  half  a  dozen  kinds. 


The  most  ponderous  volume  ever  published  is  the 
ancient  record  of  this  earth,  compiled  during  thousands 
of  years,  and  imprinted  in  the  rocks  deep-buried  in  the 
dust  of  ages,  which  here  and  there  protrude  their  leafy 
edges.  If  all  the  pages  shall  ever  become  accessible, 
and  their  chirography  legible,  the  massive  work  will  ex- 
cite the  profoundest  interest — probably  the  one  record 
capable  of  surviving  the  ultimate  wreck  of  earthly  litera- 
ture. An  interesting  page  of  that  long  history  is  the 
testimony  of  fossil  trees — rhododendron,  oak,  sweet  gum, 
persimmon,  etc. — as  to  the  climatic  changes  that  have 
swept  again  and  again  over  the  world,  alternately  exter- 
minating and  fostering  the  various  forms  of  animal  and  , 
vegetable  life. 

In  this  account  we  read  that  magnolias,  now  a  sub- 
tropical growth,  once  adorned  the  landscape  of  Green- 
land. It  is  hard  to  conceive  of  the  present  flora  of 
Virginia  as  having  ever  flourished  far  up  within  the  icy 
regions  of  the  arctic  circle.  What  vicissitudes  vegeta- 
tion has  experienced  in  by -gone  ages!  Now  banished  by 

27 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


bitter  cold,  then  coaxed  back  by  tropic  heat,  the  shift- 
ing forests  tell  a  tale  of  more  remarkable  migrations  than 
ever  were  accomplished  by  bird  or  beast.  The  stupen- 
dous devastations  of  prehistoric  times,  mutely  evidenced 
by  these  buried  trunks,  only  make  the  more  mysterious 
the  ultimate  destiny  of  this  globe,  if  commensurate  with 
the  infinite  pains  and  ingenuity,  and  ages  long  of  fire 
and  ice,  consumed  in  preparation. 


28 


CENTRAL  PARK 

"  No  other  noyse,  nor  peoples  troublous  cryes, 
As  still  are  wont  t'  annoy  the  walled  towne, 
Might  there  be  heard  :  but  carelesse  Quiet  lyes, 
Wrapt  in  eternall  silence  farre  from  enemyes." 

— SPENSER. 

AN  admirable  feature  of  Central  Park  is  the  fine 
adaptation  everywhere  displayed.  Each  tree, 
shrub,  and  vine,  with  artful  ingenuity,  is  made 
to  show  its  best.  Here,  the  water-loving  hornbeam 
hovers  over  the  lake  as  if  nature  had  put  it  there,  and 
the  tall  cottonwoods  bathe  their  roots  at  its  brink. 
Yonder,  staghorn  sumachs,  in  October's  crimson,  are 
gloriously  massed,  as  they  so  like  to  be  upon  the  hill- 
side ;  the  graceful  drooping  white  birch  stands  solitary 
in  an  acre  of  greensward ;  a  large  cluster  of  magnolias 
gives  a  touch  of  tropical  luxuriousness ;  the  group  of 
buttonwoods  is  a  noble  bit  of  forestry;  black  haw, 
honeysuckle,  and  viburnum  shrubs  are  scattered  with  un- 
studied effectiveness ;  stony  embankments  have  allured 
bittersweet,  trumpet -flower,  matrimony- vine,  wistaria, 
and  ampelopsis  to  trail  in  graceful  profusion,  and  double 
rows  of  grand  old  elms  on  each  side  of  the  Mall  are  col- 
onnades and  vaulted  roof  to  frame  the  finest  vista  in  the 
Park. 

The   flowering  wonder   of  spring  in  these  spacious 
29 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


grounds  is  the  Chinese  magnolia,  called  yulan,  stand- 
ing a  hundred  feet  from  the  Webster  statue,  near  the 
Seventy-second  Street  entrance,  West.  The  first  view 
of  the  tree  in  full  bloom  fills  one  with  amazement. 
Winter's  bleakness  is  everywhere,  for  it  is  now  only 
the  latter  part  of  April,  and  the  tree  is  entirely  leafless ; 
but  its  whole  figure  is  a  mass  of  pure,  delicious  white, 
beneath  which  every  branch  is  hidden.  But,  quite 
as  remarkable  as  the  total  effect,  is  the  individual 
blossom,  for  its  purity,  texture,  and  elegance;  coarse 
fibre  is  usual  in  objects  that  are  adequate  for  long  per- 
spective, but  not  so  in  the  yulan ;  its  blossom  is  as  su- 
perb in  detail  as  in  its  thousand-fold  aggregation — a 
cluster  of  eight  large,  thick  petals,  cream- white  and  de- 
li ciously  fragrant,  surrounding  a  yellow  axis  that  ripens 
into  fruit.  If  the  rose  ever  abdicates  her  queenly  throne 
I  know  of  no  blossom  so  eligible  as  this  for  the  royal 
succession.  When  I  first  saw  the  tree,  in  the  zenith  of 
its  beauty,  I  asked  permission  of  a  policeman  to  go  on 
the  grass  to  examine  it  closely ;  of  course  he  refused — 
how  else  could  he  show  his  authority,  and  what  are 
policemen  for,  except  to  thwart  your  wishes — but  either 
he  was  not  made  of  the  right  stuff,  or  expected  a  good 
"  tip  /'.from  a  poor  naturalist,  for  he  at  last  consented, 
with  the  injunction  to  "  come  right  back,"  which  I  did, 
when  I  got  ready ;  and  when  I  told  him  what  the  tree 
was,  he  replied,  "  Well,  you  call  it  a  Chinese  magnolia, 
but  /have  been  telling  everybody  that  asked  me  about 
it  for  the  last  ten  years  that  it  was  a  flowering  dog- 
wood" (/).  As  the  blossom  of  the  dogwood  is  to  the 
yulan 's  something  as  a  Methodist  chapel  is  to  Solomon's 

30 


Central  Park 

Temple,  I  feel  that  I  have  rendered  a  slight  public  service 
in  putting  a  stop  to  this  periodical  misinformation  and 
almost  profanation. 

Scarcely  has  the  yulan's  early  beauty  faded,  when 
masses  of  bright  yellow  are  seen  in  all  directions  in  the  Park 
— it  is  the  forsythia  in  bloom,  perfectly  leafless,  like  the 
magnolia  ;  and  in  the  evolution  of  plant-life  what  strange 
shock  could  have  struck  nature,  and  reversed  her  uni- 
versal dictum  of  "  first  the  blade,  then  the  ear,  then  the 
full  corn  in  the  ear ' '  ?  But  we  are  deeply  grateful  for  the 
occasional  anti -climax  that  she  allows,  for  it  lengthens 
considerably  the  flowering  period  ;  and  the  hearty  way 
in  which  she  showers  the  earliest  spring  flowers  upon  us, 
from  yulan  to  violet,  shows  that  she  is  no  cold,  "  imper- 
sonal force/'  but  a  cheery,  motherly  dame,  that  takes 
this  way  of  smiling  upon  her  children  in  the  morning  of 
the  year,  and  we  bless  her  for  it. 

The  forsythia  is  probably  the  best  early  flowering 
shrub  now  in  cultivation  ;  hardy,  and  a  most  profuse 
bloomer.  There  are  three  species  in  the  Park,  two  erect, 
the  other  drooping ;  in  some  situations  the  last  is  more 
decorative,  but  its  flowers  are  not  so  abundant  as  in  the 
others.  The  specific  name  of  the  principal  variety  is 
happily  chosen,  for  its  dark  fresh  foliage  is  truly  vir- 
idissima  until  the  middle  of  November. 

April  might  well  be  called  the  golden  month,  the  sun 
has  imaged  itself  so  multitudinously  in  the  early  inflores- 
cence of  tree  and  shrub  and  vine.  On  April  ist  the 
beautiful  cornelian  cherry  was  in  full  bloom.  This 
European  shrub,  or  low  tree,  ought  to  be  more  widely 
cultivated  for  its  early  brilliant  display.  There  are  some 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


fine  specimens  a  little  west  of  the  menagerie,  at  Sixty- 
fourth  Street,  East.  The  delicately  scented  spice-bush  is 
soon  a  yellow  mist  throughout  damp  woods,  and,  ple- 
beian as  it  is,  is  rendering  artistic  service  in  the  Park, 
although  it  takes  a  million  of  its  tiny  flowers  to  produce 
a  strong  dash  of  color.  Numerous  Norway  maples  (the 
handsomest  maple  blossomer,  next  to  the  red  maple, 
and  often  eclipsing  it)  are  now  in  bloom,  and  add  their 
quota  to  the  prevailing  tint,  robed  in  countless  clusters 
of  greenish  yellow  flowers,  like  a  sudden  gleam  of  sun- 
shine through  a  cloud -rift. 

But  it  is  the  stately  weeping  willows  that  late  in  April 
are  the  centres  of  attraction  in  these  grounds.  Magnifi- 
cent in  figure,  their  long  wiry  pendent  yellow  branches, 
flushed  with  the  yellow  hue  of  myriad  catkins  and  bud  • 
ding  leaves,  look  like  huge  arboreal  fountains  of  golden 
light.  Throughout  the  year  the  Park  shows  nothing 
that  is  at  once  so  majestic,  airy,  graceful,  luminous; 
but  it  is  an  ephemeral  display ;  in  a  very  few  days  they 
assume  a  deepening  green,  the  light  fades  out,  other 
trees  come  into  leaf,  and  the  willow's  peculiar  glory  has 
departed  for  another  year. 

These  are  a  few  chance  glimpses ;  but  the  Park  is 
full  of  them ;  scene  crowds  upon  scene  through  the  hur- 
rying days  and  weeks,  until  the  landscape  lies  beneath 
an  icy  mantle  of  repose. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  arboreal 
study,  especially  in  winter,  and  one  for  which  the  Park 
offers  better  opportunities  than  any  number  of  woodland 
walks,  is  the  character  of  trees  as  expressed  by  their 
bared  figures,  into  which  far  more  individualism  has 

32 


Central  Park 

been  compressed  than  into  their  varied  foliage,  which, 
however  beautiful,  the  tree-student  soon  comes  to 
regard  as  a  rather  unmeaning  adjunct.  In  fact,  the 
most  superficial  acquaintance  with  a  tree  is  the  knowl- 
edge of  its  leaf — only  a  card  of  introduction;  foliage 
is  but  the  garb  it  wears  a  portion  of  the  year,  and  it 
conceals  more  than  it  reveals  of  vegetative  nature. 
Whoever  can  name  a  tree  in  winter  may  assume  to  know 
it.  Trunk,  branch,  twig,  bark,  grain,  fibre,  and  even 
the  dormant  bud  are  all  sealed  with  the  sign-manual  of 
some  peculiar  type,  which  is  always  distorted  in  forest- 
growth,  but  has  become  realized  in  the  favorable  sur- 
roundings of  this  great  nature-garden.  Never  go  to  the 
deep  woods  to  study  trees.  A  dense  forest  is  a  mass 
of  malformations,  tall,  spindling  forms,  each  trying  to 
overtop  its  fellows,  as  if  gasping  for  breath  and  strain- 
ing for  the  light. 

In  the  single  point  of  general  figure,  what  contrasts 
in  the  forms  of  the  overarching  elm,  the  slanting- 
branched  maple,  the  cylindrical  tulip-tree,  the  round- 
topped,  almost  globular  horse-chestnut,  the  beech  wide- 
spreading  with  slender,  horizontal,  tremulously  straight 
boughs,  the  angular,  stubborn-visaged  oak,  the  coarse- 
branched  hickory  and  ailanthus,  the  spindling,  effemi- 
nate Lombardy  poplar,  the  curious  ginkgo,  the  languid, 
refined  white  birch,  the  sprawling  catalpa,  all  arms  and 
legs  like  an  ungainly  school-boy,  the  spruce  little  aspen 
that  ought  to  carry  a  little  cane,  the  stately  cottonwood, 
a  senator  indeed,  the  conical  red  cedar,  the  tall-shafted 
white  pine,  the  king  of  trees. 

How  typical  and  ever  varied  the  bark,  one  of  the 
33 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


most  picturesque  and  interesting  appurtenances  of  a  tree, 
in  no  two  species  quite  alike,  not  obtrusive  yet  assertive, 
to  which  we  are  more  indebted  for  the  ensemble  of  effect 
than  most  people  ever  imagine.  It  is  this  dark,  rigid 
covering  of  trunk  and  branch,  peeping  through  foliage, 
that  gives  stability,  vigor,  and  expression,  as  every  painter 
knows.  Color  and  texture  vary  endlessly  :  browns  and 
grays  of  every  shade,  with  here  and  there  a  reddish  and 
yellow,  fill  out  the  gamut  from  the  Turkey  oak's  deep 
black  to  the  silvery  and  chalky  white  of  the  gray  and 
paper  birches  ;  and,  overall  this,  stripes,  bands,  blotches 
and  reticulations  of  infinite  variety  that  so  plainly  char- 
acterize the  tulip-tree,  shadbush,  chestnut,  sophora,  but- 
tonwood,  paulownia,  Chinese  mulberry,  etc. 

Observe,  too,  the  texture  and  surface-finish  of  bark ; 
deeply  corrugated  in  sassafras  and  osage  orange,  smooth 
in  birch  and  locust,  unyielding  in  hickory  and  hornbeam, 
loose  and  friable  in  white  oak  and  elm,  etc.;  also  the 
three  sorts  of  bark-exfoliation — in  shagbark  hickory,  bald 
cypress  and  red  cedar  longitudinal,  in  all  birches  lateral, 
in  buttonwood  ragged  and  irregular ;  the  speckled, 
warty  or  blistered  surface  in  sweet  gum,  nettle-tree, 
balsam  fir,  etc.,  and  the  diabolical  spines  of  Hercules' 
Club  and  honey  locust.  Every  nature-artist  tries  vainly 
to  reproduce  the  bold  and  picturesque  conceits  in  black 
and  gray  and  green  upon  the  birches'  white  ground. 
In  all  botanical  life  there  is  scarcely  a  greater  mystery 
than  the  infusion  of  such  varied  character  and  beauty 
into  what  are  really  the  cracked  and  worn-out  garments 
of  the  trees — dead  husk  converted  into  ornament. 

Of  the  many  tree-students  I  have  seen,  not  one  has 

34 


Central  Park 

failed  to  be  more  interested  in  this  aspect  of  the  matter 
— the  heart  and  marrow  of  the  thing — than  in  the  super- 
ficial dress  ;  there  was  none  who  did  not  prefer  the  early 
spring  walk  in  the  leafless  woods  to  the  foliage- vistas  of 
June.  Trees  and  birds  are  alike  in  this  respect,  that 
the  best  time  to  begin  their  study  is  in  January ;  it  gives 
aim  for  winter -rambles  where  one  can  note  the  sinewy 
strength  and  the  majestic  pose  of  these  noblest  creatures 
of  the  soil,  many  of  which  were  living  their  sturdy  life 
before  our  day,  and  will  abide  in  undiminished  strength 
long  after  we  have  passed  away. 

The  foregoing  are  but  a  few  of  the  differences  in  tree- 
species  ;  to  the  tip  of  the  tiniest  twig,  through  all  their 
fibre,  and  to  the  core  of  the  heart-wood,  individuality  is 
stamped  upon  them.  Penetrate  below  the  surface  of  the 
trunk,  and  note  the  coloring  of  the  tree's  lifeless  centre — 
for  the  interior  of  every  sound  tree  is  as  dead  as  a  post, 
the  life  is  all  in  the  outer  layers  next  the  bark,  and  in 
the  juicy  twig  and  leaf;  yet  in  rather  comical  contra- 
diction the  defunct  interior  is  called  "  heart-wood  " — 
cut  to  the  centre,  and  find  it  crimson  as  blood  in  the 
red  cedar,  black  in  ebony,  white  in  basswood,  yellow 
in  the  yellow-wood,  and  in  many  cases  with  fanciful  in- 
grained designs,  as  in  bird's-eye  and  curled  maple. 

In  the  requirements  of  human  life  what  diverse  quali- 
ties in  timber  are  demanded,  and  all  of  them  are  met  by 
the  varying  grain  and  texture  of  our  trees — the  horse- 
chestnut  for  artificial  limbs,  holly  for  engraving-blocks, 
maple  and  sweet  gum  for  fine  cabinet-work,  ash  for  fur- 
niture and  oars,  elm  for  wheel-hubs,  black  walnut  for 
gun-stocks,  hickory  for  agricultural  implements,  white 

35 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


birch  for  spools,  red  cedar  for  lead-pencils,  red  birch 
for  wooden-ware,  hornbeam  for  tool-handles,  white  oak 
the  stanchest  for  ship-building,  post  oak  for  railway 
tiers,  shingle  oak  for  shingles,  beech  for  chairs,  crack 
willow  for  baskets,  aspen  and  cottonwood  for  paper, 
pine  for  masts  and  piles — though  each  of  the  foregoing 
is  serviceable  for  other  ends ;  and  for  an  epitome  of 
timber  uses,  and  to  learn  what  a  cosmopolitan  affair  a 
one-horse  shay  is,  consult  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 

A  strange  idiosyncrasy  of  trees  is  the  gregarious 
habit  of  some  species  and  the  solitary  life  of  others. 
Oaks  and  maples  often  cover  large  areas,  and  some  vast 
forests  are  composed  chiefly  of  spruces  or  birches  ;  but 
the  hop-hornbeam,  the  buckeye,  and  the  elm  grow  sin- 
gly, and  the  Kentucky  coffee-tree,  one  of  our  rarest 
sorts  (one  or  two  are  in  the  Park),  is  always  found 
alone;  pines  show  a  very  sober  sociability.  And  how 
slight  a  modification  of  soil  or  climate  proves  an  insu- 
perable barrier  to  the  further  range  of  many  species. 
Some,  that  are  moderately  abundant  in  Northern  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Jersey,  suddenly  disappear  just 
across  the  State  line  in  New  York.  Alders  and  willows 
congregate  by  the  water,  moose- wood  loves  the  moun- 
tain range.  Most  species  require  plenty  of  sunlight,  but 
the  papaw  and  striped  maple  seem  quite  contented  in 
the  shade. 

Why  do  the  larch,  willow  and  alder  respond  with 
such  alacrity  to  the  earliest  vernal  influences,  while  the 
linden,  paper  mulberry,  and  catalpa  are  so  tardy  ?  The 
energetic  horse-chestnut  has  developed  all  its  dense 
foliage  ere  the  ailanthus  betrays  a  single  sign  of  life, 

36 


Central  Park 

Do  trees  possess  nervous  and  lymphatic  temperaments? 
Their  times  of  budding  are  as  various  and  constant  as 
the  migration-dates  of  birds,  and  seemingly  as  irrespec- 
tive of  the  weather.  There  is  the  same  periodicity  in 
autumn's  decadence ;  the  butternut  begins  to  look  very 
untidy  in  August,  the  freshness  of  the  elm  is  gone  early 
in  September,  not  a  leaf  is  on  the  linden  while  yet  its 
companion  maples  are  in  their  full  glory,  and  the  weep- 
ing willow,  as  though  loath  to  give  over;  its  weeping, 
holds  its  rich  green  untarnished  till  into  November. 

Not  less  mysterious  is  the  rapidity  of  growth  in  some 
species,  and  its  extreme  slowness  in  others.  Young 
cottonwoods  show  a  marked  increase  in  size  not  only 
from  year  to  year,  but  almost  from  month  to  month ; 
these  are  being  planted  largely  in  the  streets  .of  New 
York  City;  others  are  almost  stationary  from  one  deer 
ade  to  another,  like  the  holly,  of  which  one  specimen 
is  known  to  have  spent  a  hundred  years  in  attaining  a 
diameter  of  five  inches.  Maples  grow  rapidly,  elms 
slowly. 

And  how  varied  and  fixed  the  term  of  life  in  this  and 
all  other  flora.  With  a  powerful  microscope  we  might 
almost  see  the  date  of  its  extinction  stamped  on  every 
seed.  Barring  all  contingencies  the  white  birch  is 
doomed  to  an  early  death ;  the  most  flourishing  colony 
of  this  species  is  picturesquely  strewn  with  many  a  pros- 
trate form ;  but  elms  are  centenarians,  the  mulberry 
has  often  reached  the  age  of  three  hundred,  oaks  and 
lindens  may  survive  for  nearly  a  thousand  years. 

"  Three  centuries  he  grows,  and  three  he  stays 
Supreme  in  state;  and  in  three  more  decays." 
37 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


How  inherently  graceful  and  how  incorrigibly  un- 
gainly different  species  are  !  What  provincialism  in  the 
apple-tree,  that  never  had  an  ungracious  thought  in  its 
life,  and  what  a  type  of  an  exquisite  the  tulip-tree  is  ; 
yet  the  latter  is  an  utterly  loveless  creature,  while  the 
homely  apple-tree's  dear  old  deformities  are  buried 
fathoms  deep  in  virtues. 

One  cannot  study  trees  without  being  quickly  re- 
minded how  nature's  changeful  temperament  is  echoed 
or  reflected  in  everything  around  him.  Clouds  mass 
themselves  according  to  season  ;  winds  know  the  time 
of  the  year,  and  tune  their  airs  accordingly ;  Novem- 
ber sighs  are  never  heard  in  summer  nights.  Yet  what 
one  sees  depends  more  on  the  seer  than  the  seen. 
Thoreau  got  more  than  a  European  trip  out  of  a  little 
tramp  from  Boston  to  Mount  Wachusett,  only  fifty  miles 
away ;  but  he  was  one  of  the  few  that  can  get  the  satis- 
faction of  a  diamond  out  of  a  dewdrop. 

It  seems  strange  to  think  that  undulations  of  air  go 
on  and  on  in  noiseless  flight,  becoming  sound  only  when 
they  reach  a  living  ear,  much  as  lake-waves  roll  on  in 
silence  till  they  break  upon  the  shore  ;  that  rays  of  light 
are  dark  as  night  until  they  strike  a  living  eye.  Tem- 
pests sweep  over  the  mountain-sides  and  break  down 
trees,  but  there  is  no  roar  in  the  forest-tops,  except 
there  be  an  ear  to  hear  it ;  otherwise  the  silence  of  the 
grave  prevails  throughout  the  turmoil.  Solar  rays, 
though  they  pierce  to  the  remotest  star,  after  the  lapse 
of  many  thousand  years,  can  never  become  bright  unless 
they  strike  an  optic  nerve.  The  interplanetary  spaces 
are  not  luminous,  unless  there  be  a  spectator  of  the  scene. 

38 


Central  Park 

Much  the  same  that  the  shore  is  to  water-waves,  the 
ear  to  atmospheric  undulation,  and  the  eye  to  ether- 
waves,  is  the  human  heart  to  the  impressions  of  nature. 
The  deepest,  truest  beauty  there  is  not  objective,  self- 
existent  ;  its  forms  and  even  its  colors  are  largely  trans- 
muted into  beauty  by  a  reaction  of  the  soul ;  and  that 
reaction  or  responsiveness  is  the  giving  back  to  scenery 
our  thoughts — our  anticipations  and  memories,  joys 
and  sadnesses,  our  very  moods,  which  all  become  inter- 
woven with  the  scene,  and  show  back  to  us,  from  forms 
and  colors  of  the  mountains,  valleys,  trees,  and  clouds. 
This  interblending  of  nature  and  ourselves  we  may  be 
well  assured  of,  though  it  be  an  unfathomable  mystery. 

Thus  what  we  get  out  of  nature  is  largely  what  we 
have  put  into  it,  and  that  is  why  nature  becomes  more 
and  more  to  us  as  we  grow  older.  The  child  finds  very 
little  there,  only  what  appeals  to  eye  and  ear,  for  he  has 
put  little  or  nothing  into  it.  Wordsworth  sums  up  the 
matter  in  a  word  when  he  says, 

"  Minds  that  have  nothing  to  confer 
Find  little  to  perceive;  " 

and  what  can  we  confer  upon  nature  except  our  very 
selves  ? 

And  this  mirror-like  quality  is  the  most  delightful 
feature  of  nature,  enabling  almost  every  object  in  it  to 
become  a  centre  around  which  the  imagination  can  play 
interminably.  Even  an  old,  dead,  wayside  post  may  be 
the  garner  of  pleasant  thoughts  (else  why  is  it  put  into 
pictures)  ;  how  much  more  such  living,  stately,  and 
graceful  figures  as  trees  and  vines.  Where  is  the  soli- 

39 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


tude,  with  such  eternal  company?  And  these  things 
have  that  best  of  all  friendly  tact  of  somehow  always 
blending  with  our  own  humors — ingenious  sympathizers 
with  the  ups  and  downs  of  life.  Art  thou  in  sorrow, 
the  mournful  pines  sing  the  same  sad  song  ;  nature 
echoes  all  our  joys,  and  they  are  emphasized  j  she  mir- 
rors all  our  glooms  ;  but  they  are  so  softened  as  to  be 
almost  rubbed  out ;  and  we  find  painted  there,  what  no 
other  artist -colors  can  reproduce,  in  spring  our  pros- 
pects, and  in  fall  our  retrospects. 

With  such  running  to  and  fro  of  our  thoughts  it  is  not 
strange  that  one  scene  will  often  call  up  another  scene 
that  is  in  striking  contrast ;  and  there  is  a  peculiar  rem- 
iniscence of  spring  atmosphere  and  bloom  when  in  the 
changed  autumnal  days  we  look  upon  the  cool,  ripe  fruits 
of  black  haw,  thorn-tree  or  mountain-ash,  shining  in  the 
September  and  October  sun.  Sometimes  brilliant  colors 
thus  ripen  out  of  inconspicuous  flowers,  but  commonly 
it  is  the  fine  blossom  that  develops  into  showy  fruit. 

Berries  of  every  tint — white,  blue,  red,  purple,  black 
— hanging  amid  the  russet  foliage  reward  an  autumn's 
walk  in  every  woods,  some  only  fit  for  show,  others 
tempting  morsels  for  the  winter  birds.  Almost  the 
earliest  are  those  of  the  alternate -leaved  dogwood, 
whose  dainty  blue  clusters  on  bright  red  stems  can  be 
found  toward  the  last  of  August.  Then  come  the  white 
berries  of  the  panicled  dogwood,  with  the  deep  blue 
fruit  of  the  silky  dogwood,  and  the  large  black  clusters 
of  the  maple-leaved  arrow-wood ;  surely  such  splendid- 
looking  berries  must  be  edible;  you  try  it — and  you 
will  never  try  it  again. 

40 


Central  Park 

Clambering  over  low  shrubbery  is  the  scarlet-fruited 
nightshade  or  bittersweet,  more  brilliant  but  less  abun- 
dant than  the  orange  fruit  of  the  other  bittersweet  or  wax- 
work. Late  in  September  the  brilliant  berries  of  the 
spice-bush  gleam  like  coals  of  fire  amid  the  dark  foliage. 
This  plant  has  already  done  considerable  of  its  work 
for  next  year,  for  the  branches  are  thickly  strewn  with 
flower -buds  for  early  spring  display.  Hanging  from"  a 
rocky  wall,  drooping,  or  prone  on  the  ground  are  the 
long  branches  of  the  matrimony-vine  (Lycium)  with  a 
medley  of  unseasonable  blossoms  trying  to  make  it  sum- 
mer again,  and  a  harvest  of  oblong,  pink-scarlet  berries, 
and  the  flowering  dogwood  begins  to  glow  in  leaf  and 
fruit. 

A  sharp  surprise  is  the  winterberry  that,  having  had 
nothing  particular  to  say  thus  far  in  the  season,  has 
wisely  kept  silent,  but  now  suddenly  comes  out  with 
some  felicitous  after -thoughts,  in  the  shape  of  a  prodigal 
abundance  of  bright  red  berries,  the  size  of  a  pea. 
This  and  its  near  relative  the  inkberry  find  their  way 
into  florists'  windows  to  help  the  suffering  rich  to  endure 
the  severities  of  winter.  Now  the  mountain-ash  is 
heavily  laden  with  its  large  clusters  of  dull  red,  and 
the  various  thorn-trees  are  beginning  to  please  the  eye 
and  to  prepare  a  winter's  feast  for  hungry  birds,  which 
ignore  the  thorn-berries  at  first,  but  become  less  fastidi- 
ous toward  spring,  and  have  learned  from  experience  or 
from  Shakespeare  that  hunger  is  the  best  sauce.  In 
October  the  black  haw,  last  May  in  bridal  robes,  seems 
almost  in  mourning,  so  thickly  hang  its  blue-black  clus- 
ters. For  weeks  and  months  snowberry  and  coral- 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


berry  will  retain  their  pure  white  and  dull  red  globules, 
and  nothing  is  finer  for  brightening  snowy  ground  than 
a  low  thicket  of  Chinese  barberry,  almost  glittering 
with  its  thousands  of  scarlet  drupes,  while  a  single  tall 
"  burning-bush  M  is  a  permanent  conflagration.  Earli- 
est of  all,  the  sumachs  lift  their  dense  pyramids  of  fire, 
summer's  torch- bearers,  to  spread  the  flames  broadcast 
through  field  and  forest. 

But  it  is  with  neither  flower  nor  fruit  that  nature  pro- 
duces its  masterpiece  of  landscape  scenery,  but  with  the 
foliage  of  unnumbered  trees,  when  in  autumn  the  moun- 
tain slopes  and  valleys  are  as  gorgeous  as  if  strewn  with 
sunset  clouds.  Now  come 

"  The  golden  days  fruitful  of  golden  deeds." 

How  trivial  the  display  of  earlier  months  against  this 
avalanche  of  color !  What  rivalry  of  trees  in  all  this 
symphony  of  tones,  when  the  severe  oaks  and  sombre 
gum-trees,  that  never  before  had  a  thought  of  brilliancy, 
beech,  poplar,  maple,  dogwood,  sassafras,  suddenly  dis- 
play a  genius  for  rich  hues  that  put  summer's  fairest 
flowers  to  the  blush,  and  picturesquely  strew  the  ground 
with  ephemeral  mosaics. 

In  tabulating  the  trees  according  to  their  autumn 
coloring  it  must  be  remembered  that  in  different  years 
the  coloring  varies  greatly,  both  in  amount  and  intensity, 
and  that  many  trees  of  every  species  have  only  withered, 
colorless  leaves.  Also  that  in  the  gradual  ripening  of 
foliage  the  color  often  passes  through  several  distinct 
shades,  sometimes  becoming  darker,  as  in  beech  and 
hickory,  sometimes  lighter,  as  in  ash.  With  these 

42 


Central  Park 

qualifications  the  following  lists  are  perhaps  as  accurate 
as  can  be  made.  The  poet  summarizes  the  matter  cor- 
rectly when  he  speaks  of 

"  Autumn  beaming  o'er  the  yellow  woods," 

for  that  is  the  color  assumed  by  the  great  majority  of 
species,  as  will  be  seen  below ;  the  yellows  are  of  all 
shades,  the  first  group  containing  only  those  in  which 
it  is  purest : 

BRIGHT   YELLOW 


Tulip-tree 
Cucumber-tree 
Ailanthus 
Striped  maple 
Judas-tree 


Yellow-wood 
Wild  black  cherry 
Wild  red  cherry 
Scarlet  thorn 
Shadbush 


Kentucky  coffee-tree    Mulberry 


Osage  orange 
Black  walnut 
Chestnut 
Common  aspen 
Large-toothed  aspen 
Balsam  poplar 


PALE    OR    RUSTY   YELLOW 


Basswood 

Choke-cherry                The  birches 

Silver  maple 

Papaw                             Hop-hornbeam 

Norway  maple 

Persimmon                     Bur  oak 

Ash-leaved  maple 

Alternate-leaved  dog-  Chestnut  oak 

Common  locust 

wood                          Beech 

Honey-locust 

Silver-bell-tree              Swamp  white  oak 

Clammy  locust 

Fringe-tree                    Spanish  oak 

Mountain-ash 

Slippery  elm                  Willow  oak 

Witch-hazel 

Butternut                       Cottonwood 

Spindle-tree 

Nettle-tree                     The  poplars 

Hop  -tree 

The  hickories 

White  oak 

Horse-chestnut 
Mountain  maple 


Red  oak 

RED   AND   YELLOW 

Sassafras 

Post  oak 

43 


Pin  oak 

Sweet  viburnum 
Angelica-tree 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


ORANGE,  CRIMSON,  YELLOW  (more  or  less  combined  in  same  leaf) 
Red  maple  Cockspur  thorn  Scrub  oak 

Sugar  maple  Dotted  haw  Hornbeam 

Sweet  gum  Black  oak 

SCARLET 

Sumachs  Scarlet  oak  Black  haw 

Flowering  dogwood     Sour  gum  Sorrel-tree 

BROWNISH 

White  ash  Blue  ash  American  elm 

Red  ash  Black  ash  Buttonwood 

The  oaks — particularly  white  oak — hornbeam,  and 
beech  are  the  three  sorts  that  retain  their  dried  foliage 
through  the  winter,  and  saplings  are  more  tenacious  of 
leaves  than  full-grown  trees. 


I  have  made  the  Park  my  home  in  winter  and  in 
summer,  in  all  sorts  of  weather,  and  watched  its  num- 
berless transitions  from  the  cold  and  brilliant  glitter  of 
its  icy  branches  in  January  to  June's  perfumed  air,  when 
life  is  at  the  full ;  and  thence  through  the  maturer,  sober, 
yet  often  more  impressive  scenes  of  the  declining  year. 
Such  intimate  association  makes  a  spot  one's  own  in  a 
more  real  and  satisfying  sense  than  comes  from  merely 
mercantile  possession,  an  ownership  as  inalienable  as 
memory  itself.  But  nature  is  too  mighty  to  be  mirrored 
in  her  grander  moods  in  any  park,  however  spacious. 
The  scenery  here  is  beautiful,  the  opportunities  for  study- 
ing minutiae  unsurpassed,  the  small  ensemble  effects 
most  delicate  ;  but  the  spirit  is  always  that  of  sunshine, 

44 


Central  Park 

never  that  of  magnificent  glooms  and  storms  ;  the  arena 
is  too  limited  for  the  wilder,  more  rugged  views  that  so 
invigorate  the  soul ;  and  the  roughness  and  artless  negli- 
gence of  the  forest,  mountain,  and  vale,  the  far  horizon 
and  the  wind-swept  lake,  afford  a  range  of  pleasures 
never  found  where  the  scene  comprises  only  a  multi- 
tude of  small  perfections. 

In  nature's  vastness  human  touch  can  neither  mend 
nor  mar  her  sublime  effects.  How  magnificent  is  a  great 
forest,  how  profound  its  eternal  repose  !  One  leaves  the 
din  of  human  strife  behind  in  entering  its  almost  sacred 
precincts,  a  sort  of  temple  not  made  with  hands.  In 
what  restful,  perfect  silence  works  that  immense  machin- 
ery of  life  !  Tons  of  water  coursing  incessantly  upward 
through  all  the  trunks  to  their  very  tips,  expansion  in 
billions  of  twigs  and  leaves,  consolidation  of  wood-fibre 
every  instant,  swelling  of  every  bough  and  bole,  the 
production  of  an  immeasurable  mass  of  flower  and  fruit, 
chemical  action  on  the  mightiest  scale,  by  a  forest  energy 
as  frictionless,  inaudible,  and  irresistible  as  that  which 
drives  the  planets  in  their  orbits.  Multiply  the  vital 
force  of  one  such  forest  by  the  thousands  that  cover  all 
the  mountain  slopes  and  plains,  and  how  stupendous 
nature's  enginery  appears  ! 


May  not  our  sympathy  with  trees  spring  partly  from 
the  fact  that  they,  more  than  other  forms  of  vegetation, 
seem  linked  with  us  in  a  common  mortality?  Youth, 
manhood  vigor,  old  age,  and  decay  are  theirs  as  ours : 
certainly  with  no  other  object  in  nature  below  the  grade 

45 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


of  animal  life  have  we  the  semblance  of  fraternal  feeling, 
none  other  commands  such  an  instinctive  respect.  Some 
ancient  oak  or  elm,  standing  near  the  old  home,  with 
observant  silence  has  entered  into  the  joys  and  sorrows 
of  a  century  of  human  lives ;  it  seems  consciously  in  the 
confidence  of  the  whole  family,  charged  with  sacred 
secrets  it  will  sacredly  keep,  and  we  begin  to  love  that 
tree  as  if  it  were  our  own  kin.  Does  not  many  a  reader 
find  some  such  old  tree  a  central  figure  in  the  memory 
of  his  childhood  home  ?  A  reminiscent  mind  can  scarcely 
pass  by  such  a  majestic  figure  without  suspecting  that  its 
broad,  swaying  boughs  are  whispering  of  by-gone  days. 
If  there  be  any  conscious  being  in  the  world  of  vegeta- 
tion, we  surely  find  it  here,  spreading  its  cool,  kindly 
shade  over  children  and  children's  children,  and  stamped 
with  the  dignity  of  a  long  and  useful  life. 

The  impression  of  age  belongs  only  to  objects  of 
growth.  That  huge  bowlder  perchance  lying  near  our 
venerable  friend,  and  a  thousand  times  older — who  ever 
gives  it  reverence?  Spectator  of  all  the  tree  has  seen, 
it  yet  has  no  link  with  human  life — a  changeless,  unre- 
sponsive granite  rock.  Is  it  not  the  frailty  of  mortality, 
the  mystery  of  ' '  a  future  all  unknown, ' '  that  overcasts 
the  landscape  with  its  finest  tinge  of  sentiment,  and 
gives  almost  a  touch  of  sanctity  to  every  evening  twi- 
light hour  ?  Human  nature  is  so  taken  with  itself,  that 
one  of  its  most  pleasing  occupations  is  to  feel  the  kin- 
ship of  earth's  lower  types,  and  it  never  tires  of  find- 
ing  itself  mirrored  there. 


WOOD    NOTES 

1 '  Nature  here 

Wanton'd  as  in  her  prime,  and  play'd  at  will 
Her  virgin  fancies." 

— MILTON. 

IT  is  not  when  nature  is  in  full  flush  of  life,  and  the 
botanist  does  not  find  the  long  midsummer  days  long 
enough  for  the  innumerable  species  springing  into 
bloom  on  every  hand,  that  the  landscape  shows  those 
quickly  varying  effects  that  sweep  like  summer  clouds 
in  silent  swiftness  over  hill  and  dale,  and  change  the 
scene  from  day  to  day,  almost  from  hour  to  hour. 
Spring  and  fall  show  nature's  flow  and  ebb,  each  day 
another  wave  in  the  advancing  or  retreating  tide.  A 
single  night  gives  new  complexion  to  the  mountain- 
steeps,  awakening  new  patches  of  delicious  green  in 
spring,  or  kindling  new  flames  of  maple  foliage  in  fall. 
It  is  the  dawning  life  and  the  expiring  breath  in  nature's 
annual  career  that  furnish  the  most  interesting  vistas  for 
the  painter.  With  all  their  sombre  majesty  and  eternal 
calm,  what  a  wilderness  of  dull  monotony  a  world  of 
evergreens  would  be !  How  endless  the  verdure-tints 
of  the  new-blown  buds  in  April  and  May,  what  a  de- 
licious softness  of  atmosphere  overspreads  them  all,  in 
contrast  with  the  deeper  and  more  rugged  tones  of  later 
months.  In  the  first  gushing  vernal  days,  when  the 

47 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


skies  kiss  the  earth,  the  larches  are  sprinkled  full  of  buds 
of  rarest  green  ;  the  honey-locust  spreads  a  semi-trans- 
parent feathery  canopy  above  your  head  that  in  clear 
May-light  becomes  a  perfect  dream  of  emerald;  the 
large-toothed  aspen  now  gives  the  illusion  of  a  leafless 
tree  in  full  white  bloom ;  for  each  small  leaf,  like  a  cra- 
dled child  of  luxury,  is  deep  buried  in  soft  wool.  Soon 
the  white  oak's  opening  buds  almost  rival  the  arbutus's 
delicacy  of  pink  and  white,  and  the  weeping  willow  is 
wrapped  in  a  sheen  of  gold.  Wonderful  are  the  in- 
numerable artist-touches  in  the  scenes  that  usher  in  the 
year.  But  one  must  be  alert  to  catch  the  quick-dissolv- 
ing vi£ws  that  make  stupendous  panoramas  of  our  April 
and  May  days,  scene  melting  into  scene  like  transient 
dreams,  and,  ere  we  realize  it,  all  the  peculiar  charms 
of  spring  have  disappeared,  only  to  live  in  memory 
until  another  year. 

No  plant  is  so  plebeian  as  not  to  arouse  a  naturalist's 
enthusiasm  when  it  can  give  to  his  hungry  eyes  some 
characteristic  token  of  a  reviving  year  that  is  always  to 
be  brighter  and  happier  than  the  last — a  fond  mistake 
often  made,  and  as  often  forgotten.  No  blossoms  of  all 
the  year  have  quite  the  aroma  and  ravishing  color  of 
the  earliest  spring  flowers ;  coming  when  the  landscape 
is  still  drear,  yet  beautiful  with  the  charm  of  an  open- 
ing year,  they  are  spiced  with  that  best  flavor  of  all 
happiness — expectancy. 

In  the  same  category  as  the  fox  sparrow,  that  warbles 
his  rich,  plaintive  song  in  leafless  trees,  the  trillium,  that 
sends  up  fair  white  petals  out  of  oozy  ground,  and  all 
such  welcome  harbingers  of  spring,  is  the  common  lit- 

48 


Wood  Notes 

tie  spice-bush,  with  the  faint  fragrance  of  a  universal 
kindness,  that  does  in  a  humble  way  in  moist  woods 
what  the  forsythia  is  doing  more  brilliantly  in  more  aris- 
tocratic surroundings  on  our  lawns.  The  spice-bush  is  a 
pleasant  thing,  in  foliage,  flower  and  fruit,  and  they 
have  not  disdained  to  make  considerable  use  of  it  in  the 
Park,  although  I  have  a  suspicion  that,  like  some  other 
wild  things,  it  is  not  pleasantly  disposed  toward  artifi- 
cial treatment.  Awake  with  the  first  bright  color  of  the 
season  (except  perhaps  that  of  the  marsh-marigolds,  often 
called  cowslips)  its  leafless  branches  suddenly  bursting 
into  clusters  of  minute  yellow  blossoms  just  as  the  pine 
creeper  and  yellow  redpoll  arrive,  this  little  shrub,  plant- 
ing itself  everywhere,  is  the  most  conspicuous  object  in 
the  bleak  woods  of  early  April. 

Like  the  spongy  soil,  our  memories  are  more  impres- 
sionable for  the  earliest  beauties  of  the  year,  so  that  the 
simpler  things  of  April  stir  more  enthusiasm  than  the 
much  finer  displays  of  May  and  June.  Would  the  world 
really  hold  the  violet  and  anemone  in  such  affectionate 
regard,  if  they  did  not  time  their  coming  so  as  to  mo- 
nopolize our  hearts,  but  delayed  until  they  must  be  con- 
tent with  our  subdivided  affections?  I  hope  that  the 
world  would  bend  as  eagerly  over  a  bed  of  violets  or  a 
flowering  trillium  in  the  "height  of  the  season  "  as  in 
the  cold  air  and  soggy  soil  of  early  spring ;  but  I  sus- 
pect that  we  annually  become  a  trifle  blase,  that  the  fine 
edge  of  our  sentiments  is  a  little  worn  off  in  summer, 
and  it  is  a  godsend  that  we  have  a  winter  in  which  to 
starve  our  eyes  and  recuperate  our  feelings. 

But  to  return — the  spice-bush  does  not  feel  that  it 
49 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


has  done  its  whole  duty  by  early  rising,  but  follows  up 
the  floral  display  by  a  growth  of  dark-green,  almost 
glossy,  laurel-shaped  foliage  that  has  lost  none  of  its 
freshness  in  the  last  of  September,  when  brilliant  scarlet 
berries  peep  out  among  the  leaves  in  striking  contrast, 
for  rarely  do  bright  fruit  and  deep-green  foliage  occur 
together  so  late  in  fall. 

Individually,  the  flower  of  the  spice-bush  is  as  dimin- 
utive and  ineffective  as  can  be  imagined,  almost  micro- 
scopic; but  this  is  only  one  instance  out  of  many  in 
the  floral  kingdom  that  contradicts  the  old  adage,  and 
proves  that  quantity  is  sometimes  quite  equal  to  quality. 
With  the  exception  of  the  magnolia,  rhododendron, 
azalea,  and  one  or  two  others,  all  of  our  most  striking 
landscape  inflorescence  is  produced  by  the  vast  aggre- 
gation of  diminutive  blossoms.  Throughout  the  Park 
and  in  every  lawn  about  the  last  of  April  the  leafless 
branches  of  the  forsythia  are  buried  in  small  yellow 
flowers,  looking  like  wands  of  gold ;  at  about  the  same 
time,  a  tree  here  and  there  in  the  landscape  is  seen  to 
have  suddenly  burst  as  by  magic  into  snowy  white ;  it 
is  the  shad  bush  or  June-berry  smothered  in  myriads  of 
diminutive  rose-shaped  flowers ;  later  the  numerous 
black  haws — tree  and  shrub — and  wild  black  cherry 
tree,  form  snowy  masses  out  of  a  million  tiny  flowers ; 
still  more  inconspicuous  are  the  separate  blossoms  of 
the  Judas-tree — an  anomaly  in  nature — whose  every 
branch  and  twig  seems  dipped  in  blood,  from  countless 
tiny  purplish-red  flowers ;  a  beautiful  tree  of  this  sort  is 
in  the  Park  not  far  from  the  Webster  statue,  and  others 
not  so  large  are  on  the  east  side.  Of  almost  micro 

50 


Wood  Notes 

scopic  size,  too,  is  the  blossom  of  the  million-flowered 
African  tamarix,  a  unique  and  superb  shrub,  handsomely 
represented  in  the  Park  in  many  places,  and  worthy  of 
cultivation  in  every  lawn  ;  and  as  the  most  familiar 
instance  of  minute  organisms  aggregating  into  most 
brilliant  masses  of  color,  may  be  mentioned  the  count- 
less spiry  panicles  of  our  commonest  autumn  weed,  the 
golden-rod.  But,  although  the  sum-total  is  the  greatest 
of  all  in  this  widely  distributed  weed  and  in  the  asters, 
the  most  impressive  instance,  to  me,  of  nature's  floral 
lavishness,  is  in  the  full  bloom  of  a  lofty,  wide-spread- 
ing chestnut  late  in  June,  whitened  with  its  thousands 
of  long  catkins,  every  catkin  crowded  thick  with  blos- 
soms. The  sense  of  nature's  opulence  sometimes  be- 
comes oppressive. 


Of  the  multitudinous  flower-types  disclosed  by  the 
study  of  botany,  the  one  adopted  for  the  rose  family 
seems  to  be  nature's  favorite,  since  both  in  flower  and 
fruit  that  family  has  such  commanding  pre-eminence 
throughout  the  earth.  Besides  numberless  varieties  of 
the  acknowledged  queen  of  flowers,  we  have  in  this 
family  group  the  wild  apple,  wild  black  cherry,  black 
haw,  shadbush,  sweet  viburnum,  mountain-ash,  Japa- 
nese quince,  English  hawthorn,  cockspur  thorn,  black 
thorn,  etc.  ,  with  the  many  beautiful  spiraeas,  all  nota- 
ble for  inflorescence.  Note  also  the  fact  that  all  our 
choice  large  and  small  fruits  are  from  the  rose  family  — 
peach,  pear,  apple,  apricot,  quince,  cherry,  plum,  black- 
berry, raspberry,  and  sans  pareil  the  strawberry  —  what 

51 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


an  array  of  universal  favorites  beautiful  and  delectable  ! 
But  pre-eminent  in  its  double  role  is  spring's  fair  emblem, 
rustic,  picturesque,  and  redolent  of  happiest  memories, 
when  heaven's  breath  fills  the  apple-tree.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  the  bloom  of  this  great  family  is  linked  with 
spring-time  associations.  It  is  very  curious  that  the 
sour  little  crab-apple,  parent  stock  of  all  the  hundreds 
of  apple  varieties,  should  surpass  all  fruit-trees  in  de- 
licious fragrance  and  rosy  tint — a  crabbed  face,  betray- 
ing by  an  unexpected  gentle  act,  its  kindly  heart;  almost 
every  community  has  its  saintly  crab-apple. 

The  great  attraction  of  a  wood-ramble  in  early 
May,  particularly  in  the  southern  part  of  our  territory, 
is  the  abundant  flowering  dogwood,  its  rather  uncouth 
figure  suggestive  of  an  apple-tree,  but  its  luxuriant 
bloom,  so  massive  and  beautiful  at  a  distance,  not  to  be 
examined  too  minutely.  It  seems  almost  slovenly  in 
nature  to  tip  off  so  crudely  the  ends  of  the  four  petal- 
like  bracts  that  pass  by  the  name  of  "  flower,"  and  we 
are  seldom  so  inclined  to  impugn  her  taste  or  good 
judgment ;  we  botanists  would  certainly  have  managed 
the  business  differently.  One  quite  forgets  the  tree  after 
its  spring  beauty  has  departed — quite  a  usual  circum- 
stance, however,  in  human  nature — but  in  autumn  it 
returns  to  favor  with  its  brilliant  crimson  leaf  and  ber- 
ries. Early  blossoms,  showy  autumn  foliage,  and  late- 
hanging  bunches  of  scarlet  fruit  give  to  the  dogwood  a 
more  protracted  period  of  ornamentation  than  is  found 
in  any  other  species.  A  red-blossomed  variety,  in  cul- 
tivation and  rarely  found  wild,  is  very  effective  when 
mingled  with  the  white.  Humbler  members  of  the 

52 


Wood  Notes 

same  family  are  the  alternate-leaved  and  the  poison 
dogwood  —  oftener  shrub  than  tree  —  the  latter  having 
the  unenviable  notoriety  of  being  the  most  virulently 
poisonous  growth  in  our  woods  ;  but  fortunately  it  is 
rare. 


The  thoughts  of  the  Eternal  mind  are  not  all  of  equal 
moment,  any  more  than  are  those  of  finite  creatures. 
There  is  something  grander  in  universal  gravitation 
than  in  the  mere  chase  of  ether-waves.  Tipping  the 
earth's  axis  a  few  degrees  out  of  the  plane  of  its  orbit, 
whence  instantly  comes  the  entire  succession  of  the  sea- 
sons, with  all  this  signifies  to  the  human  race  —  this  is  a 
more  far-reaching  thought  than  the  moon's  tides.  The 
night  sky  shows  more  prodigious  thought  than  any 
flurry  of  fire-flies  \  and  evolution,  rightly  understood, 
seems  more  stupendous  than  the  entire  aggregate  of  nat- 
ure's works.  A  little  consideration  shows  that,  in  vege- 
tation, we  have  distinct  evidence  of  superior  skill  in  the 
origination  of  the  compound  leaf;  for  this  simple  de- 
vice secures  an  immense  unrealized  variety  in  foliage- 
effect.  The  exquisite  symmetry  of  foliage  in  such  trees 
as  the  ailanthus,  locust,  mountain-ash,  and  Kcelreuteria, 
is  due  to  the  precision  of  growth  in  leaves  whose  leaf- 
lets are  arranged  with  wellnigh  mathematical  exactness 
along  the  common  leaf-stem.  Now,  if  these  long  stems 
were  true  branches,  enduring  from  year  to  year,  the  in- 
juries to  which  they  and  their  buds  would  be  constantly 
exposed  would  very  soon  result  in  such  irregularity  of 
leaf-arrangement  as  would  utterly  efface  the  original 

53 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


scheme  of  ideal  precision,  and  eventuate  in  simply  a 
miscellaneous  output  of  small  leaves,  neither  so  profuse 
nor  so  beautifully  symmetrical  as  is  invariably  attained 
from  year  to  year  by  the  scheme  of  compound  leaves, 
which  can  never  degenerate  into  a  medley  of  growth. 
Let  anyone  study  the  doubly  compound  leaf  of  the 
honey-locust  and  Kentucky  coffee-tree,  or  the  com- 
pound leaf  of  the  ailanthus  and  walnut,  as  compared 
with  the  leaf-system  in  the  elm  and  white  birch,  and 
it  will  convince  him  that  under  present  conditions  of 
growth,  and  with  constant  liability  of  derangement, 
that  singularly  beautiful  leaf-pattern  and  the  profusion 
and  symmetrical  effect  of  the  foliage-mass  could  never 
have  been  secured,  without  resorting  to  the  compound- 
leaf  system.  Horse-chestnut,  hickory,  sumach,  butter- 
nut, ash,  locust,  and  many  others,  are  thus  widely  dif- 
ferentiated from  oak,  maple,  hornbeam,  beech,  etc., 
producing  a  most  pleasing  variety. 

Large,  roundish  leaves  are  comparatively  ungraceful, 
and  such  trees  as  the  catalpa,  basswood,  and  button- 
wood  must  have  corresponding  perspective,  or  be 
planted  where  the  surroundings  will  properly  offset  the 
heavy,  clumsy  effect  of  such  foliage.  This  is  still  more 
true  of  such  magnolias  as  the  cucumber-tree,  umbrella- 
tree,  and  especially  the  large-leaved  magnolia  (macro- 
philla),  whose  heavy  tropical  appearance,  strongly 
punctuating  a  broad  vista,  is  a  monstrosity  in  a  small 
grass-plot,  where  only  the  graceful  figure  and  delicate 
leaf-tracery  of  such  trees  as  the  cut-leaved  or  Japanese 
maple,  the  white  birch,  the  Krelreuteria,  the  mountain- 
ash  or  cut-leaved  alder,  are  appropriate.  For  a  dense 

54 


Wood  Notes 

yet  graceful  effect  in  larger  foliage-mass  the  cut-leaved 
beech  is  an  excellent  choice,  and  not  disproportionate 
to  quite  a  small  lawn. 

When  young  trees  are  planted  thought  should  be 
taken  of  their  ultimate  effect  when  fully  grown ;  this 
forethought  would  often  induce  the  selection  of  dwarf 
species,  such  as  Judas-tree,  hop-tree,  silver-bell-tree  or 
hornbeam,  which  will  not  in  the  end  so  crowd  their  sur- 
roundings as  rather  to  disfigure  what  they  were  intended 
to  adorn,  and  crown  the  catastrophe  by  being  finally 
cut  down. 

The  advantage  of  tree-study  in  such  a  place  as  Central 
Park  is  not  only  that  one  acquires  a  discriminating  eye 
to  enjoy  such  growth  anywhere,  but,  in  the  event  of 
having  his  own  grounds  to  decorate,  be  they  large  or 
small,  he  is  not  left  at  the  mercy  of  a  florist.  Fine 
effects,  and  some  that  are  inartistic,  result  from  follow- 
ing the  advice  of  one  who  has  plants  to  sell,  when  the 
purchaser  himself  is  helplessly  ignorant. 

The  ideal  for  every  lawn  should  be,  that  it  shall  have 
some  distinctively  attractive  feature  for  every  part  of 
the  year,  and  that  its  beauty  shall  not  all  be  concen- 
trated into  a  few  fleeting  weeks.  Flowering  vines, 
shrubs  and  trees  should  be  selected  with  a  view  to  their 
successive  flowering,  from  the  yulan,  dogwood,  forsythia, 
Japanese  quince,  shadbush  and  wistaria  in  early  spring, 
to  the  catalpa,  clammy  locust,  Kcelreuteria,  sophora, 
and  rose  of  Sharon  in  July,  August,  and  September. 
Variety  of  foliage-effect  in  form  and  tint  of  leaf  should 
be  studied,  mingling  evergreens  with  deciduous  trees, 
the  dark  holly  and  beech  with  the  light-green  cut-leaved 

55 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


maple  and  white  birch,  the  honey-locust  with  the  white 
oak,  with  a  sprinkling  of  tamarisk,  weeping  mulberry, 
and  Lombardy  poplar.  Another  consideration  is  early 
and  late  foliage.  Norway  and  sycamore  maples  and 
the  European  beech  are  about  two  weeks  in  advance  of 
most  of  the  trees  in  vernation,  and  in  fall  the  foreign 
maples,  weeping  willow,  California  privet,  and  fre- 
quently the  forsythia,  are  fresh  in  foliage  long  after  the 
others  are  sere  and  bare.  To  bring  autumn's  coloring 
to  the  lawn,  plant  the  red  maple,  sweet  gum,  sour  gum, 
dogwood  and  tulip-tree ;  and  brighten  winter's  bleak- 
ness with  the  showy  fruit  of  thorn-trees,  mountain-ash, 
Japanese  barberry,  coralberry,  and  snowberry ;  while 
nothing  is  more  conspicuous  and  beautiful  amid  the 
snow  than  the  blood-red  branches  of  the  leafless  red- 
osier  dogwood. 

These  are  the  foremost  points  to  be  considered,  in 
securing  variety,  harmony,  richness,  and  continuous  sat- 
isfaction in  that  bit  of  nature's  garden  that  surrounds 
every  country  gentleman's  castle.  Too  many  treat 
their  landscape-growth  as  they  do  the  pictures  on  their 
walls,  giving  them  little  thought  after  they  are  pur- 
chased. Both  of  these  adornments,  indoors  and  out-of- 
doors,  are  dear  at  any  price,  if  they  are  to  be  thus 
ignored;  and  it  might  almost  be  said  that  they  are 
cheap  at  any  price,  if  they  become  a  part  of  our  own 
life,  as  permanent  objects  of  interest  and  affection. 


:M/< 


THE    POND 

The  arrow  shows  the  starting-point  and  the  direction  of  the  route. 


AROUND    THE    «  POND  "—FIRST 
EXCURSION 

"  Well  may'st  thou  halt — and  gaze  with  brightening  eye  !  " 

— WORDSWORTH. 

FOUR  short  walks  in  the  Park  have  been  selected 
which  bring  to  view  the  majority  of  our  native 
and   foreign  trees;    and   the  route  in  three  of 
them   is  so   obvious   that  one  will  have  no  difficulty 
in  recognizing  the  adjacent  growths  herein  described. 
The  local  coloring  of  the  account  will  moreover  make  it 
less  formal  and  more  interesting  to  those  who  may  not 
follow  the  routes  prescribed. 

Our  first  excursion  is  the  circuit  of  the  Pond  (so- 
called) — the  picturesque  little  lake  at  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  grounds.  Starting  a  little  south  of  the 
bridge  conspicuously  spanning  it,  then  crossing  it  and 
bearing  around  to  the  left,  one  encounters  successively, 
almost  within  hand  reach,  the  staghorn  sumach,  a 
European  oak,  red  oak,  shining  willow,  Lombardy 
poplar,  ailanthus,  bald  cypress,  hornbeam,  European 
alder,  red  maple,  a  fine  cluster  of  five  purple-leaved 
beeches,  European  elm,  sycamore  maple,  American 
elm,  a  cluster  of  honey -locusts,  Scotch  pine,  field 
maple,  cottonwood,  Koelreuteria,  weeping  willow, 
European  ash,  white  pine,  horse-chestnut,  scarlet-fruited 
thorn,  a  cluster  of  European  beeches  and  a  chestnut — 

57 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


twenty-six  characteristic  native  and  foreign  varieties, 
ornamental  and  strikingly  different,  comprised  in  a  ten 
minutes'  walk.  In  connection  with  such  of  them  as 
we  are  now  to  describe  particularly,  we  will  speak  of 
their  kindred  species,  elsewhere  in  the  Park,  or  in  the 
country,  and  their  especial  differences. 

STAGHORN  SUMACH.  —  On  the  border  between  tree 
and  shrub  stands  the  staghorn  sumach,  aptly  named 
from  the  striking  resemblance  of  its  velvety  forking 
branches  to  the  young  antlers  of  a  stag,  a  resemblance 
visible  only  when  the  tree  is  leafless.  Though  of  low 
growth  it  is  yet  the  tallest  of  the  family,  the  only  mem- 
ber aspiring  with  any  success  to  arboreal  dignity — and 
generally  failing  in  the  attempt.  But  occasionally  one 
finds  a  specimen  with  an  erect  and  rigid  trunk,  type  of 
masculine  singleness  of  purpose  ;  a  few  such  are  in  the 
Park. 

The  large  cluster  of  these  sumachs  at  this  point  sug- 
gests a  dense  growth  of  ailanthus  saplings,  having  the 
same  form  of  compound  leaf,  but  closer  inspection  shows 
the  marked  difference.  The  foliage  is  so  dense,  droop- 
ing and  luxuriant  as  to  present  quite  a  tropical  effect. 
It  is  finest  in  large  shrubby  masses,  especially  when  blaz- 
ing in  autumn  coloring,  with  a  volume  and  intensity  of 
scarlet  that  puts  to  the  blush  every  other  attempt  at 
brilliancy  save  that  of  the  sour  gum  or  tupelo,  which  is 
a  veritable  sheet  of  flame. 

OAKS. — The  oak  is  perhaps  our  greatest  hero,  the  Ju- 
piter of  all  trees,  as  the  white  elm,  "  tall  and  divinely 

58 


Around  the  "  Pond " — First  Excursion 


fair,"  is  the  Juno.  If  the  old  mythological  fate  were 
ever  to  overtake  me,  and  I  were  to  be  imprisoned  in  a 
tree,  I  should  pray  that  it  might  be  a  qucrcus — rugged, 
venerable,  and  solitary,  with  shattered  but  defiant  top, 
its  whole  figure  angularly  beautiful,  a  forest  monarch, 
offspring  of  storm  and  sunshine,  sylvan  type  of  pictu- 
resque endurance, 

"  Jove's  own  tree 
That  holds  the  woods  in  awful  sovereignty," 

and  no  less  dominant  amid  the  refinement  of  lawn  and 
park,  sternly  majestic  everywhere. 

Its  longevity  befits  the  toughness  of  its  fibre  and  un- 
conquerable vigor : 

"  He  has  stood  for  a  thousand  years, 
Has  stood  and  frown 'd 
On  the  trees  around, 
Like  a  king  among  his  peers." 

The  oak's  vigor  is  well  illustrated  by  Robert  Douglas 
where  he  says,  "  The  acorn  is  the  only  seed  I  can  think 
of  which  is  left  by  nature  to  take  care  of  itself.  It  ma- 
tures without  protection,  falls  heavily  and  helplessly  to 
the  ground  to  be  eaten  and  trodden  on  by  animals,  yet 
the  few  which  escape  and  those  which  are  trodden  under 
are  well  able  to  compete  in  the  race  for  life.  While  the 
elm  and  maple  seeds  are  drying  up  on  the  surface,  hick- 
ories and  walnuts  waiting  to  be  cracked,  the  acorn  is  at 
work  with  its  coat  off.  It  drives  its  tap  root  into  the 
earth  in  spite  of  grass  and  brush  and  litter.  No  matter 
if  it  is  so  shaded  by  forest  trees  that  the  sun  cannot  pen- 
etrate, it  will  manage  to  make  a  short  stem  and  a  few 

59 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


leaves  the  first  season,  enough  to  keep  life  in  the  root, 
which  will  drill  deeper  and  deeper.  When  age  or  acci- 
dent removes  the  tree  which  has  overshadowed  it,  then 
it  will  assert  itself.  Fires  may  run  over  the  land,  destroy- 
ing almost  everything  else ;  the  oak  will  be  killed  to 
the  ground ;  but  it  will  throw  up  a  new  shoot  the  next 
spring. ' '  What  indomitable  will !  Those  who  accept 
the  Darwinian  theory  will  have  no  difficulty,  in  the  case 
of  some  men,  in  finding  the  oak  in  their  direct  line  of 
ancestry. 

No  other  genus  of  trees  shows  such  varieties  of  leaf- 
type  as  are  found  in  the  numerous  species  of  oak ;  yet 
bring  together  a  leaf  from  each  from  all  over  the  world, 
and  there  is  something  in  every  one  that  plainly  asserts 
its  common  origin. 

Out  of  eight  or  ten  common  species,  the  white  oak  is 
probably  the  most  satisfactory  for  cultivation  for  its  very 
healthy  foliage,  which  is  more  free  from  insect  attack 
than  any  other ;  yet  the  pin  oak  ( Quercus  palustris)  is 
sometimes  as  thrifty  and  of  handsomer  foliage ;  the  red 
and  scarlet  oaks  are  also  more  showy,  with  large  glossy 
leaves,  and  the  swamp  white  {Quercus  bicolor)  rivals 
them  all  with  a  leaf  that  is  both  leathery  and  lustrous. 
The  post  oak  (Q.  minor)  is  less  pretentious  in  size,  but  its 
glossy,  thick  and  almost  evergreen  leaf  is  one  of  the 
handsomest  in  the  family.  In  our  third  excursion  we 
shall  encounter  the  most  imposing  oak  specimen  in  the 
park — a  mossy-cup-oak  (Q.  macrocarpd).  What  magnifi- 
cence of  color  in  October  from  all  the  various  sorts, 
robing  the  forests  in  such  deep  rich  tones  as  send  a 
thrill  through  all  the  landscape ;  here  is  the,  oak-fibre 

60 


Around  the  "  Pond " — First  Excursion 


again,  become  luminous.  It  is  the  white  oak  above 
all  others  that  clings  to  its  withered  foliage,  a  mournful 
instrument  for  winter  winds  to  play  upon.  The  pin  oak 
is  the  easiest  to  recognize  in  winter  by  its  drooping 
lower  branches  that  often  sweep  the  ground.  Culture 
cannot  spoil  the  oak  spirit ;  there  is  a  refreshing  barba- 
rism in  all  the  species  that  gives  a  wholesome,  stirring 
tone  to  scenery,  much  like  the  wild  resonance  of  kettle- 
drum and  trombone  to  invigorate  the  mellifluous  flute 
and  oboe  and  ethereal  strings  in  a  human  orchestra. 

Three  unusual  oaks  in  the  Park  should  have  special 
mention.  A  singular  variety  is  the  cut-leaved  (Quercus 
robur  asplenifolia)  from  abroad,  an  interesting  curiosity. 
Our  native  willow  oak  (Q.  phellos),  with  a  shining, 
leathery  leaf,  almost  a  fac-simile  in  shape  of  a  willow 
leaf,  is  a  beautiful  tree,  which,  despite  the  willow  type, 
is  very  oakish,  and  one  of  the  handsomest  is  the  Turkey 
oak  (Q.  cerris),  of  Southern  Europe,  with  especially 
effective  foliage,  and  extremely  dark,  deeply  furrowed 
bark,  found  clustered  and  singly  in  several  places. 

WILLOWS. — One  of  the  most  easily  recognized  types 
of  growth  is  found  in  willows.  Generically  so  distinc- 
tive, they  are,  however,  the  hardest  of  all  to  resolve  into 
species,  offering  quite  as  much  difficulty  to  the  botanist 
as  sparrows  do  to  the  ornithologist.  Four  kinds — weep- 
ing, yellow,  shining,  and  (in  early  spring)  pussy  willows 
— are  readily  distinguishable,  and  their  landscape  effect 
is  individual ;  but  of  nearly  all  the  rest  the  differences 
are  so  minute  as  to  be  of  little  interest  except  to  the 
expert.  Even  scientists  are  not  agreed,  and  what  one 

61 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


calls  a  distinct  species  another  thinks  only  a  variety,  the 
whole  genus  well  exemplifying  the  truth  that  variety  and 
species  differ  only  in  degree,  not  in  kind.  Without 
wishing  to  discourage  research  into  the  microscopic  di- 
versities of  those  closely  related  forms,  indicating  a  com- 
paratively recent  common  origin,  it  must  be  said  that 
for  anyone  whose  aim  is  the  enjoyment  of  nature  in  its 
broader  outlook,  it  is  not  worth  while  to  investigate  the 
minutiae  of  willow- variation,  since  the  number  of  ex- 
perienced botanists  is  small  who  have  grappled  thor- 
oughly with  the  subject. 

Our  native  willows  are  all  shrubs  or  very  low  trees ; 
the  arboreal  sorts  are  foreign  and  to  a  small  degree 
naturalized.  These  latter  are  of  great  service  in  lawn- 
culture,  as  presenting  a  noble  and  exceedingly  graceful 
arboreal  figure,  without  the  heaviness  of  dense  and  deep 
green  foliage,  thus  having  the  charm  of  water-color 
rather  than  of  oil-painting.  In  any  water-scene,  along 
a  brook,  or  on  the  margin  of  a  lake,  nothing  blends 
more  exquisitely  than  such  willowy,  translucent  figures, 
relieving  the  eye  from  the  solid  tones  of  the  more  vigor- 
ous and  masculine  trees  by  infusion  of  an  ethereal  and 
feminine  atmosphere.  It  were  easy  to  imagine  some  of 
those  elegant  and  airy  forms  to  be  the  embodiment  of 
old-time  nymphs,  in  punishment  or  reward  finding  their 
eternal  future  at  the  water's  brink. 

The  yellow  willow  (Salix  alba  var.  vitellina)  is  justly 
a  favorite.  Long  before  a  single  bud  has  swelled,  even 
in  midwinter,  it  throws  out  the  first  signal  of  spring  in 
the  golden-tinted  bark  of  its  bare  branches,  deepening 
in  color  till  the  burnished  mass  of  lithe  twigs,  in  a  clus- 

62 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


ter  of  full-grown  trees,  presents,  in  full  sunlight,  such  a 
splendid  spectacle  as  is  unsurpassed  by  all  the  scenes 
of  spring.  The  shining  willow  (Satix  lucidd),  whose 
broader  leaf,  glossy  and  deep  green,  has  less  of  the  wil- 
low character,  is  admirable  for  strong  color  where  the 
scenery  needs  the  emphasis  of  a  small  but  conspicuous 
tree.  Mention  is  made  elsewhere  of  the  weeping  willow, 
to  which  stern  science,  with  an  unwonted  sentiment  of 
poetry,  has  aptly  given  the  specific  name  of  Babylonica. 

BALD  CYPRESS. — Like  tall  sentinels  stationed  here  and 
there  through  the  Park  stand  the  bald  cypresses  (Tax- 
odium  distichum),  the  most  columnar  trees  in  the  grounds 
save  the  Lombardy  poplar.  This  is  a  deciduous  conifer ; 
which  means  that,  though  having  cones  like  evergreens, 
its  foliage  is  shed  each  fall — evidently  one  of  the  links 
(not  missing)  that  bridge  the  broad  interval  between 
such  diverse  forms  as  the  maple  and  the  spruce. 

With  the  impassive  air  of  evergreens,  the  cypresses 
have  a  half-mournful  look  that  the  eye  cannot  long  dwell 
upon  with  pleasure.  They  are  cold  and  statuesque,  but 
the  world  needs  some  of  them,  though  not  many,  for 
their  type  strongly  contrasts  with  everything  around 
them,  and  an  observant  eye  will  pause  to  note  their 
singularity.  In  full  foliage  they  are  richly  but  delicately 
draped  in  green,  but  are  most  peculiar  in  late  spring 
when  the  closely  crowded  buds  are  just  opening,  and  a 
fine  continuous  ruff  of  light  green  runs  along  the  upper 
edge  of  every  limb,  strongly  emphasized  by  the  almost 
black  bark ;  the  effect  is  a  little  like  that  of  the  budding 
larch,  but  more  striking.  Nature  had  a  divided  mind 

63 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


in  regard  to  its  leaf-structure ;  whether  to  make  it  a 
series  of  simple,  minute,  narrow  leaves  strung  along  the 
sides  of  the  newly  growing  thread-like  branch,  or  to 
consider  it  a  genuine  pinnate  leaf,  as  in  the  honey- 
locust,  she  was  plainly  in  doubt :  and  so  are  we ;  for 
many  of  the  long  leaf-stems  (or  branches)  are  dropped  in 
fall,  and  some  are  retained.  Are  we  here  looking  upon 
the  very  process  of  evolution  in  the  ascent  from  the 
simple  to  the  compound  leaf?  Better  to  think  this, 
probably,  than  to  suppose  it  a  case  of  nature's  being  in 
a  quandary. 

The  cypress  is  native  to  the  Southern  States,  and 
yields  valuable  timber  for  house-finishings,  etc.  Like 
alders  and  all  natures  of  good  taste  it  lingers  by  the 
water's  edge,  and  possibly  finds  pleasure  in  seeing  its 
tall  form  ever  imaged  in  the  mirror. 

HORNBEAM. — One  of  our  smallest  trees,  often  a  shrub, 
is  the  hornbeam,  or  ironwood  {Carpinus  americand). 
With  a  fine  appreciation  of  the  special  affinities  of  vege- 
table growth  everywhere  apparent,  the  landscape-gar- 
dener has  given  to  the  water -loving  hornbeam  its  favor- 
ite place  upon  the  shore  of  pond  and  lake.  When  trained 
into  symmetry  it  is  a  comparative  failure,  but  in  a  semi- 
straggling  habit  it  is  singularly  effective,  as  may  be  seen 
on  the  east  side  of  the  ' '  Pond. ' '  The  leaf  is  quite  elm-like 
in  appearance,  and  the  peculiarly  flat  sprays  show  many 
tiny  leaves  intermingled,  an  effect  seldom  seen  except 
in  the  hornbeam  and  an  allied  species.  The  bark  is  a 
more  ready  index  of  the  tree  than  in  almost  any  other 
species — dark  ash,  smooth  as  a  beech,  and  with  strange 

64 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


longitudinal  ridges  and  furrows.  Its  ally,  the  hop- 
hornbeam,  identical  in  leaf,  is  as  unlike  as  possible  in 
the  bark,  which  much  resembles  that  of  the  white  oak. 
In  the  short  fruiting  season  a  full-laden  hop-hornbeam 
is  extremely  pretty  with  its  abundant  white  or  pinkish 
clusters  of  hop-like  fruit,  but  as  a  cultivated  tree  it  is  by 
no  means  as  popular  as  the  hornbeam,  and  there  are  but 
very  few  in  the  Park. 

AILANTHUS. — Among  our  impressive  trees  must  cer- 
tainly be  named  the  ailanthus,  of  such  proportions  when 
full-grown  that  it  may  well  be  the  sole  occupant  of  an 
entire  acre  of  greensward,  and  far  too  massive  for  lim- 
ited lawns.  Its  two  defects  are  its  late  vernation  in 
spring  and  its  large-limbed,  scrawny  appearance  in 
winter,  when  it  presents  a  mass  of  coarse,  ungainly 
branches,  necessarily  incident  to  its  type  of  long  and 
heavy  compound  leaves.  But  amid  the  lifeless,  ragged 
appearance  of  foliage  in  general  that  betokens  the  ap- 
proach of  fall,  this  tree  is  remarkable  for  its  special  live- 
liness and  freshness  of  color,  one  of  the  most  notable 
effects  in  the  Park  at  that  season.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  is  the  last  of  our  common  trees  to  show  signs  of  life 
in  spring.  Far  into  May  one  might  think  it  quite 
dead  amid  its  full-foliaged  surroundings.  But  finally 
its  large  buds  swell,  developing  into  a  yellowish-green 
pinnate  leaf  that  soon  attains  a  length  of  from  two  to 
three  feet,  with  thirty  to  forty  leaflets,  each  quite 
as  large  as  a  beech  leaf.  Soon  the  color  deepens, 
and  in  September,  with  its  luxuriant  and  immense 
dark-green  foliage  spreading  majestically  on  every  side, 

65 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


it    challenges    admiration    beyond    almost    any    other 
growth. 

The  ailanthus  is  what  botanists  call  dioecious  ;  i.e.,  its 
stamen-bearing  flowers  grow  on  one  tree,  and  the  pistil- 
bearing  on  another.  The  staminate  blossoms  emit  a 
very  disagreeable  odor  in  June,  which  caused  a  reaction 
from  its  popularity  when  first  introduced  into  the  coun- 
try. But  pistillate  trees  are  now  being  exclusively 
planted,  and  for  certain  situations  nothing  could  be 
more  desirable ;  and  with  large  room  a  stately  ailanthus 
becomes  the  focal  point  of  a  broad  landscape. 

BEECH. — One  of  our  staple  decorative  trees  is  the 
beech,  a  forest  ornament,  but  much  more  beautiful 
when,  in  ample  space,  with  light  and  air  on  every  side, 
it  can  realize  its  type  as  a  broad  and  shapely  growth  of 
elegant  form,  with  handsome  bark  and  well-fashioned 
leaf.  An  atmosphere  of  serenity  always  envelops  a 
beech  ;  we  as  instinctively  associate  it  with  sunshine  as 
the  oak  with  storm.  Its  noble  trunk  and  bark  of  fine 
texture,  with  shelving  sprays  of  full  foliage,  betray  a  dif- 
ferent temperament  from  that  of  any  other  forest  tree. 
No  tempests  ever  invade  its  spirit. 

Our  one  native  species  will  do  credit  to  the  most 
select  surroundings,  but  it  is  the  European  beech  that  is 
commonly  cultivated,  having  the  slight  advantage  of 
more  delicate  leaves,  and  the  important  merit  of  coming 
into  leaf  earlier  than  our  own  by  a  couple  of  weeks. 
This  fact,  and  its  great  abundance  in  the  Park,  make  it 
the  most  conspicuous  foreign  species  in  spring.  Noth- 
ing sets  off  the  prevailing  green  more  effectively  than 

66 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


the  purple-leaved  beech,  a  mere  variety  of  the  European 
form,  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  a  clergyman  in  a 
German  forest.  A  cluster  of  four  can  be  seen  on  the 
right  after  crossing  the  bridge.  The  dark  color  is 
deepest  in  spring  and  summer,  but  largely  "  burns  off'7 
by  fall,  when  the  green  is  but  slightly  tinged.  The 
foreign  beech  is  recognized  by  its  smaller,  rounder  and 
scarcely  serrate  leaf.  The  base  of  the  trunk  is  but- 
tressed by  spreading  roots  even  in  a  small  beech  more 
than  in  any  other  tree. 

EUROPEAN  ALDER. — Darkly  rising  from  the  water's 
margin — its  congenial  situation — both  at  the  Pond  and 
the  Lake,  is  the  alder,  a  gloomy  but  effective  tree  :  not 
a  native  growth,  but  from  Europe,  for  our  own  alders 
are  only  shrubs.  It  is  ominous-looking  in  so  sombre 
hue,  and  sure  to  attract  attention  either  in  winter  with 
its  branches  thickly  hung  with  black  cone-like  fruit,  and 
blackish  bark,  or  in  summer,  luxuriant  in  dusky  foliage. 
The  leaf  is  much  like  that  of  native  alders — thickish, 
oval  and  sharply  serrate — not  a  handsome  type,  yet  one 
that  masses  up  finely  in  suitable  situations.  In  early 
spring  the  alder  is  conspicuous  for  its  abundance  of  long, 
slender  yellowish  catkins.  Although  this  is  a  primitive 
mode  of  inflorescence,  it  sometimes  is  strikingly  effec- 
tive, coming  as  it  often  does,  especially  in  birches,  al- 
ders and  willows,  before  the  leaves  develop.  Indeed, 
one  will  rarely  see  a  more  beautiful  view  of  its  kind 
than  a  white  birch  in  early  May,  laden  with  slender 
yellow  tassels,  like  a  rain  of  gold ;  no  ornate  blossoms 
could  be  more  pleasing,  the  effect  being  heightened  by 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


the  fine  tracery  of  twigs,  flushed  with  the  green  of  the 
opening  leaf-buds.  The  grace  of  such  flowering  is  longer 
remembered  than  many  a  more  pretentious  bloom. 

ELMS. — There  is  no  tree  that  holds  a  prouder  posi- 
tion than  does  our  favorite  white  elm,  a  distinctively 
American  growth,  whose  figure  is  at  once  unique,  grace- 
ful, and  imposing.  Elm  and  maple  will  always  monopo- 
lize the  function  of  shade-trees  in  this  country;  yet 
their  types  are  so  different  that  they  can  never  be 
rivals.  The  elm  is  built  on  too  large  a  scale  to  be 
desirable  where  maples  are  suitable.  Its  wide-spreading 
top  must  have  ample  room,  and  the  breadth  of  the  arch 
must  be  in  better  proportion  to  its  height  than  is  possi- 
ble in  streets  of  ordinary  width.  In  its  younger  days  it 
is  manifestly  inferior  to  a  maple  for  shade  purposes ;  but, 
like  some  people,  it  was  created  for  a  great  occasion, 
and  when  after  a  century  it  has  attained  full  amplitude, 
a  venerable  elm  is  the  noblest  type  of  graceful  and 
courtly  grandeur  to  be  found  in  the  arboreal  kingdom. 
It  is  in  the  wide  thoroughfares  of  old  New  England 
towns  that  it  is  seen  in  perfection,  where  every  other 
growth,  native  or  foreign,  dwindles  beside  its  towering, 
massive  figure.  You  would  ransack  Europe  and  Asia  in 
vain  to  find  a  tree  that  could  fill  the  requirements  of 
Central  Park,  where  the  Mall  is  superbly  bordered  by 
double  rows  of  native  elms. 

An  entirely  different  type  is  found  in  the  famous 
English  elm,  of  which  the  Park  affords  many  fine  exam- 
ples. Lofty,  of  wide-spreading  habit,  and  with  some 
of  the  oak's  angularity,  it  is  worthy  of  its  repute  as  one 

68 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


of  Europe's  favorite  trees.  It  lacks,  however,  the  mag- 
nificent sweep  of  over -arching  branches  that  makes  an 
ancient  white  elm  seem  like  a  silent  benison  of  the 
Almighty.  Although  called  "  English  "  elm,  it  is  not 
a  native  of  that  country,  but  was  introduced  many  cen- 
turies ago,  and  in  its  several  varieties  has  spread  over 
all  Europe. 

No  arboreal  blossoms  are  more  insignificant  than  the 
elm's ;  but  it  needs  no  transient  glory  of  bright  color ; 
noble  form,  commanding  size,  an  extremely  graceful 
leaf,  and  luxuriant  foliage  have  given  it  an  assured  pre- 
eminence in  elegance  and  dignity.  Quite  inferior  as 
timber  to  oak  and  maple,  its  chief  utility  is  ornament. 
One  of  the  fleeting  pleasures  of  spring  is  to  note  the 
first  budding  of  the  elm,  as  its  tiny  leaves  expand 
and  fringe  more  deeply,  day  by  day,  the  lace-like 
filigree  of  minute  twigs,  until  a  filmy  green  spreads 
over  all. 

KCELREUTERIA. — Probably  the  most  ornate  compound 
leaf  in  the  Park  belongs  to  a  species  from  Japan,  which, 
for  want  of  any  popular  synonym  must  be  introduced  to 
the  reader  under  the  formidable  scientific  name  of  K<xl- 
reuteria  paniculata.  Never  a  large  tree,  it  is  a  charming 
adornment  of  small  grounds,  and  its  bloom,  late  in 
August,  of  showy  panicled  yellow  flowers  materially  em- 
phasizes its  worth.  Heavy  foliage  on  large  trees  gives 
strong  tones  to  a  broad  landscape ;  but  such  trees  as 
this,  with  elegant  leaf-configuration  in  light  sprays,  give 
to  a  limited  area  a  pleasant  shade  without  deep  obscurity. 
It  will  be  found  on  the  south  border  of  the  walk,  south 

69 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


of  the  "  Pond/'  not  far  from  the  cottonwoods.  Color- 
tones  of  landscape  are  like  tones  of  melody  ;  an  extensive 
view,  like  a  grand  aria,  calls  for  the  widest  range  of  the 
gamut;  a  miniature  scene,  like  a  simple  folk-song,  is 
overwrought  if  it  strikes  the  depths  and  heights. 

ASH  TREES. — A  class  of  trees  of  no  very  special  note 
is  the  Ashes  (Fraxinus).  Their  names — red,  white, 
green,  blue,  black — raise  false  hopes  as  to  their  beauty 
and  distinctiveness.  Collectively,  I  make  bold  to  say, 
it  is  an  indifferent  group,  scarcely  worth  cultivating  for 
ornament,  and  inferior  as  timber.  A  prominent  writer 
says  of  the  white  ash  that  it  is  "the  most  beautiful  of 
all  the  American  species."  She  is  entirely  mistaken, 
the  black  ash  is  a  much  prettier  tree ;  its  more  numerous 
and  stemless  leaflets  give  a  more  slender,  compact  form 
to  the  leaf,  which,  moreover,  is  a  dark,  rich  green,  instead 
of  the  faded  tint  of  the  white  ash.  The  black  ash,  in 
fact,  is  a  rather  dressy  tree,  and  so  is  the  blue ;  but  the 
chief  pleasure  in  finding  a  red  or  white  ash  is,  that  it 
adds  another  to  one's  list  of  discoveries.  The  whole 
group  contributes  little  or  nothing  to  the  display  of 
autumn  coloring.  The  European  species  are  not  essen- 
tially different  from  our  own.  Ash  and  hickory  having 
much  similarity  in  foliage,  it  is  well  to  have  an  easy 
means  of  distinguishing  them.  In  the  ash  the  leaves 
are  always  opposite  on  the  stem,  in  the  hickory  they  are 
always  alternate ;  and  the  hickory  leaflets  are  com- 
monly larger  and  broader.  The  long-winged  and 
abundant  fruit  of  the  ash  accounts  for  its  wide  dis- 
semination. 

70 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


HORSE-CHESTNUT. — If  the  fabric  of  some  foliage 
were  not  thick  and  heavy,  we  should  not  realize  how 
light,  airy,  and  translucent  it  sometimes  is.  The  gar- 
ments of  the  horse-chestnut,  like  rich  silk,  almost 
" stand  alone,"  and  if  her  figure  were  Venus-like — 
which  it  is  far  from  being — she  would  be  the  envy  of  all 
her  tree-neighbors.  Throughout  the  summer  what  a 
refreshing  coolness  beneath  those  large,  palmate,  deep- 
green  leaves;  but  the  latter  glory  often  exceeds  the/ 
former,  as  in  fall  its  mantle  is  sometimes  dyed  a  golden 
bronze.  Its  whole  form  is  too  stiff,  round- topped,  and 
symmetrical  to  be  strictly  picturesque,  yet  a  full-grown 
specimen  is  of  commanding  aspect,  and  it  is  so  luxuriant 
and  vigorous  as  to  have  become  one  of  our  most  familiar 
trees,  although  not  indigenous,  but  an  importation  from 
China.  Its  compact,  numerous  pyramids  of  white 
flowers  are  of  a  piece  with  its  general  stiffness,  but  like 
erect  torches  they  illuminate  the  dark  background  in  a 
striking  fashion. 

Our  native  allied  species,  the  Ohio  buckeye,  has  but 
five  leaflets  and  pale  yellow  flowers.  Another  sort, 
probably  a  hybrid  of  the  Chinese  and  a  native,  with 
five  to  seven  leaflets,  has  rose-red  petals,  and  is  quite 
pretty,  and  a  still  finer  one  (^Esculus  Pavid),  of  Amer- 
ican origin,  whose  entire  flower  is  red,  is  found  in 
cultivation  in  the  Northeastern  States. 

POPLARS. — How  unobtrusively  yet  forcibly  trees  im- 

,age  human  temperaments  and  conditions  !    Some  are 

born  to  command,  others  are  menial ;  and  one  of  the 

lordly  sort  certainly  is  the  cotton  wood  or  river  poplar, 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


three  or  four  of  which  on  the  south  bank  of  the  "  Pond" 
form  one  of  the  most  impressive  views  in  the  Park,  and 
there  are  no  trees  throughout  the  grounds  more  likely  to 
attract  the  attention  of  a  passer-by.  Another  cluster 
is  on  the  "  West  Drive/'  near  the  soldiers'  monument. 
Better  than  mere  size  is  their  picturesque  appearance. 
It  is  as  restful  to  watch  those  giant  forms  as  to  pause  by 
a  babbling  brook,  for  a  breath  of  air  puts  the  million 
leaves  a-quivering,  and  a  moderate  breeze  instantly  fills 
them  with  a  wild  thrill  of  tumultuous  silence.  Though 
such  massive  figures  demand  a  long  vista,  younger 
growths  are  in  much  favor  for  the  lawn ;  and  their 
rapid  development,  vigorous,  glossy  foliage,  and  not  too 
spreading  form  have  induced  their  planting  along  many 
of  the  streets  in  New  York  City. 

In  leaf- type,  quivering  foliage — effected  by  a  flattened 
instead  of  the  usual  round  leaf-stem,  by  which  it  is  so 
weakened  that  the  leaf  is  easily  twisted  by  the  wind — 
and  appearance  of  bark,  our  two  aspens,  common  and 
large-toothed,  show  themselves  allied  to  the  poplars. 
With  no  objectionable  aspects  they  are  not  sufficiently 
admired  for  cultivation,  the  poor  little  common  aspen 
being  hardly  represented  in  the  Park,  and  with  not  a  sin- 
gle specimen  of  the  "  large-toothed  "  (grandidenta)  ;  so 
that  one  finds  them  mostly  in  thin  woods  and  along  the 
roadside,  spruce  little  trees,  that  leave  you  asking 
whether  favor,  as  in  the  human  kind,  does  not  go  by 
luck  as  much  as  by  merit.  Their  smooth  yellowish- 
gray  bark  is  characteristic,  and  much  prettier  than  that 
of  most  small  trees,  and  the  "large-toothed"  presents 
a  singular  appearance  in  early  spring,  when  its  small 

72 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


leaves  are  so  covered  with  a  white  cottony  substance  as 
to  give,  at  a  distance,  the  effect  of  full  bloom  ;  but  the 
common  aspen  leaf  is  not  thus  blanketed  in  infancy. 

The  Lombardy  poplar  is  the  most  columnar — fasti gi- 
ate,  as  botanists  call  it — of  all  our  trees.  Several  small 
ones  are  near  the  "  Pond,"  but  a  fine  cluster  of  full-grown 
ones  may  be  seen  at  the  extreme  northern  end  of  the 
Park  near  the  east  wall.  It  is  a  tree  that  requires  good 
judgment  in  planting,  as  its  singularly  slender  form  does 
not  blend  with  all  surroundings.  It  is  a  favorite  tree 
for  country  roads  in  some  parts  of  Europe,  but  why  I 
could  never  comprehend,  as  its  capability  for  shade  is 
almost  nil. 

Balsam  poplar  and  balm  of  Gilead  are  two  less  familiar 
members  of  the  family ;  and  it  is  interesting  to  note,  in 
this  as  in  similar  instances,  the  resemblances  that  be- 
tray kinship,  sometimes  plainly,  often  so  subtly  as  al- 
most to  defy  description.  Indeed,  the  comparison  and 
contrast  of  allied  forms  is  one  of  the  most  important 
sources  of  pleasure  in  plant  study,  and  increases  our 
wonder  at  the  profound  scheme  of  creation  that  has 
clothed  the  earth  with  such  bewildering  diversity  of 
beauty,  yet  all  its  forms,  in  tones  fainter  or  louder,  ever 
proclaiming  their  relationship  and  common  origin. 

Just  as  this  earth  is  the  theatre  of  man's  evolution  and 
attainment  of  ideals,  is  it  not  equally  true  that,  along 
lower  lines,  other  ideals  in  vegetable  and  animal  life 
have  been  constantly  aimed  at  through  the  long  ascent 
from  the  original  protoplasm?  In  recognizing  this 
earth  as  a  vast  moral  and  intellectual  theatre,  we  must 
not  forget  that  it  has  been,  through  millions  of  years, 

73 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


and  is  now,  a  stupendous  botanical  and  zoological  the- 
atre of  development  as  well,  which  adds  immensely  to 
the  dignity  and  significance  of  the  long  and  mysterious 
career  of  our  globe. 

One  trait  of  the  poplar  family,  seen  in  varying  de- 
gree in  all  its  species,  is  a  slender,  tapering  form  not 
quite  like  that  of  any  other  group.  The  Lombardy 
poplar  carries  it  to  the  extreme,  but  we  find  it  in  cot- 
ton wood  and  aspen  in  a  modified  way.  Far  as  the  eye 
can  see  a  balsam  poplar  this  special  feature  is  recog- 
nizable. The  whole  group  is  like  a  family  of  children 
having  a  common  peculiarity  of  figure.  The  bark,  too, 
is  tell  -  tale,  and  the  smooth,  leathery  leaf.  How 
marvellous  that  somewhere  in  the  tiny  seed  of  each  of 
these  species  is  wrapped  an  indestructible  potency  that 
moulds  the  seedling,  sapling,  and  the  ever-growing  tree 
into  rigid  conformity  to  the  poplar  idea,  yet  with  such 
liberty  of  variation  as  makes  not  only  the  species  to  dif- 
fer, but  every  tree  different  from  every  other  in  the  same 
species.  In  that  microscopic  embryo  resides  the  forma- 
tive principle  of  the  plant's  whole  career,  be  it  of  se- 
quoia that  lives  a  thousand  years,  or  of  the  cypress  vine 
that  dies  in  six  months,  laying  strong  hand  on  every 
branch,  guiding  each  twig,  determining  the  unfolding 
of  leaf,  the  fashion  of  flower  and  fruit,  and  appointing 
its  stature;  even  its  sentence  of  death  is  somewhere 
written  in  the  tiny  germ.  We  look  with  wonder  and 
awe  upon  some  of  the  mighty  developments  of  plant 
life  ;  we  may  well  bend  in  reverence  before  that  tiny 
miracle  of  nature,  a  seed. 

Of  all  the  poplars  the  most  picturesque  is  certainly 
74 


Around  the  "  Pond  " — First  Excursion 


the  ^silver-leaf"  (Populus  alba),  which  betrays  as 
much  of  a  poetic  temperament  as  is  possible  to  be  ex- 
pressed in  the  arboreal  type  of  growth.  It  breaks  away 
from  the  poplar  characteristics  of  slenderness,  and  pre- 
sents a  portly  breadth  that  is  at  once  dignified  and 
graceful.  One  must  have  a  year's  experience  of  a  tree 
to  know  its  most  inviting  aspect.  In  this  poplar  it 
seems  to  be  in  the  early  budding  period  ;  the  dark  and 
deeply  furrowed  bark  of  the  lower  trunk  is  then  seen 
merging  into  the  peculiarly  mottled  white  of  the  summit 
and  of  the  spreading  branches,  and  the  entire  pose  of 
its  striking  figure  pleases  the  eye  as  it  stands  projected 
against  the  sky,  softened  only  by  a  wealth  of  slender 
pendent  catkins.  The  Park  contains  several  notable 
specimens  of  it,  particularly  one  just  north  of  the  large 
reservoir.  It  is  hardly  less  beautiful  in  foliage,  for  the 
small  and  finely  shaped  leaf,  with  something  of  the  con- 
tour of  the  ivy,  is  of  a  rich  green  above  and  silky  white 
beneath.  Its  popularity  has  been  lessened  by  its  pro- 
pensity to  spread  by  suckers  from  the  root — a  very  lazy 
objection  to  the  cultivation  of  such  a  beautiful  figure. 
Introduced  long  ago  from  Europe  it  is  now  quite  accli- 
mated. No  class  of  trees  is  oftener  referred  to  in 
ancient  poetry  than  the  poplars,  and  it  is  this  "silver- 
leaf"  species  that  is  particularized. 

CHESTNUT. — Chestnut,  oak,  and  hickory  show  the 
savage  side  of  vegetation,  for  which  we  all  have  some 
affinity,  as  we  have  for  lions  and  tigers.  Such  trees  can 
never  be  tamed  to  gentleness,  they  scorn  refinement. 
But  a  huge  chestnut,  given  a  wide  clear  space,  shows  a 

75 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


sort  of  brutal  grandeur  that  is  without  competitor  in  all 
our  sylva.  It  is  one  of  the  few  lordly  trees ;  heroic,  a 
sort  of  epic  poem.  Examined  in  detail  there  may  be 
much  to  criticise,  but  it  is  cast  on  broad  lines  and 
refuses  to  be  judged  piecemeal ;  in  its  entirety  it  is  irre- 
sistible. What  a  tremendous  girth  of  trunk,  what  huge 
branches  flung  on  every  side,  each  fit  to  be  a  sizable 
bole ;  how  it  scorns  the  thought  of  being  graceful ; 
every  leaf  wears  a  repellent  air  in  its  long  rows  of  sharp 
teeth  ;  its  burs  are  untouchable ;  it  is  a  ponderous  mass 
of  grim  unsociability ;  you  may  admire  supremely,  but 
you  could  hardly  love  a  rugged  old  chestnut. 

But  in  June  it  takes  a  different  fancy,  and  a  cloud  of 
misty  white  envelops  it — it  is  majestically  in  bloom,  and 
for  miles  around  it  is  the  towering  centre  of  attraction ; 
its  millions  of  tiny  blossoms  conspire  to  produce  one  of 
the  most  stupendous  floral  displays  of  nature.  How 
gracefully  those  slender,  cream -white  catkins  hang  by 
thousands  from  every  point  of  attachment — it  is  the 
feat  of  forestry  !  The  man  who  is  not  impressed  in  an 
unusual  way  by  a  magnificent  chestnut  in  its  June  glory 
— the  grand  finale  of  our  amentaceous  bloom — must  be 
almost  incapable  of  being  touched  by  any  of  the  beau- 
ties of  nature. 


76 


THE   POINT 


ON     "THE    POINT"  —  SECOND 
EXCURSION 

"  The  knottie  maples,  pallid  birch,  hawthornes, 
The  horn-bound  tree  that  to  be  cloven  scornes, 
The  dyer's  shumach,  with  more  trees  there  be, 
That  are  both  good  to  use  and  rare  to  see." 

—WILLIAM  WOOD. 

STANDING  on  the  grand  stairway  at  the  north 
end  of  the  Mall,  and  looking  northeastward 
across  the  esplanade,  one  sees  a  narrow  strip  of 
land  projecting  into  the  water,  which  is  commonly 
called  "  The  Point."  Leaving  the  fountain  on  the  left, 
passing  the  group  of  magnolias,  the  austere  cedar  of 
Lebanon,  and  the  boat-house  with  its  numerous  pleasure- 
fleet,  and  turning  to  the  left,  we  reach  the  little  tongue 
of  land  jutting  into  the  Lake.  No  spot  of  the  same  area 
in  the  Park  is  so  stocked  with  interesting  trees ;  for  in  a 
length  of  scarcely  two  hundred  feet  one  may  find 
twenty-three  species,  single  and  clustered,  viz. :  sassa- 
fras, flowering  dogwood,  wild  black  cherry,  yellow 
locust,  black  haw,  swamp  white  oak,  nettle-tree,  white 
elm,  mocker-nut  hickory,  white  birch,  paper  birch, 
cockspur  thorn,  European  bird -cherry,  scarlet  oak, 
hornbeam,  European  yew,  Norway  spruce,  smoke-tree, 
hemlock,  alder,  aspen,  pin  oak. 

77 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


SASSAFRAS. — Our  most  aromatic  tree,  in  root,  leaf  and 
bark,  is  the  sassafras,  with  also  a  spicy  odor  in  the  flower. 
The  blossom  comes  before  the  leaf,  and  a  large  tree  in 
full  bloom  is  a  golden  ornament  of  April;  very  con- 
spicuous, too,  for  the  deep  yellow  clusters  have  almost 
the  monopoly  of  color,  standing  out  boldly  against  the 
bare  forms  of  the  woodland.  The  foliage  has  no  special 
recommendation  except  that  best  of  all  blessings,  health- 
fulness.  One  soon  learns  to  recognize  the  tree  from  its 
deeply  furrowed,  yellow-tinted  bark,  which  is  rougher, 
even  in  a  small  tree,  than  in  other  trunks  three  times  its 
age  and  size. 

The  sassafras  is  not  as  important  a  plant  as  when 
its  medicinal  virtues  were  in  high  esteem,  but  none 
the  less  interesting  to  the  botanist.  For  ornament  it  is 
not  a  tree  to  choose ;  too  good  wantonly  to  uproot,  but 
hardly  worth  deliberate  planting,  at  least  in  such  large 
numbers  as  one  finds  in  the  Park.  It  spreads  rapidly 
by  shoots  from  the  root,  so  that  a  full-grown  tree  is  apt 
to  be  surrounded  by  a  flourishing  brood  of  saplings. 
The  fruit  is  berry-like  and  dark  blue,  on  reddish  stems, 
and  eagerly  sought  by  the  birds.  The  most  noticeable 
characteristic  is  the  variant  form  of  leaf,  the  mulberry- 
leaf  being  the  only  other  one  that  is  like  it  in  this  re- 
spect ;  for  while  the  majority  of  its  leaves  are  "  entire," 
some  are  two-lobed,  others  three-lobed,  and  all  the  dif- 
ferent shapes  are  often  growing  on  the  same  twig.  The 
foreign  mulberry  shows  an  even  greater  variation  on  the 
same  plant. 

The  "  entire  "  form  of  leaf,  i.e.,  with  a  smooth  edge, 
always  gives  a  colorless  character  to  foliage.  This  is 

78 


On  "  The  Point " — Second  Excursion 

one  secret  of  the  attractiveness  of  maple,  elm,  beech,  and 
oak,  as  compared  with  catalpa,  persimmon,  osage  orange, 
sour  gum,  and  sassafras.  Magnolias  and  rhododendrons 
have  entire  leaves  also,  but  the  effect  is  somewhat  offset 
by  their  rich  green  and  heavy  texture.  There  are  com- 
paratively few  species  of  plants  to  whose  leaves  Nature 
has  not  taken  the  pains  to  give  the  finish  of  a  fringed 
edge.  Let  one  examine  a  dozen  leaves  of  different 
species  in  this  one  respect  alone,  and  it  will  be  a  revela- 
tion of  nature's  skill  in  ornamentation  before  unrealized. 
In  my  opinion,  the  peculiar  serrate  edge  in  the  elm  is 
the  most  elegant  of  any  native  tree. 

LOCUSTS. — Of  native  ornamental  trees  none  are 
more  generally  cultivated  and  distinctive  in  their  whole 
atmosphere  than  the  locusts,  a  pleasing  text  for  any  tree- 
lover  to  dilate  upon.  Two  of  them  being  brothers 
(botanically),  and  the  third  a  first  cousin,  we  had  best 
consider  them  together,  the  better  to  note  their  points 
of  contrast,  although  only  the  common  locust  is  found 
upon  "The  Point/' 

As  regards  foliage,  by  far  the  finest  is  the  honey-lo- 
cust, which  is  indeed  unequalled  among  all  our  trees  for 
its  exquisite  feathery  verdure,  resulting  from  the  minute 
dissection  of  its  decompound  leaf,  forming  the  most  airy 
sprays  of  foliage  imaginable,  emphasized  by  the  often 
imposing  altitude,  and  an  extremely  dark-colored  bark 
— a  most  striking  union  of  virility  and  grace.  Compare 
it  for  a  moment  with  any  other  pinnate-leaved  tree,  like 
the  butternut  or  ash,  and  its  extreme  delicacy  is  at 
once  evident.  It  is  in  the  middle  of  May  that  the  mul- 

79 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


titudinous,  half-developed  leaves  bursting  forth  from  a 
large  honey-locust  can  only  be  compared  to  a  fleecy 
emerald  cloud  enshrouding  the  massive  black  trunk  and 
branches;  nothing  in  our  vegetation  rivals  it,  except 
the  wondrous  misty  green  of  the  tamarix  in  fall,  the 
most  strikingly  beautiful  shrub,  as  regards  foliage,  that 
the  Park  contains. 

In  a  tree  of  such  temper  one  is  surprised  to  find  the 
trunk  horrent  with  dense  clusters  of  formidable  spines, 
each  spine  a  poignant  condensation  of  an  entire  branch 
into  a  rigid  needle,  the  spines  themselves  branching 
into  other  spines,  and  covering  large  portions  of  the 
trunk,  in  some  cases,  with  their  horrid  masses — and  for 
what  earthly  purpose?  At  least  it  is  an  interesting 
parable  of  good  and  evil  mixed  in  the  same  nature. 

Having  been  so  lavish  in  foliage-beauty,  nature  wisely 
withheld  the  crowning  charm  of  handsome  inflorescence, 
lest  the  honey-locust  "should  be  exalted  above  meas- 
ure ' ' — possibly  we  have  here  the  meaning  of  the  spines, 
they  are  "thorns  in  the  flesh M!  One  scarcely  knows 
when  it  is  in  blossom,  it  is  such  an  insignificant  matter, 
but  the  minute  flowers  ripen  nto  portentous  pods  eight 
to  ten  inches  long,  and  an  inch  wide,  yellowish -green 
as  they  dangle  from  the  boughs  in  September,  but  soon 
blackening  and  clinging  through  the  winter,  till  they 
fall,  twisted  and  unsightly,  strewing  the  ground.  The 
color  of  bark  and  pod  gives  the  name  of  black  locust, 
and  "  honey  "  locust  comes  from  the  yellow  pulp  in  the 
pod.  The  Park  contains  several  fine  clusters  of  this 
species,  the  largest  being  east  of  the  "West  Drive," 
near  the  Seventy-second  Street  entrance. 

80 


On  "  The  Point " — Second  Excursion 


With  a  pinnate  leaf  of  larger  leaflets  than  in  the  fore- 
going, the  common  locust  mingles  most  gracefully  with 
such  simple-leaved  trees  as  the  linden,  catalpa,  and  ma- 
ple. But  its  finest  feature  is  its  long  pendent  racemes 
of  fragrant  white  blossoms,  filling  the  air  with  delicious 
perfume.  A  large  cluster  can  be  seen  on  "  The  Point," 
which  well  rewards  a  visit  in  blossoming  time,  the  last 
of  May.  Odor  is  the  vaguest  charm  in  the  world  of 
sense,  a  sort  of  spiritual  presence,  on  the  very  confines 
of  matter,  sometimes  as  subtle  as  a  blush,  and  evanes- 
cent as  a  smile.  But,  vague  as  it  is,  no  other  sensations 
are  so  indelible  in  the  memory,  inseparably  blending 
with  experience  sweet  and  bitter,  so  that  the  most  casual 
whiff  invokes  a  vision  of  events  in  years  long  fled. 

A  cluster  of  much  larger  locusts  will  be  found  at  the 
extreme  northwest  end  of  the  Park.  This  species  has 
bark  that  is  rough  and  much  lighter  colored  than  the 
preceding.  The  bark  is  prickly,  especially  on  the 
younger  growth,  but  in  the  honey-locust  it  is  thorny; 
the  difference  is  radical.  Prickles,  however  large,  are 
an  outgrowth  of  the  bark ;  peel  off  the  bark  and  the 
prickles  go  with  it;  thorns  or  spines  are  metamorphosed 
branches,  and  proceed  from  the  wood  beneath  the  bark, 
and  are  rigidly  attached.  The  pods  of  the  common 
locust  also  hang  all  winter,  but  are  neither  so  long  nor 
black,  as  in  the  honey-locust. 

"All  good  things  go  in  threes/'  says  the  proverb, 
and  the  author  may  have  had  locusts  in  mind  when  he 
said  it :  for  quite  as  ornamental  in  its  way  is  the  third 
member  of  the  trio,  the  clammy  locust  (Robinia  viscosa), 
which  is  one  of  the  unfortunate  omissions  of  the  Park 

81 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


which  seems  unaccountable.  This  is  a  smaller  tree  than 
either  of  the  others,  often  found  in  blossom  as  a  shrub,  and 
less  familiar  than  the  other  two,  being  found  wild  only 
in  the  southern  part  of  our  territory,  but  considerably 
cultivated  at  the  North.  Its  foliage  effect  is  almost  pre- 
cisely that  of  the  common  locust,  though  sharp  eyes  will 
detect  the  mucronate  or  finely  pointed  apex  of  each 
leaflet.  The  two  important  distinctive  features  are  the 
stickiness  of  leaf-stem  and  branchlets,  more  marked  than 
in  the  butternut,  and  its  dense  and  abundant  masses  of 
pink-white  or  rose-colored  flowers — pea-shaped,  as  in 
the  allied  species — with  a  most  delicate  aroma,  and  far 
handsomer  than  those  of  the  acacia.  Another  advan- 
tage is  its  later  and  more  prolonged  flowering;  for  its 
first  bloom  is  not  until  about  the  first  of  July,  and  this 
is  followed  a  month  later  by  another,  more  restricted, 
yet  quite  showy.  This  beautiful  growth,  shapely  and 
perfectly  hardy,  deserves  much  wider  popularity.  Its 
late  flowering  particularly  commends  it,  and  it  is  un- 
equalled by  any  other  native  tree — scarcely  by  any 
foreign — in  the  size,  prodigality,  and  rich  tint  of  its 
flower-clusters.  This,  too,  is  often  thorny,  like  its 
kindred. 

HICKORIES. — It  is  a  transition  that  has  the  merit  of 
strongest  contrast  to  speak  next  of  the  hickory — tough, 
strong,  and  coarse-grained,  without  a  particle  of  poetry 
in  its  nature,  forgive  me,  ye  that  think  the  contrary — 
and  may  the  writer  pardon  me  who  calls  it  "  one  of 
our  most  picturesque  trees  "  !  Next  to  the  chestnut, 
it  is  our  most  rugged  type  of  forest  -  growth,  and  its 

82 


On  "  The  Point  "—Second  Excursion 


pinnate  leaves  are  of  the  largest  and  coarsest.  As 
timber,  the  hickory  renders  the  most  menial,  yet  a  most 
important,  service,  rising  no  higher  in  utilitarian  art 
than  the  manufacture  of  farming  implements  and  parts 
of  carriages,  and  unsurpassed  as  fuel ;  whereas  the  oak, 
hardly  less  coarse-natured  on  the  exterior,  has  so  fine  a 
grain  as  to  be  adequate  for  the  choicest  cabinet  work. 

Yet  this  very  roughness — a  sort  of  brutal  masculinity 
— secures  for  the  hickory  a  distinctive  interest,  some- 
thing as  Satan,  in  "Paradise  Lost,"  has  a  "bad  pre- 
eminence" that  makes  him  the  fascinating  hero.  We 
must  certainly  honor  a  tree  whose  brawn  and  muscle 
enable  it  to  play  so  responsible  a  part  in  life's  utilities. 
In  its  own  sphere,  although  farthest  from  ornamental,  it 
stands  pre-eminent. 

I  feel  a  pity  for  some  of  our  trees  with  rather  colorless 
individualities ;  not  strong-fibred  enough  to  be  down- 
right serviceable,  not  refined  enough  to  be  ornamental 
— prosy  characters,  a  sort  of  drone  in  the  universal  hive 
of  industry.  As  the  world  is  constituted,  utility  has  the 
precedence  of  beauty,  and  the  hickory  is  a  good  illustra- 
tion of  the  providence  that  looks  out  for  our  lowest 
even  more  than  for  our  highest  needs.  Enumerate  the 
greatest  blessings  of  life — health,  food,  sunlight,  water, 
air — the  lowest  creatures  possess  them  as  much  as  we, 
they  are  the  indispensables.  And  so  the  hickory, 
though  it  never  veneers  our  furniture  like  the  oak,  does 
quite  as  much  to  keep  the  machinery  of  life  in  motion. 

Most  of  the  hickories — we  have  nine  of  them  in  Amer- 
ica, and  no  other  continent  has  any — are  distinguish- 
able from  each  other  in  foliage  by  rather  small  differences, 

83 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


which  will  be  found  stated  in  the  detailed  descriptions. 
The  bark  has  a  peculiarly  tough  and  obstinate  look  in 
all  of  them,  and  the  fruits  are  quite  diverse.  Of  hick- 
ory-nuts only  the  ' '  shagbark ' '  and  the  pecan-nut  (a 
hickory  growing  in  Illinois  and  southward)  have  com- 
mercial value.  It  will  gild  the  edge  of  this  somewhat 
unflattering  account  to  say  that  the  hickory  contributes 
a  very  distinctive  tone  to  autumn  coloring.  The  rusty 
yellow  that  first  replaces  the  green  soon  deepens  to  a 
rich  golden  brown,  by  which  the  full-foliaged  pyramidal 
mass  becomes  a  notable  object  in  an  October  landscape. 

BLACK  HAW. — Of  all  low  trees  and  shrubs  in  woods 
and  lanes  the  most  conspicuous  for  abundant  bloom  in 
the  middle  of  May,  as  the  dogwood  fades,  is  the  black 
haw  or  stag-bush,  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  native 
growths  for  planting  broadcast,  and  very  desirable  for 
the  particular  season  when  in  flower.  It  is  cosmopolitan, 
thriving  anywhere,  and  its  mass  of  pure  white  makes  it 
for  the  nonce  the  rival  of  the  apple-tree,  and  the  later- 
blooming  thorn.  True,  it  is  not  exactly  a  "  cultured  " 
plant ;  it  lacks  the  indefinable  something  that  makes  so 
many  of  our  shrubs  decorative  when  past  the  blooming 
period.  Its  small  leaf,  in  form  and  texture,  is  scarcely 
dressy  enough  to  compete  with  the  choicer  kinds.  But 
it  is  such  a  royal  blossomer  that  in  its  palmy  days  of 
May  it  is  a  very  effective  species  for  the  lawn,  and  much 
of  the  beauty  of  Central  Park  at  that  season  is  due  to 
the  abundant  planting  of  this  small  variety.  After  its 
gala-day  of  flowering — which,  by  the  way,  is  of  good 
length — it  is  fairly  crowded  out  of  mind  by  the  other 

84 


On  "  The  Point " — Second  Excursion 


forms  of  inflorescence  that  come  so  thick  and  fast.  But 
in  early  fall  the  eye  reverts  to  it  again ;  its  whiteness 
has  turned  to  abundant  blue-black  berry-clusters,  and 
the  deep  reddish-brown  or  bronze  tint  of  foliage  is 
exclusively  its  own. 

NETTLE-TREE. — An  evident  favorite  of  those  who 
stocked  the  Park  (for  it  is  profusely  scattered  throughout 
the  grounds)  is  the  nettle-tree,  also  called  hackberry 
and  sugarberry.  East  of  Ohio  it  is  rarely  found  except 
in  cultivation,  as  its  habitat  is  chiefly  the  Middle  and 
Western  States.  Its  leaf  is  small,  rather  triangular,  and 
decidedly  lop-sided,  as  the  linden  is  to  some  extent.  It 
is  said  to  resemble  the  elm-leaf  closely,  but  the  differ- 
ence, to  a  fairly  good  eye,  is  greater  than  the  resemblance. 
Why  it  is  made  so  much  of  in  the  Park  I  cannot  discover, 
unless  they  secured  a  "  job  lot  "  at  a  bargain.  I  have 
tried  hard  to  get  interested  in  this  species,  with  but  poor 
success.  It  is  one  of  the  easiest  to  recognize  in  winter, 
as  its  branches  are  often  filled  with  large  clusters  of 
coarse  dead  fibre,  the  withered  stems  of  the  fascicled 
staminate  flowers ;  and  its  smooth,  beech-like  bark  is 
covered  toward  the  base  with  blistered  excrescences  not 
found  in  any  other  tree.  It  has  no  blossoms  worth  men- 
tioning, its  dark  berry-like  fruit  is  not  so  abundant  as 
to  be  attractive,  and  the  foliage  withers  without  a  par- 
ticle of  color  in  fall.  This  is  the  faintest  praise  with 
which  I  can  bless  this  species. 

WILD  BLACK  CHERRY. — But  a  good,  honest  ornament 
of  our  woods,  and  which  bears  itself  most  creditably  in 

85 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


the  more  elegant  surroundings  of  a  lawn  stocked  with 
foreign  growth,  is  the  familiar  wild  black  cherry.  We 
are  often  surprised  that  it  can  make  so  brave  a  show  in 
polite  society.  It  cannot  fill  a  niche  in  a  corner,  like 
the  black  haw,  for  it  is  commonly  a  sizable,  sometimes 
an  imposing  tree,  a  few  in  the  Park  being  of  such  mag- 
nitude as  to  make  their  blossoming  a  striking  spectacle. 
One  of  the  finest  is  just  north  of  the  "  Reading-room, " 
at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  "  Ramble."  While  the 
black  haw  banks  up  well  against  other  growths,  afford- 
ing a  fringe  of  white  to  overlay  the  various  greens,  a 
wild  cherry  demands  a  spot  where  it  can  monopolize 
the  view,  a  towering  snowy  mass  upon  the  greensward. 
It  is  not  accounted  one  of  the  choicer  species,  for  it  has 
the  forest-flavor  ;  but  a  rugged,  freely  growing  sort,  that 
for  a  large  lawn  is  as  satisfying  as  many  that  are  more 
pretentious.  It  does  not  pass  from  view  after  flowering, 
for  its  shapely  leaf  grows  more  leathery  and  glossy  as 
autumn  approaches,  its  fruit  hangs  thick  in  August,  to 
the  great  delight  of  the  birds — and  the  deep  crimson  of 
its  October  coloring  is  a  conspicuous  feature  in  the  land- 
scape. Moreover,  it  has  a  picturesque  figure  as  it  grows 
larger.  The  bark  is  singularly  rough  and  ragged,  ap- 
parently indicating  an  unhealthy  tree ;  doubtless  a  false 
inference,  as  in  every  other  respect  it  is  perfectly 
thrifty.  The  spicy  fruit  is  not  unpalatable,  and  is  still 
more  agreeable  in  its  fermented  state  to  those  addicted 
to  "rum  cherry. M 

The  European  bird-cherry,  standing  at  the  extremity 
of  the  Point,  is  quite  as  prodigal  of  its  long  racemes  as 
the  black  cherry,  and  surprises  one  with  its  beauty  at 

86 


On  "  The  Point " — Second  Excursion 


the  instant  of  full  bloom  with  its  countless  sweeping 
tassels  of  white,  but  in  foliage  it  is  inferior,  and  it  lacks 
the  picturesque  atmosphere  of  its  relative. 

BIRCHES. — The  birch  family  belongs  to  what  in  Eu- 
ropean society  would  be  called  the  "upper  middle 
class,"  and  a  patent  of  nobility,  more  deserved  than  in 
many  such  conferments,  has  been  granted  to  one  mem- 
ber of  it,  the  cut-leaved  weeping  white  birch.  All  the 
species — black,  yellow,  red,  paper,  and  white — deserve 
favorable  mention,  and  the  beauty  of  their  forest-growth 
is  often  transferred  to  adorn  the  lawn,  all  being  found 
in  the  Park. 

The  black  or  sweet  birch  is  most  widely  known,  many 
people's  acquaintance  with  it  being,  indeed,  more  inti- 
mate than  they  think,  for  it  is  the  oil  extracted  from  its 
bark  that  gives  the  "wintergreen "  flavor  of  a  well- 
known  tooth  -  powder.  This  shares  with  the  yellow 
birch  the  peculiarity  of  having  its  leaves  mostly  in 
pairs,  giving  unusual  effect  to  a  spray  of  foliage.  The 
most  obvious  difference  of  these  two  species  is  the  yel- 
lowish, silvery-gray  bark  of  the  latter,  that  exfoliates  in 
very  thin  layers  whose  ends  are  curled  up,  while  the 
dark-brown  bark  of  the  sweet  birch  shows  only  a  trace 
of  exfoliation.  In  some  yellow  birches  the  trunk  is  as 
beautiful  as  it  is  unusual ;  the  bark  is  less  aromatic  than 
in  the  black  birch.  The  river  birch,  with  its  branches 
slender  and  drooping,  furnishes  material  for  "  birch 
brooms." 

The  most  ornamental  are  the  "  paper  "  and  the  white 
birch ;  the  former,  with  broader,  almost  roundish,  leaf, 

87 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


is  the  more  northerly,  where  it  strongly  punctuates  the 
forests  with  its  bole  of  chalky  white ;  it  is  of  larger 
growth  than  the  white  birch,  which  is  the  pride  of  the 
family,  with  its  languid  elegance  of  form  and  careless 
grace, 

"  The  Lady  of  the  forest," 

as  Tennyson  calls  it,  and  at  all  times  beautiful.  In 
winter,  when  its  tangled  mass  of  fine  twigs  fashion  lace- 
like  designs  upon  the  sky  ;  in  spring,  when  thickly 
hung  with  long,  bright  yellow  aments ;  and  in  summer, 
when  its  tapering,  lustrous  leaves  array  the  tree  in  foli- 
age almost  as  light  as  gossamer — in  each  successive  sea- 
son one  finds  new  pleasure  in  this  slight  figure  that  in 
exquisite  refinement  rivals  all  other  native  growth.  It 
lacks  the  vigor  and  positiveness  of  many  other  trees,  yet 
I  believe  that  if  all  the  white  birches  were  eliminated 
from  the  Park,  it  would  mar  the  scenery  more  than  the 
loss  of  any  other  one  species.  Nature  has  certainly 
realized  one  of  her  ideals  in  the  weeping  cut-leaved 
birch,  that  sways  in  every  lightest  breeze,  a  fountain  of 
green  spray.  Several  fine  examples  can  be  seen  a  little 
beyond  the  northwest  corner  of  the  "  Ramble." 

THORN-TREES. — No  family  of  small  trees  fills  so  large 
a  place  in  landscape-gardening,  through  the  combined 
merits  of  fine  foliage,  notable  bloom,  and  attractive 
winter-ornamentation,  as  our  thorn-trees,  comprising 
the  cockspur,  white,  black,  evergreen,  and  the  famous 
English  hawthorn  which  is  now  beginning  to  be  natural- 
ized. They  are  all  of  low  growth,  often  shrubby,  filling 
a  niche  far  too  small  for  cottonwood,  linden,  or  locust, 

88 


On  "  The  Point " — Second  Excursion 


yet  requiring  something  more  positive  than  mere  shrubs. 
The  thorns  that  grow  freely  on  the  branches,  though 
long,  are  no  disfigurement,  the  tree's  form  is  comely, 
the  leaf  bright  and  healthy  and  clearly  individualized 
in  the  several  species,  the  luxuriant  bloom  is  one  of  the 
attractions  even  of  the  month  of  flowers,  and,  as  summer 
wanes,  the  prodigal  clusters  of  scarlet  berries  begin  to 
show  themselves,  gleaming  through  the  russet  autumn 
leaves,  a  shower  of  ruddy  drops  against  a  winter's  sky, 
rivalling  the  mountain-ash  and  holly.  The  whole  an- 
nual career  of  a  thorn-tree  is  a  case  of  patient  continu- 
ance in  well-doing,  and  it  does  not  lose  its  reward  in  the 
world's  wide  approbation. 

The  middle  of  "  The  Point  "  becomes,  early  in  June, 
a  broad  sheet  of  white,  which  shows  to  best  advantage 
from  the  boat-house  and  the  grand  stairway  of  the  Ter- 
race, for  here  in  one  solid  group  are  twenty-three  cock- 
spur  thorns,  one  more,  to  make  a  round  two  dozen, 
standing  off  by  itself.  But  the  paragon  of  thorns  is  the 
red-flowered  variety  of  the  English  hawthorn,  which  is 
superb  enough  to  warrant  my  giving  its  name  in  all  its 
pretentious  fulness — Cratagus  oxyacantha  flore  plena 
rosea.  Among  all  the  beauties  scattered  so  profusely 
throughout  the  Park,  four  will  always  recur  to  my  mind 
as  perfectly  unique — the  gorgeous  full  bloom  of  the 
yulan  in  the  last  of  April,  the  pink-robed  double -flow- 
ered English  hawthorn  in  June,  the  weeping  willows 
in  early  spring,  and  in  fall  the  exquisite  tamarix,  that 
marvel  of  green  mist  low -lying  on  the  ground,  the  most 
vaporous  exhalation  of  verdure  to  be  seen  in  northern 
latitudes. 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


One  instantly  knows  the  cockspur  thorn  by  its  pecul- 
iar leaf — polished  and  thick,  rounded  at  top  and  with 
a  long-tapering  base;  none  other  is  more  deluged  in 
bloom,  but  the  black  and  scarlet  perhaps  show  a  greater 
profusion  of  fruit.  The  cockspur  is  the  one  most  used 
for  hedges,  though  now  being  displaced  by  the  thorny 
osage  orange.  In  planting  thorns  it  is  well  to  choose  a 
variety,  as  they  differ  in  their  flowering  periods,  the 
cockspur  being  the  latest,  as  the  scarlet  is  about  the 
earliest. 


*r*  ?^&* 


%      THE    LAKE 
The  arrow  shows  the  starting-point  and  the  direction  of  the  route. 


ALONG    THE    LAKESIDE- 
THIRD    EXCURSION 

"  The  glossy  holly  loved  the  park, 
The  yew-tree  lent  its  shadow  dark, 
And  many  an  old  oak,  worn  and  bare, 
With  all  its  shiver'd  boughs,  was  there." 

—SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 

CAN  a  lazy  person,  averse  to  long  rambles,  dis- 
cover a  pleasant  path  of  ten  minutes'  length, 
along  which  he  can  find,  mostly  within  touch, 
fifty  ornamental  tree-species,  native  and  foreign,  singly 
and  in  clusters,  picturesquely  grouped,  illustrating  every 
prominent  type  of  form,  foliage,  and  fruit  in  the  growth 
of  sylva,  at  home  and  abroad  ?  Yes,  the  landscape- 
gardener  of  the  Park  has  provided  just  such  an  oppor- 
tunity along  the  west  side  of  the  Lake,  and  this  is  the 
route  of  our  present  excursion.  The  following  list  is  the 
briefest  possible  account  of  what  is  brought  into  view 
successively  by  beginning  at  the  south  end  of  the 
"  Bow-Bridge,"  and  following  the  path  around  the 
west  side  till  one  reaches  the  little  bridge  at  the  north 
end  of  the  Lake.  The  distance  is  covered  in  less  than 
ten  minutes. 

Weeping  Beech  Weeping  Willow 

Mossy-cup  Oak  Sophora  Japonica 

Swamp  Magnolia  Angelica-tree 

91 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


Wild  Black  Cherry 

Norway  Maple 

Sassafras 

Cut-leaved  Beech 

Red  Maple 

Silver-bell-tree 

Ailanthus 

Shagbark  Hickory 

Alder 

Ginkgo 

Paulownia 

Osage  Orange 

Black  Thorn 

Cockspur  Thorn 

Bald  Cypress 

Nettle-tree 

Catalpa 

Elm 

Black  Birch 

Flowering  Dogwood 

Sweet  Gum 

White  Birch 


White  Oak 

Hop-tree 

Fringe-tree 

Common  Locust 

White  Ash 

Koelreuteria 

Hornbeam 

Honey-locust 

Linden 

Cottonwood 

Umbrella-tree 

Purple  Magnolia 

Tulip-tree 

Buttonwood 

Turkey  Oak 

Weeping  Birch 

Shadbush 

Scarlet  Thorn 

Slippery  Elm 

Arborvitae 

Hemlock 


WEEPING  AND  CUT -LEAVED  TREES. — An  exceedingly 
graceful  novelty  of  recent  horticulture  is  the  "  weeping  " 
tree,  in  most  cases  effected  by  grafting  pendulous 
branches  upon  an  erect  trunk.  The  commonest  illus- 
tration of  this  artful  treatment  of  nature  is  found  in  the 
weeping  birch  and  weeping  beech,  two  specimens  of  the 
latter  flanking  the  southern  approach  to  the  ' '  Bow- 
Bridge.  M  A  really  superb  instance,  of  the  same  will  be 
found  on  the  north  side  of  the  "  Ramble,"  where  three 
tall  weeping  beeches  are  so  closely  clustered  as  to  pro- 
duce one  of  the  finest  and  most  novel  effects  in  green  to 
be  found  in  the  entire  Park.  It  is  in  an  open  space 

92 


Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion 

about  four  hundred  feet  southeast  of  the  Belvedere. 
Pendulous  varieties  of  the  maple,  mulberry,  mountain- 
ash,  and  elm  are  also  cultivated,  and  all  being  of  small 
size  are  serviceable  for  the  smallest  lawns.  Perhaps  the 
best  as  regards  curious  foliage  is  the  weeping  Russian 
mulberry  (Aforus  tartarica  penduld),  whose  leaf  is  one  of 
the  most  ornate  among  trees.  A  few  of  these  and  of  the 
weeping  ash  and  elm  would  do  more  to  diversify  the 
Park  than  any  number  of  European  varieties  whose  dif- 
ferences are  purely  microscopic. 

Nature  has  also  been  coaxed  into  that  extremely  dis- 
sected form  of  foliage  known  as  the  cut-leaved,  beautiful 
examples  of  which  in  Japanese  purple-leaved  maple,  su- 
mach, oak,  and  white  birch  are  in  the  Park.  Though 
botanically  only  ' '  varieties, ' '  they  are  of  far  more  pro- 
nounced effect  than  many  of  the  distinct  species,  and  are 
one  of  the  most  important  innovations  in  landscape 
gardening  that  modern  times  have  produced.  Another 
quite  as  important  is  the  purple-leaved  foliage,  with 
which  the  Park  is  well  supplied  ;  if  one  will  look  over 
the  wall  in  the  vicinity  of  East  Seventy-second  Street 
— the  best  spot  in  the  Park  for  studying  purple  and  cut- 
leaved  foliage — he  will  find  admirable  examples  of  purple 
or  rose -purple  leaves  in  white  birch,  Japanese  and  syca- 
more maples  and  beech,  all  within  a  hundred  feet  of  each 
other.  Some  of  the  purple  beeches  in  these  grounds 
are  simply  magnificent.  The  Japanese  plum,  also  in  the 
Park,  is  becoming  popular  as  a  purple-leaved  dwarf  tree. 

MOSSY-CUP  OAK.  —  Near  the  weeping  beeches  at 
"  Bow-Bridge, "  across  the  path,  one  must  note  the  fine 

93 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


mossy-cup  oak  (Quercus  macrocarpa),  one  of  the  finest 
oaks  in  the  Park — broad,  luxuriant,  and  majestic.  The 
leaf,  in  contour,  lustre,  and  leathery  texture,  resembles 
the  swamp  white  oak's  more  than  any  other,  but  a  criti- 
cal eye  will  soon  note  that  the  lower  half  is  very  deeply 
lobed,  and  that  the  lobes  of  the  upper  half  suddenly  be- 
come very  small ;  it  is  also  a  very  large  leaf,  sometimes 
twelve  or  even  fifteen  inches  long,  exceeding  every  other 
in  the  genus.  The  "cup"  is  also  peculiar  in  the 
fringe  at  its  edge,  which  gives  it  the  name  of  "  mossy- 
cup  "j  and  the  acorn  is  sometimes  of  huge  size,  occa- 
sionally nearly  two  inches  across.  Its  open  and  com- 
manding position  displays  most  admirably  this  splendid 
growth,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  add  that  it  is  one  of  our 
"home  products,"  being  found  in  a  large  area  of  the 
country,  and  rated  as  one  of  the  finest  in  North  Amer- 
ica. 

MAPLES. — With  nearly  two  hundred  native  hardy  spe- 
cies to  choose  from,  maples  must  possess  very  special 
merits  that  they  should  constitute  more  than  nine- tenths, 
perhaps  forty-nine-fiftieths,  of  all  the  trees  planted  along 
the  streets  in  the  Northeastern  United  States.  The 
reason  for  this  unanimity  of  choice  is  easily  apparent. 
Many  other  species  have  one  or  another  of  the  maple's 
excellences,  but  none  other  has  them  all. 

First,  it  is  very  healthy  and  luxuriant  in  bark  and 
foliage — the  greatest  desideratum  of  all.  Secondly,  it 
is  not  only  symmetrical,  but  its  form  exactly  adapts  it 
to  the  requirements  of  street  and  sidewalk — tall  and  siz- 
able, but  not  too  broad  ;  the  equally  symmetrical  beech 

94 


Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion 

is  too  wide-spreading  for  the  situation.  Again,  the  maple 
is  a  rapid  grower ;  some  trees  would  require  twenty  or 
thirty  years  to  attain  the  size  of  a  ten-year-old  maple  ; 
this  secures  shade  and  ornament  in  the  briefest  period 
after  planting.  The  fast-growing  cottonwood,  which 
has  many  of  the  maple's  virtues,  is  also  coming  into 
popularity,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  recent  plantings  of 
many  New  York  streets.  An  important  element  in  the 
effectiveness  of  the  maple  is  the  configuration  of  its  leaf. 
This  tree  shows  an  endless  gradation  of  greens,  and  a 
certain  lightness  of  effect,  even  in  the  densest  foliage, 
both  resulting  largely  from  the  shape  of  the  lea£  A 
street  lined  with  the  horse-chestnut,  linden,  or  catalpa 
would  present  a  very  different  and  heavy  appearance. 
The  eye  is  pleased  by  the  maple's  beautiful  blending  of 
soft  tones,  its  endless  alternation  of  light  and  shade. 
But  if  the  leaf  were  as  small  as  in  the  white  birch  or 
the  common  aspen,  the  shade  would  not  be  thick  enough. 
And  lastly,  the  normal  height  of  the  maple  prevents  its 
overgrowth  in  streets  of  usual  width  ;  but  in  exception- 
ally broad  avenues,  as  in  old  country  towns,  recourse 
must  be  had  to  the  lofty,  wide-spreading  elm. 

Besides  our  three  native  species — red  or  soft,  sugar  or 
rock,  and  white  or  silver-leaf — two  from  Europe,  the 
Norway  and  sycamore  maples,  are  now  widely  used  in 
street  and  lawn.  The  leaf-type  of  these  is  much  the 
same,  but  darker  and  larger,  especially  in  the  Norway. 
Neither  is  handsomer  than  a  fine  sugar  maple,  but  the 
advantage  of  the  fo^:~n  sorts — a  peculiarity  common, 
by  the  way,  to  most  imported  species — is,  that  they 
come  into  leaf  about  two  weeks  earlier,  and  retain  their 

95 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


leaves  about  two  weeks  longer  than  our  native  species — 
an  important  consideration  from  every  point  of  view. 
The  field  maple  (Acer  campestre),  of  Europe,  is  made 
too  much  of  in  the  Park,  as  it  is  a  quite  inferior  species. 
Its  leaf-type,  as  one  can  see  by  referring  to  the  illustra- 
tions, is  least  ornamental  of  all  maples. 

Two  other  interesting  native  species,  oftener  shrubs 
than  trees,  with  a  northern  and  mountainous  range,  are 
the  striped  and  mountain  maples,  with  very  distinctive 
leaves.  Both  blossom  much  later  than  the  other  sorts, 
and  the  abundant  long  clusters  of  bright  red-winged 
fruit,  hanging  from  the  striped  maple  along  a  mountain- 
road  in  August,  will  catch  the  aimless  eye  of  the  most 
inattentive  observer.  This  is  the  only  species  whose 
flower-cluster  is  erect,  drooping  only  as  the  fruit  ripens. 

The  box-elder,  or  ash-leaved  maple,  with  a  com- 
pound leaf,  would  never  be  admitted  to  the  family, 
were  it  not  for  its  doubly  winged  fruit,  which  is  the  in- 
dubitable proof  of  kinship ;  this  is  of  more  westerly 
range,  but  often  planted  eastward,  where  a  small,  quick- 
growing,  graceful  tree  is  desired.  With  identical  fruit, 
but  widely  diverse  foliage,  there  must  be  several  "miss- 
ing links" — possibly  held  fast  in  the  rock  strata — 
between  the  box-elder  and  all  other  maples. 

This  family  fills  a  niche  in  nature  and  nature-art  that 
could  be  supplied  by  no  other  tree -group,  the  world 
over.  Its  supreme  glory,  however,  is  in  the  transient 
period  of  autumn  coloring,  and  here  the  native  species 
are  pre-eminent.  The  sour  gum  and  dogwood  may 
show  quite  as  startling  a  scarlet,  the  tulip-tree  and  ginkgo 
as  rich  a  yellow ;  but  for  lavish  quantity  of  gorgeous 

96 


Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion 

tint,  and  interminable  blendings  of  rich  shades,  noth- 
ing approaches  our  plebeian  red  maple.  It  is  the  artist 
tree.  In  early  spring  it  flings  out  a  wealth  of  crimson 
flowers  that  is  only  prevented  by  our  familiarity  with 
it  from  being  more  highly  prized.  When  the  blossoms 
fade,  the  crimson  dye  runs  back  and  suffuses  the  leaf- 
stems,  whence  later  it  spreads  over  the  red-winged 
fruit,  and  at  last  the  fire  that  has  long  smouldered 
breaks  out  into  an  October  conflagration,  that  finally 
consumes  the  foliage  to  ashes.  The  sugar  maple  is 
often  a  mass  of  uniform  light  yellow,  whose  falling 
leaves  strew  the  ground  with  a  strange  sunshine.  But 
the  white  maple,  whose  deeply  cut  foliage  gives  it  an 
especially  ' '  dressy  ' '  look  through  the  summer,  turns  to 
a  lifeless  yellow,  or  simply  withers. 

LINDEN. — In  marked  contrast  to  maples  are  the  lin- 
dens, that  present  an  altogether  different  type  of  figure, 
leaf,  and  flower.  Basswood  and  lime-tree  are  names  of 
two  of  the  species,  the  latter  being  a  favorite  in  Europe, 
and  figuring  prominently  in  ancient  poetry.  Two  or 
three  hundred  years  is  a  great  age  for  most  trees,  but 
there  are  authentic  instances  of  the  linden  surviving 
nearly  a  thousand. 

We  have  three  native  species,  two  with  very  large, 
and  one  with  small  leaves.  With  compact  head  and 
thickly  branched,  the  large-leaved  species  produce 
remarkably  dense  foliage,  with  a  contrasting  effect, 
against  elms,  maples,  and  birches,  that  is  fine ;  but  the 
form  and  size  of  leaf  preclude  a  graceful  appearance. 
For  small  grounds,  therefore,  the  common  basswood  is 

97 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


not  advisable,  having  the  slight  additional  demerits  of 
budding  late  in  spring,  and  shedding  its  leaves  quite 
early,  littering  the  ground  with  their  large  withered 
forms.  The  small-leaved  and  the  European  species 
are  more  desirable,  and  they  are  scarcely  distinguish- 
able, the  main  difference  being  a  very  slight  variation  in 
the  small  flower,  which  will  only  be  seen  upon  close 
inspection.  The  flowers  are  cream-white  and  quite 
pretty,  but  not  very  conspicuous,  curiously  attached  to  a 
long  wing  that  flies  away  with  the  seed  in  the  fulness  of 
time.  Their  delightful  fragrance  lures  the  bees,  and  the 
honey-fame  of  Hybla  resulted  from  the  abundant  lindens 
on  its  slopes. 

CATALPA. — Catalpa  is  the  Indian  name  of  our  most 
tropical  -  looking  tree,  with  perhaps  the  exception  of 
some  of  the  magnolias.  Chiefly  a  denizen  of  the  South 
it  is  thoroughly  hardy  in  the  Northern  States,  and  one 
of  the  most  generally  cultivated  in  park  and  lawn.  It 
must  be  planted  singly  amid  small-leaved  trees,  as  its 
own  immense  leaf  is  clumsy  when  thickly  massed  ;  but  a 
better  foil  for  locust,  elm,  and  white  birch  could  not  be 
imagined.  With  tropical  laziness,  it  is  one  of  the  very 
last  to  show  signs  of  life  in  spring,  other  trees  being  in 
full  leaf  and  often  past  their  flowering,  before  the  ca- 
talpa  bestirs  itself;  but  its  foliage  is  retained  well  into 
the  fall,  and  its  late  flowering,  in  the  last  of  June  and  in 
July,  which  is  quite  a  brilliant  affair,  helps  to  lengthen 
out  the  inflorescent  period  of  our  trees.  In  our  latitude 
its  figure  is  commonly  low,  spreading,  and  exceedingly 
ungraceful.  Like  an  ungainly  individual  most  catalpas 

98 


Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion 

throw  their  limbs  about  in  a  most  awkward,  sprawling 
fashion,  and  know  nothing  of  grace  and  symmetry. 
Yet  occasionally  a  less  uncouth  specimen  towers  upward 
in  symmetrical  dignity,  much  like  the  mountain-mag- 
nolia. Such  a  tree  in  full  bloom  is  a  revelation.  Its 
bark  is  so  distinctive  as  readily  to  identify  the  species, 
but  it  is  not  an  interesting  feature  of  the  tree.  In  fall 
it  hangs  full  of  pods  a  foot  long  or  more  that  remain 
all  winter  and  give  the  plant  the  name  of  Indian  bean. 
It  is  a  thrifty  species,  easily  cultivated  both  from  slips 
and  from  seed,  and  the  Park  contains  many  specimens, 
especially  the  "  Ramble"  and  southward. 

ANGELICA  -  TREE.  —  A  real  arboreal  curiosity,  that 
looks,  more  than  anything  else  in  the  Park,  as  if  made 
when  nature  was  in  one  of  her  tantrums — if  she  ever  gets 
into  that  undignified  state — is  a  plant  euphemistically 
called  angelica- tree ;  but  one  finds  its  nature  much 
better  expressed  in  its  two  other  more  fitting  names, 
Hercules'  Club  and  Devil's  Walking-stick,  which  state 
frankly  and  fairly  the  character  of  this  savage  little  beast 
of  vegetation. 

Imagine  a  grim-looking  stump  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high 
and  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex,  scarcely  branching 
except  toward  the  top,  beset  throughout  with  long  sharp 
spines,  and  from  the  summit  throwing  off  in  close  suc- 
cession a  series  of  immense  doubly  or  trebly  compound 
leaves  sometimes  over  three  feet  long  and  two  or  more  in 
breadth,  and  one  will  understand  the  remarkable  appear- 
ance of  this  strange  growth.  Stripped  of  its  foliage, 
Hercules  could  not  have  asked  for  a  better  club,  and  for 

99 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


a  fiendish  walking-stick  it  must  be  the  devil's  own  choice. 
The  linking  of  "  angelica-tree  "  with  such  apt  terms  as 
these  finds  no  rational  explanation  in  science  or  poetry. 
In  the  South  it  attains  a  height  of  forty  to  fifty  feet, 
and  its  huge  tuft  of  leaves  spreading  in  all  directions  at 
the  summit  produces  something  of  the  appearance  of  a 
palm;  but  at  the  North  it  has  only  a  scrubby,  surly 
look  of  malignant  deformity,  ugly  in  summer,  uglier  in 
winter.  The  massive  leaf-stem  is  stout  enough  to  be  a 
sizable  branch,  but  the  ultimate  leaflets  are  scarcely  three 
inches  long.  In  July  and  August,  towering  above  its 
palm-like  elegance  of  foliage,  rise  long  loose  clusters  of 
whitish  blossoms,  which  ripen  into  black  berry-like  fruit 
that  hangs  long  into  the  v inter.  In  its  autumn  tints  of 
yellow  and  red — the  devil's  sulphur  and  flames,  to  carry 
out  the  analogy — it  shows  to  best  advantage.  A  large 
cluster  of  these  monstrosities  are  at  the  southwest  corner 
of  the  Lake,  at  the  water's  edge,  and  two  specimens  are 
close  to  the  walk  which  our  companion-reader  is  now 
following. 

SOPHORA  JAPONICA. — Close  by  the  angelica-tree  is  a 
Japanese  importation  but  little  known,  the  sophora,  of 
erect,  graceful  form,  and  with  pinnate  leaves  that  are 
quite  suggestive  of  the  locust,  but  more  tapering.  Like 
so  much  of  pinnate-leaved  vegetation  in  tree,  shrub,  and 
herb,  this  is  a  leguminose  species,  which  means  that  its 
type  of  flower  and  pod  is  that  of  the  pea  and  bean.  The 
association  of  these  forms  of  leaves  and  flowers,  and  the 
frequency  of  yellow  blossoms  in  this  family  are  facts  for 
which  science  as  yet  offers  no  explanation. 


Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion 

The  sophora  blossoms  late  in  summer,  bearing  com- 
pound clusters  or  panicles  of  whitish  flowers  not  particu- 
larly ornamental.  An  American  species  quite  similar  is 
found  in  the  far  west  and  south.  In  every  prominent 
aspect  it  is  as  unlike  the  red-bud  as  possible,  yet  they 
stand  almost  side  by  side  in  botany,  which  illustrates 
how  unlike  are  the  points  of  view  of  the  scientist  and 
the  mere  nature-loving  observer. 

BUTTONWOOD. — Widely  distributed  throughout  the 
country  is  the  buttonwood,  a  group  of  which,  near  the 
north  end  of  our  route,  are  among  the  more  imposing 
trees  of  the  Park,  but  in  their  wild  growth  in  the  Eastern 
States  they  cannot  usually  command  much  admiration. 
But  there  are  buttonwoods  and  buttonwoods;  a  man 
may  be  handicapped  by  his  environment  as  well  as  by 
his  ancestry,  and  often  only  needs  transplanting  into 
surroundings  that  will  bring  out  all  there  is  in  him, 
and]  surprise  both  himself  and  his  friends.  This  has 
evidently  been  the  happy  lot  of  the  Park  buttonwoods — 
called  sycamores  in  the  West — and  this  particular  cluster 
is  one  of  the  noblest  there.  It  is  in  winter  that  their 
stately  trunks,  wide-reaching  massive  limbs,  and  smooth 
yellowish  bark  are  brought  into  full  relief,  and  emphasize 
the  desirability  of  studying  such  growths  in  their  bared 
forms  as  much  as  when  nearly  concealed  by  foliage.  In 
most  buttonwoods  the  thin  bark  flakes  off  in  large  irreg- 
ular patches,  much  to  the  detriment  of  its  good  looks, 
but  those  referred  to  are  unusually  smooth. 

As  a  rule,  in  woody  plants  the  incipient  bud  of 
next  year's  growth  may  be  distinctly  seen  in  the  angle 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


of  leaf-stem  and  branch  as  early  as  May.  In  some 
trees,  like  the  hickory,  it  becomes  quite  large  by  fall ; 
but  not  a  trace  of  it  will  you  see  in  the  buttonwood ; 
but  a  little  scrutiny  shows  the  base  of  the  leaf-stem  quite 
swollen;  detach  it  from  the  branch,  and  the  end  is 
found  to  be  a  hollow  cup,  and  the  new  bud  can  now  be 
seen  on  the  branch  neatly  fitted  to  the  cup,  which  all 
summer  had  completely  enveloped  it.  This  is  a  mys- 
tery ;  the  careful  protection  of  the  bud  through  the  win- 
ter we  could  understand ;  but  in  this  case — and  the 
same  is  true  of  the  rarely  seen  ' '  yellow- wood  ' '  and  a 
few  others — protection  is  given  when  it  seems  needless, 
and  withdrawn  just  as  it  might  be  of  service.  Every 
operation  of  nature,  however,  has  a  motive,  and  this  is 
what  makes  her  endless  variations  of  conduct  so  inter- 
esting. 

MAGNOLIAS. — We  have  no  group  in  which  the  family 
type  is  more  distinctive  and  apparent  than  in  magnolias ; 
manifest  in  figure,  bark,  leaf,  and  flower,  the  brother- 
hood of  the  species  is  very  striking.  It  is  a  hard  family 
for  the  anti-evolutionist  to  deal  with.  Its  sympathies 
are  in  the  South-land,  the  most  tropical  of  our  growths; 
bravely  bearing  our  Northern  clime,  its  affinities  are 
more  with  palms  than  pines.  One  species,  the  swamp 
magnolia,  to  the  surprise  of  scientists,  has  been  found  as 
far  north  as  Cape  Ann,  in  Massachusetts,  yet  it  is  as 
rare  as  the  mocking-bird  in  all  other  Northern  States, 
and  is  practically  a  sub-tropical  species  like  the  others. 
Though  called  a  tree,  it  looks  more  like  an  overgrown 
shrub  in  the  incertitude  of  its  trunk.  Its  dark  green, 

102 


Along  the  Lakeside — Third  Excursion 

glossy,  and  thick  leaf  is  much  like  that  of  the  rubber- 
plant  and  rhododendron,  but  falls  in  November  at  the 
North.  Its  blossom  is  of  exquisite  texture,  cream-white 
and  odorous,  two  to  three  inches  in  diameter,  the  small- 
est of  all  magnolia  flowers.  It  shows  the  family  trait  of 
few  and  coarse  branches,  with  the  foliage  mostly  clus- 
tered at  the  ends.  This  picture  of  it  shows  that  it  is 
not  a  wise  selection  for  a  small  lawn. 

Another  species,  of  still  more  awkward  figure,  toler- 
able only  upon  large  grounds,  is  the  umbrella-tree,  with 
very  large  leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branch.  It 
usually  requires  a  strong  imagination  to  see  that  this  dis- 
position of  the  foliage  simulates  an  umbrella,  but  some 
can  see  what  others  cannot,  and  people  often  grasp  at  a 
straw  in  naming  a  plant.  The  blossom  is  enormous, 
nearly  ten  inches  across,  and  a  vast  disappointment  to 
one  who  sees  it  for  the  first  time,  after  having  read  of  it, 
as  it  is  coarse  and  uncouth.  I  cannot  but  wonder  what 
has  given  to  this  sprawling  tree  its  wide  popularity. 
This  species  can  be  found  in  the  "  Ramble,"  also  just  be- 
yond the  bridge  under  which  one  passes  in  going  north 
from  the  "Menagerie,"  at  Sixty-fourth  Street,  East. 

But  a  truly  noble  specimen,  the  tallest  and  most 
shapely  of  the  species  seen  at  the  North,  is  the  cucum- 
ber-tree or  mountain  magnolia  (M.  acuminata),  attaining 
a  height  of  nearly  a  hundred  feet.  Its  bell-shaped, 
greenish-yellow  flowers  do  not  enhance  its  beauty,  but 
in  stately  figure  and  dark  luxuriance  of  foliage  it  is  a 
conspicuous  ornament.  A  large  cluster  is  in  the  "Ram- 
ble," northeast  of  what  might  be  called  the  duck-pond, 
if  it  were  large  enough  to  have  a  name, 

103 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


The  large-leaved  magnolia  (M.  macrophylld)  is  the 
Only  remaining  native  species  cultivated  at  the  North, 
with  the  most  tropical  aspect  of  all  the  group.  But  our 
finest  representatives  of  this  family,  as  we  are  so  often 
compelled  to  admit,  come  from  abroad,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  is  the  yulan  from  China.  As  it  has 
been  referred  to  elsewhere,  it  need  only  be  added  that 
its  magnificent  bloom  in  April  ushers  in  the  spring  with 
more  pomp  than  any  other  species,  native  or  foreign. 

The  best-known  foreign  magnolia  is  the  purple-flow- 
ered, and  the  hybrid  between  the  purple  and  the  yulan, 
whose  mass  of  immense  bloom  on  leafless  shrubs  makes 
it  extremely  showy  just  at  the  season  when  it  will  be 
most  conspicuous  and  appreciated.  Other  foreign  sorts 
are  being  introduced,  but  it  seems  hardly  possible  that 
anything  new  of  this  type  can  rival  or  displace  what 
we  already  have. 


104 


ffl 


V:  ^'*y*';«  v^*.v^&'^- 


THE    RAMBLE 


IN  THE  "  RAMBLE  "—FOURTH 
EXCURSION 

"I  shall  be  your  faithful  guide 
Through  this  gloomy  covert  wide." 

— MILTON. 

AMID  such  a  labyrinth  of  paths  as  is  found  in  the 
"  Ramble/'  no  precise  route  can  be  laid  down, 
as  in  our  previous  excursions ;  but  the  actual 
area  is  so  small  that  a  little  patience  will  bring  to  view 
most  of  the  large  assortment  there  collected.  It  would 
be  difficult,  also,  to  state  the  precise  number  of  tree- 
species  in  this  most  highly  cultivated  portion  of  the 
grounds ;  it  must  be  almost  or  quite  a  hundred,  as  I 
found  nearly  eighty  in  a  single  walk  through  it.  With- 
out cataloguing  the  contents,  therefore,  we  will  describe 
briefly  some  of  the  more  interesting  or  rare  sorts  that 
make  this  perhaps  the  most  favorable  spot  in  the  entire 
Park  for  this  study. 

HOLLY. — A  beautiful  tree  or  shrub — usually  with  the 
figure  of  the  first  and  the  height  of  the  second — is  the 
holly,  too  rarely  seen,  whose  graceful,  glossy,  leathery, 
and  evergreen  leaf  is  unrivalled  in  its  kind.  Florists 
are  quite  as  much  to  be  praised  and  blamed  for  what  is 
found  in  lawns  as  the  owners  themselves,  whose  igno- 
rance very  often  compels  them  to  leave  the  selection  of 

105 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


plants  to  the  professional  dealer ;  and  it  is  the  florist 
who  must  be  censured  for  the  rarity  of  this  unique 
and  serviceable  plant,  the  holly,  especially  the  English 
species,  which  is  hardy  for  the  latitude  of  New  York 
City.  Its  extremely  slow  growth  is  but  little  excuse, 
for  it  can  at  least  be  utilized  as  a  shrub.  Its  delicate 
white  blossoms  appear  in  June,  ripening  into  bright 
berries  that  last  all  winter,  while  its  lustrous  dark  foliage 
is  an  attraction  the  entire  year,  suffused  with  the  glad- 
ness of  Christmas,  of  which  it  is  the  universal  emblem. 

Our  native  species  is  sparingly  found  as  a  shrub  in 
the  Northern  States,  but  it  becomes  larger  and  more 
abundant  to  the  south  and  southwest,  where  it  has  an 
altitude  of  forty  to  fifty  feet.  It  is  slightly  inferior  to 
the  English  holly  in  symmetry  and  lustre  of  leaf,  and 
brilliant  color  of  the  berry,  but  it  will  become  more 
popular  when  the  public  has  learned  its  feasibility  of 
culture,  and  relies  more  upon  its  own  taste  in  the  matter 
of  selection. 

PAULOWNIA  IMPERIALIS. — From  the  land  of  flowers, 
Japan,  comes  the  most  tropical,  hardy  specimen  of  a 
large  tree  that  the  Park  contains — the  paulownia,  a  noble 
cluster  of  which  borders  the  greensward  lying  south  of 
the  "  Belvedere. "  Its  very  name  has  a  lordly  reso- 
nance, which  is  justified  by  its  striking  proportions, 
enormous  leaves,  abundant  purple  flower-clusters,  and 
beautifully  marked  trunk.  One  honors  his  own  dignity 
by  feeling  a  peculiar  admiration  for  such  a  master- 
growth.  Another  prominent  cluster  is  a  little  east  of 
the  Webster  statue,  fronting  the  visitor  as  he  approaches 

106 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


on  the  "  West  Drive"  from  the  south.  It  is  one  of 
the  later  additions  to  our  sylva,  and  one  writer  errs  in 
speaking  of  its  maximum  height  in  this  country  as  being 
about  thirty  feet;  for  many  in  the  Park  tower  above  all 
surrounding  trees ;  and  their  massive  tops  and  stalwart 
forms,  at  once  vigorous  and  graceful,  heavy-foliaged 
with  a  catalpa-like  leaf  often  a  foot  long,  surmounted 
through  the  winter  by  large  and  abundant  pyramidal 
clusters  of  flower-buds  that  in  June  expand  into  a  robe 
of  royal  purple,  make  the  Paulownia  imperialis — with  no 
subserviency  to  foreign  titles — one  of  the  finest  arboreal 
examples  in  the  Park. 

GINKGO. — But  our  most  singular  tree  in  these  grounds 
comes  from  China,  and  is  becoming  popular,  though 
not  yet  abundant — the  ginkgo  or  maidenhair  tree,  from 
the  fern-like  appearance  of  its  leaf,  in  which  the  veining 
is  radically  different  from  that  of  any  other  native  or 
foreign  tree  that  we  have.  Quite  as  unusual  also  is  the 
tree's  figure,  with  a  very  few  long  branches  at  an  angle 
of  forty-five  degrees  or  more,  and  numerous  short, 
slender  branches  closely  appressed  to  the  trunk  after  the 
fashion  of  the  Lombardy  poplar.  A  single  specimen 
would  induce  the  belief  that  its  skeleton  appearance  was 
due  to  careless  or  eccentric  pruning,  but  after  seeing 
half  a  dozen,  one  is  convinced  that  it  is  the  work  of 
nature.  The  best  cluster  is  on  the  western  slope  of  the 
slight  eminence  west  of  the  esplanade.  It  is,  in  fact,  a 
pleasing  curiosity,  and  as  such  a  single  specimen  is 
sufficient  for  a  lawn.  A  tall  tree  of  this  sort  is  very 
spindling,  but  the  low  growths  are  not  devoid  of  grace. 

107 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


TULIP-TREE. — Singularly  tall — reaching  in  the  West 
an  altitude  of  nearly  two  hundred  feet — compact,  cylin- 
drical, and  as  painfully  symmetrical  as  a  freshly  trimmed 
privet  hedge,  is  the  tulip -tree,  towering  high  above 
everything  in  the  Park  except  the  cottonwoods.  It  has 
the  prim,  expressionless  figure  of  an  arborvitae,  its  squar- 
ish leaf  is  the  most  ungraceful  of  any  of  our  foliage,  and, 
on  the  whole,  without  having  given  me  any  direct  cause 
for  irritation,  the  tulip-tree  rather  annoys  me.  Others, 
whose  sense  of  beauty  is  quite  as  reliable  as  mine,  greatly 
admire  it.  Truth  to  tell,  it  is  a  very  healthy  tree,  free 
from  insects — even  the  bugs  don't  like  it — and  when  in 
full  bloom  it  makes  a  showy  appearance.  Its  name 
comes  from  the  immense  tulip-shaped  flower,  yellow  and 
orange,  and  from  its  no  less  tulip-shaped  fruit,  erect  and 
adhering  to  the  tree  all  winter  long.  A  large  tree 
loaded  with  these  dry  slender  cups  makes  a  not  unpleas- 
ing  appearance. 

When  oak,  elm,  and  birch  begin  to  look  shabby  in 
fall,  this  tree's  foliage  is  in  luxuriant  contrast.  Un- 
doubtedly its  greatest  success  is  in  the  brief  period  of 
October,  when,  amid  the  browns  and  reds  and  greens  of 
a  brilliant  landscape,  tall,  full-foliaged  shafts  of  golden 
yellow,  alive  with  fluttering  leaves,  here  and  there  shoot 
up  above  the  dogwoods,  oaks,  and  hickories — they  are 
tulip-trees,  like  giant  torches  bringing  into  full  relief  the 
deeper  hues  of  the  surrounding  woods. 

HOP-TREE. — Half  shrub,  half  tree,  the  wafer  ash  or 
hop-tree  adorns  many  a  niche  that  calls  for  something 
more  assertive  than  a  shrub,  yet  too  small  for  the  more 

108 


In  the  "  Ramble  "—Fourth  Excursion 


pretentious  growths.  Its  three-fingered  leaf  gives  a  light 
effect  to  the  foliage  spreading  in  loose  sprays  on  every 
side.  The  flower  is  small,  but  in  large  clusters,  and 
would  be  highly  ornamental  if  it  were  not  so  greenish ; 
but  the  ripened  fruit,  in  the  form  of  clusters  of  white> 
orbicular,  winged  seeds,  like  a  snowy  bunch  of  hops,  is 
of  quite  unusual  sort,  and  is  very  decorative  about  the 
last  of  August.  This  can  well  be  used  to  beautify  the 
edge  of  a  walk,  or  to  break  the  monotony  of  a  small 
greensward.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Middle  and  Western 
States,  but  east  of  Ohio  it  is  only  seen  in  cultivation. 

LARCH. — In  the  larch  we  encounter  a  type  that  dis- 
tinctly borders  upon  the  evergreens,  yet  breathing  the 
atmosphere  of  both  deciduous  and  coniferous  trees.  The 
European  species,  with  longer  leaves  and  larger  cones,  is 
the  one  that  is  cultivated,  being  the  more  graceful  and 
thrifty  of  the  two.  With  its  luxuriant  and  needle-like 
foliage  and  pendent  branchlets,  it  is  exceedingly  effec- 
tive in  a  dense  cluster.  While  it  suggests  the  spruce  it 
has  none  of  its  austerity. 

The  leaves,  an  inch  long  and  slender  as  a  needle, 
grow  in  dense  clusters  as  in  the  cedar  of  Lebanon.  Its 
deciduous  growth  and  cone-bearing  propensities,  show- 
ing that  it  stands  on  the  dividing  line  between  two  op- 
posing orders  of  vegetation,  give  our  anti-evolutionist 
friend  another  hard  nut  to  crack.  The  vaporous,  vivid 
green  of  a  million-budded  larch  in  spring  is  as  beautiful 
in  its  way  as  the  bluebird's  earliest  call,  and,  with  it, 
becomes  one  of  the  naturalist's  memories  and  anticipa- 
tions of  that  joyous  season. 

109 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


MULBERRY. — A  leaf-type  is  a  pretty  well-established 
affair,  and  one  of  the  standard  examples  of  nature's  un- 
swerving consistency.  A  dozen  maple  leaves  from  all 
over  the  world  bear  the  maple  mark,  despite  all  diver- 
gence, and  the  sub-type  of  each  species  is  still  more  in- 
exorable. This  is  nature's  rule  ;  but,  though  she  made 
the  rule,  she  is  not  going  to  stick  to  it  unless  she  chooses, 
and  herein  she  asserts  the  glorious  prerogative  of  her 
sex.  Her  conduct  in  making  mulberry  and  sassafras 
leaves  shows  one  of  her  rare  incertitudes  of  mind ;  we 
call  it  a  "  freak  of  nature  " — a  most  complacent  way  of 
hiding  our  ignorance  of  the  actually  controlling  princi- 
ple in  the  matter.  On  the  same  stem  one  leaf  is  entire, 
another  is  lobed  like  a  mitten,  and  another  has  three 
lobes.  But  for  a  miscellaneous  assortment  of  shapes 
look  at  a  foreign  mulberry,  the  Tartarian,  with  a  per- 
fectly reckless  display  of  variety.  Having  no  clew  to 
the  mystery,  we  calmly  label  it  "  exception  to  the  rule," 
virtually  giving  nature  a  little  slap  for  inconsistency, 
and  congratulating  ourselves  that  we  would  not  have 
been  caught  making  such  a  slip.  If  we  had  an  inkling 
of  all  the  profoundest  principles  of  nature,  how  it 
would  demolish  some  of  those  paste-board  structures 
that  we  proudly  call  "  the  sciences"  !  It  is  no  unjust 
depreciation  of  them,  frankly  to  confess  (as  the  greatest 
scientists  themselves  are  ready  to  do)  that  we  are  as  yet 
only  on  the  surface  of  things,  in  the  understanding  of 
nature,  and  that  our  present  attainments  will  one  day 
appear  as  elementary  as  the  three-stringed  lyre  of  the 
ancient  Greeks,  compared  with  a  modern  orchestra,  the 
alchemy  of  the  Middle  Ages,  compared  with  present 

no 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


chemistry,  and  the  astronomy  of  Tycho  Brahe,  com- 
pared with  our  present  knowledge  of  the  heavens. 

Our  native  red  mulberry  has  a  wide  habitat,  but  is 
found  nowhere  abundantly,  and  I  have  seldom  run 
across  a  specimen.  It  is  inferior  for  cultivation  to  the 
two  foreign  species,  the  black  and  the  white,  though 
who  knows  how  much  cultivation  might  mend  its  man- 
ners ?  Our  native  sort  has  a  very  large  leaf,  rough -hairy 
on  the  upper  side,  and  the  scanty  foliage  forms  a  close 
flat  spray  as  in  the  witch-hazel.  But  the  foreign  sorts 
have  smaller  and  glossy  leaves  of  firmer  texture,  with 
fruit  that  is  acid-sweet,  shaped  like  an  elongated  black- 
berry. 

Still  another  species,  the  Japanese  or  paper  mulberry, 
has  a  leaf  almost  as  soft  as  down  on  one  side  from  the 
mass  of  fine  hairs,  and  rough  as  a  file  on  the  other  side. 
It  flowers  the  last  of  May,  but  its  lazy  leaves  are  not 
fully  developed  until  far  into  June,  which  detracts  from 
its  worth  as  a  shade-tree.  Its  pronounced  yellow  bark 
is  a  peculiar  feature,  and  this  is  often  curiously  banded 
with  a  darker  shade.  It  can  be  seen  across  the  path 
from  the  cluster  of  weeping  beeches.  The  black  mul- 
berry is  a  fine  shade-tree,  and  a  rendezvous  for  birds  in 
the  fruit-season. 

FRINGE-TREE. — The  popular  names  of  plants  often 
show  as  little  evidence  of  good  taste  as  those  of  human 
beings,  and  it  would  be  fortunate  if  they  could  be 
revised  like  their  scientific  nomenclature ;  but  no  title 
could  be  more  apt  than  "  fringe-tree/*  which  precisely 
expresses  its  beautiful  appearance  when  its  mass  of  deep- 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


green  foliage  is  airily  overlaid  with  its  floral  tracery  of 
white  lace,  produced  by  the  countless  multitude  of  long, 
thread-like  petals.  The  delicate  effect  is  best  seen  at 
short  distance,  a  charming  device  of  nature  in  contrast 
with  the  type  of  bloom  displayed  by  the  June-berry, 
black  haw,  and  thorn-trees.  The  leaf  is  dark  and  firm, 
keeping  its  color  far  into  the  autumn.  The  affix  "  tree  ' ' 
is  more  for  euphony  than  otherwise,  as  in  its  northern 
growth  it  is  only  eight  to  twelve  feet  high,  though  in 
the  Southern  States,  where  it  chiefly  grows,  reaching  the 
northern  limit  of  its  range  in  Pennsylvania,  it  attains 
a  height  of  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet. 

It  is  a  general  characteristic  of  trees  to  become  dwarfed 
and  shrubby  toward  the  boundaries  of  their  habitat ;  and 
not  only  so  in  the  case  of  the  more  tropical  growth  of 
the  South,  which  would  naturally  become  stunted  in 
northern  latitudes,  but  also  of  such  as  spread  from  North 
to  South  and  from  West  to  East.  Thus  the  yellow  birch, 
a  hundred  feet  high  in  Canada,  is  hardly  forty  feet  with 
us ;  whereas  the  red  birch  is  largest  in  the  South,  and 
dwindles  northward.  The  white  oak  has  its  greatest 
height  in  the  lower  basin  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  hop- 
hornbeam,  a  small  tree  in  the  East,  is  fifty  feet  high  in 
Texas.  The  nettle-tree,  rarely  seen  in  the  seaboard 
States  (though  I  discovered  two  growing  wild  in  New 
Jersey),  and  only  sixty  feet  high  in  Ohio,  exceeds  a 
hundred  in  the  far  southwest.  Rhododendron,  mountain- 
laurel,  and  witch-hazel,  only  shrubs  in  the  North,  attain 
arboreal  dimensions  in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia ;  and 
the  linden  of  the  Ohio  valley  soars  130  feet,  but  is  only 
half  as  high  near  the  Atlantic  coast ;  while  the  spindle- 

112 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


tree,  a  shrub  of  only  five  or  ten  feet  in  New  York,  has 
three  times  the  altitude  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Not  to 
multiply  instances,  these  examples  show  how  sensitive  to 
slight  changes  in  climatic  conditions  our  hardiest  growths 
really  are. 

Reverting  to  the  matter  of  popular  names,  most  of 
them  originate  either  in  some  fancied  or  real  property 
of  bark,  root,  or  leaf,  or  in  some  trivial  or  utilitarian 
aspect  of  the  plant.  How  unfortunate  that  our  stateli- 
est and  most  picturesque  growths  should  be  thus  belittled 
by  such  commonplace  terms.  Shingle  oak  and  box 
elder  must  be  so  called  because  the  timber  happens  to 
be  good  for  shingles  and  wooden -ware;  "  pignut  " 
hickory,  because  swine  eat  them  ;  ' '  fetid  ' '  buckeye, 
because  of  offensive  odor ;  "clammy"  locust,  because 
leaf-stems  are  sticky,  when  pink  locust  would  have  em- 
phasized the  glorious  masses  of  rosy  bloom ;  and  one  of 
the  handsomest  oaks  must  have  its  vulgar  utility  ever- 
lastingly obtruded  upon  us  in  the  name  of  "  post  "  oak, 
when  its  cruciform,  glossy,  leathery  leaf  affords  data  for 
a  more  dignified  title.  How  prosaic,  too,  are  hack- 
berry,  honeyshucks,  choke-cherry,  cucumber-tree,  and 
sour  gum.  One  of  our  most  ornamental  growths  in 
early  spring,  a  white  mist  in  the  April  bareness,  has 
been  nicknamed  shadbush,  simply  because  the  "  run  of 
shad  "  occurs  at  about  the  same  time.  One  of  the 
most  honored  names  in  horticulture  at  the  present  time 
is  ' '  dogwood ' '  ;  yet  originally  it  was  probably  given 
as  an  opprobrious  epithet,  for  the  worthlessness  of  its 
timber;  "  dog  "  in  past  times  having  been  a  term  of 
contempt,  as  it  is  now  under  exasperating  circum- 

113 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


stances ;  but  the  species  of  this  group  have  so  dignified 
the  title  that  no  odium  now  attaches  to  it.  As  exam- 
ples of  a  euphonious  and  equally  significant  style  of 
nomenclature  that  far  better  befits  the  dignity  of  the 
subject  might  be  instanced  the  mountain  maple,  smoke- 
tree,  weeping  willow,  fringe-tree,  staghorn  sumach,  tulip- 
tree,  silver-leaf  poplar,  red-bud,  hawthorn,  silver-bell- 
tree,  and  rhododendron  (literally,  rose-tree).  But  it  is 
useless  to  complain  :  pignut  it  is,  and  pignut  it  will 
remain ;  our  ancestors  have  a  good  many  things  to 
answer  for,  and  this  is  one  of  the  minor  sins. 

PERSIMMON. — Some  botanical  writers  seem  to  think 
that  they  will  degrade  their  subject  unless  they  give  to 
every  species  a  flattering  notice,  and  the  multitudinous 
synonyms  of  the  word  "  beautiful  "  are  successively  ap- 
plied to  all  the  species  brought  under  review.  Thus 
one  authority — probably  more  from  habit  than  from  an 
intention  to  deceive — introduces  the  persimmon  with 
the  strange  remark  that  it  is  "  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing of  our  native  trees  "  ;  yet  I  searched  in  vain  in  the 
subsequent  biography  for  a  single  item  that  would  justify 
such  wholesale  praise.  Like  men,  trees  are  good,  bad, 
and  indifferent ;  and  the  persimmon  is  one  of  the  indif- 
ferent sort.  Its  form  is  unobjectionable,  its  leaf- type 
rather  colorless,  its  fruit  at  its  best  estate  cannot  be 
reckoned  among  the  standard  sorts,  and,  although  be- 
longing to  the  ebony  family,  its  conversion  of  sap-wood 
into  blackish  heart-wood  is  so  slow  and  limited  as  to 
have  no  commercial  value.  Whoever  likes  persimmons 
after  the  frost  has  touched  them  would  do  well  to  culti- 

114 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


vate  it ;  every  arboretum  should  contain  a  specimen, 
and  its  discovery  adds  one  to  the  student's  list  of  native 
trees.  The  "  Ramble  "  contains  two,  one  of  them  in 
the  open  grass-plot  south  of  the  duck-pond  ;  but  why  was 
such  a  conspicuous  position  assigned  to  the  persimmon  ? 

SWEET  GUM. — Near  the  coast,  from  Connecticut 
southward,  grows  a  tree  with  star-shaped,  glossy  leaves, 
of  finer  appearance  than  the  majority  of  forest  growths, 
and  with  something  of  the  oak's  assertive  figure.  This 
is  the  sweet  gum,  so  named  from  its  aromatic  juices, 
whose  fragrant  resinous  odor  is  perceived  in  the  leaf 
when  bruised.  Erect,  symmetrical,  and  medium-sized, 
it  lends  itself  to  a  variety  of  situations  on  the  lawn,  and 
is  considerably  cultivated.  In  winter  the  contrast  of 
the  blackish,  deeply  furrowed  trunk,  and  the  smooth  and 
hoary  branches  is  quite  marked,  and  the  branches  are 
more  or  less  corky-winged.  The  seeds  are  in  curious 
hard,  spherical  pods  which  hang  thickly  through  the 
winter,  and  cover  the  ground  in  spring.  Whoever  has 
a  sweet-gum-tree  on  his  grounds  will  be  visited  through- 
out the  winter  by  large  flocks  of  goldfinches  that  eat  the 
seeds.  As  I  write  this  I  can  count  nearly  a  hundred  of 
them  in  their  brown  winter  dress  close  by  the  window 
on  the  ground,  busily  feeding.  The  glossy  green  of 
summer  is  followed  by  an  autumn  coloring  that  is  the 
most  kaleidoscopic  of  any  tree,  in  a  brilliant  combina- 
tion of  purple,  yellow,  red,  and  scarlet.  Another  name 
for  this  tree  is  liquidamber. 

SOUR  GUM. — In  this  connection  we  may  speak  of  the 
spur  gum,  which,  however,  stands  in  no  sort  of  relation 

115 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


to  the  preceding.  The  name  of  sour  gum,  to  one  famil- 
iar with  the  tree's  most  notable  feature,  carries  his 
thoughts  to  the  woods  in  autumn,  when,  rivalling  the 
dogwood's  brilliancy,  and  of  much  greater  size,  before 
which  even  the  maple  pales,  it  is  a  mass  of  vivid  uni- 
form scarlet,  the  most  striking  feature  in  the  scenery. 
It  has  a  wide  range,  though  not  one  of  the  more  abun- 
dant trees.  The  leaf  is  "  simple  and  entire,"  as  a  bota- 
nist would  say,  inclined  to  the  obovate  in  form,  and  by 
no  means  "  stylish  " ;  and  the  shelving  sprays  of  foliage 
help  one  to  identify  the  tree  at  a  long  distance.  It  is 
essentially  a  forest-growth,  tolerated  rather  than  favored 
in  cultivated  grounds.  In  the  West  it  is  called  pepper  - 
idge,  but  its  Indian  name,  tupelo,  is  the  prettiest — too 
sweet  for  its  sour  juices, — and  as  we  wish  to  make  the 
best  of  an  indifferent  matter,  we  will  always  hereafter 
call  it  tupelo. 

KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE. — To  know  a  tree  thor- 
oughly it  must  be  studied  in  winter :  this  season  is  a 
great  revealer  of  secrets.  Trees  are  sometimes  as  big 
hypocrites  as  men  and  women,  and  when  you  see  one 
that  in  summer  is  all  suavity  and  grace,  wait  till  winter 
before  you  make  a  final  estimate.  An  elm  carries  one 
disposition  through  the  year ;  but  some  species  are  the 
incarnation  of  a  snarl  from  fall  till  spring.  Such  a  one 
is  the  Kentucky  coffee-tree,  its  few  coarse  branches 
snappishly  angular ;  its  appearance  quite  justifies  its 
other  name  of  "  stump-tree. M 

The  botanist  knows  what  to  expect  in  the  way  of  fo- 
liage when  fine  twigs  are  lacking — there  will  probably 

116 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


be  a  display  of  large  compound  leaves,  or  possibly,  as  in 
some  magnolias,  huge  simple  leaves  a  foot  or  two  long : 
with  such  verdure  there  is  no  place  for  twigs.  Winter's 
harsh  angularity  is  thus  atoned  for.  But  one  who  is 
not  a  botanist  has  no  such  knowledge  wherewith  to  keep 
his  courage  up,  and  turns  in  some  disgust  from  the  un- 
sightly figure.  Six  months  of  the  year  it  may  properly 
be  said  of  the  Kentucky  coffee- tree  that  it  is  not  fit  to 
live,  "cut  it  down;  why  cumbereth  it  the  ground ?" 
Throughout  May,  all  but  the  expert  would  declare  it 
dead.  But  early  in  June  it  begins  to  awake  from  its 
long  stupor,  and  slowly  to  put  forth  its  leaves — and  such 
leaves  !  The  observer  wonders  if  they  will  ever  reach 
their  full  dimensions ;  on  and  on,  foot  after  foot,  the 
compound  leaf  unrolls ;  doubly  compound,  in  fact, 
until  it  sometimes  attains  the  enormous  dimensions  of 
three  feet  long  and  two  feet  wide,  containing  over  a 
hundred  leaflets,  each  of  itself  a  sizable  leaf.  With  such 
a  task  before  it,  no  wonder  it  procrastinates  its  budding 
every  spring.  This  is  the  largest  of  all  native  leaves, 
beautifully  symmetrical,  dark  green  when  mature,  and 
bright  yellow  in  autumn.  Its  name  comes  from  the  fact 
that  the  first  immigrants  to  Kentucky  used  its  berries  as 
a  substitute  for  coffee — needless  to  say,  a  poor  substitute, 
and  soon  dispensed  with  for  the  genuine  article.  Few 
comparatively  have  even  heard  of  the  tree,  for,  though 
widely  distributed  in  the  country  (though  never  in  New 
England),  it  is  one  of  the  rarest,  and  never  grows  in 
clusters — is  not  gregarious,  as  we  say  of  animals ;  not 
social,  speaking  humanly.  I  have  seen  but  one  speci- 
men in  the  Park,  on  a  slight  elevation  on  the  east  side 

117 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


of  the  "  Ramble/'  in  a  large  open  space,  as  must  needs 
be  if  it  is  to  have  full  development.  Trees  ought  to  be 
very  grateful  to  mankind,  and  probably  are,  for  taking 
them  out  of  a  state  of  nature,  and  putting  them  into  a 
state  of  grace.  What  ambitious  but  often  disappointed 
affairs  dense  forest-growths  are;  climbing  over  each  other, 
as  it  were,  to  reach  the  top  and  sunlight,  where  alone 
they  are  verdant,  and  all  below  leafless  and  branchless, 
tall  barren  trunks,  a  wilderness  of  gaunt  forms.  Nature 
has  the  ability  but  not  the  room,  the  landscape-gardener 
has  the  room  but  not  the  ability ;  but  let  the  two  work 
in  conjunction,  and  nature  finds  the  chance  to  realize 
the  ideals  she  has  had  from  the  foundation  of  the  world. 
Its  late  vernation  and  unsightly  appearance  for  half  of 
the  year  prevents  the  coffee- tree's  wide  cultivation.  For 
six  months  it  is  uncouth,  for  the  next  six  luxuriant  and 
stately,  and  all  the  year  a  curiosity.  Its  June  flowers 
are  small  and  greenish-white,  the  staminate  in  very 
short  racemes,  the  pistillate  in  clusters  nearly  a  foot 
long,  followed  by  pods  somewhat  like  those  of  the 
honey-locust. 

SIBERIAN  PEA-TREE. — A  genuinely  feminine  type 
of  sylvan  growth  is  the  Caragana  or  Siberian  pea- tree, 
its  light  pinnate  foliage  in  drooping  sprays,  enriched 
with  abundant  small  clusters  of  yellow  flowers  of  pea- 
shape,  presenting  a  graceful  but  not  assertive  aspect, 
with  the  mellifluous  mood  of  a  Keats  or  a  Shelley. 
There  are  all  varieties  of  temperament  in  the  trees  of 
the  "  Ramble,"  and  an  imaginative  mind  would  find 
it  a  pleasant  task  to  wander  through  these  winding 

118 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


ways,  and  find  the  silent  counterparts  of  humankind. 
A  very  similar  growth  to  the  foregoing  is  the  bladder- 
senna  (Colutea  arbor  esc  ens),  also  pinnate  and  yellow 
flowered,  but  the  flowers  are  in  racemes  instead  of 
umbels,  and  the  leaf  is  odd-pinnate  instead  of  even-pin- 
nate; which  is  the  scientific  side  of  the  matter,  and 
prosy  enough,  I  hope,  for  those  who  have  no  sympathy 
with  nature's  "temperament"  and  "poetry."  The 
caragana  fails  of  true  arboreal  dimensions  as  complete- 
ly as  the  staghorn  sumach,  but  it  fills  a  small  place  in 
a  large  way — which  furnishes  a  good  motto  for  all  am- 
bitious folk. 

CEDAR  OF  LEBANON. — The  species  of  most  antique  in- 
terest in  the  Park  is  the  famous  cedar  of  Lebanon,  a  dark, 
stern-looking  evergreen  that  takes  our  thoughts  across 
the  sea  and  thousands  of  years  into  the  past.  This  very 
tree  might  be  descended,  with  only  two  or  three  inter- 
mediate generations,  from  one  that  lost  its  life  at  the 
building  of  Solomon's  temple,  more  than  five  hundred 
years  before  Plato,  Socrates,  and  all  the  art  and  poetry 
of  the  Greeks,  and  shows  the  length  as  well  as  brevity 
of  human  history.  Solomon  was  the  most  famous  bota- 
nist, zoologist,  and  polygamist  of  ancient  times.  "He 
spake  of  trees,  from  the  cedar- tree  that  is  in  Lebanon 
even  unto  the  hyssop  that  springeth  out  of  the  wall ;  he 
spake  also  of  beasts,  and  of  fowl,  and  of  creeping  things, 
and  of  fishes."  What  would  not  modern  science  give 
for  a  transcript  of  the  botanical,  zoological,  ornitholog- 
ical, entomological,  and  ichthyological  lore  of  that  vo- 
luptuous old  wiseacre ! 

119 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


The  leaves  of  this  cedar  are  much  like  spruce-needles, 
but  clustered  as  in  the  larch,  and  the  cones  are  globu- 
lar. Besides  the  one  in  the  "  Ramble,-"  near  the  boat- 
house,  is  a  fine  specimen  about  a  hundred  feet  or  more 
east  of  the  "  Bethesda  Fountain,"  and  another  on  the 
east  slope  of  the  Bolivar  eminence,  on  the  west  side. 

YELLOW- WOOD. — A  native  tree  that  is  but  little 
known,  rare  even  in  its  habitat,  which  is  in  the  South- 
ern States,  and  not  yet  widely  cultivated,  is  the  yellow- 
wood.  Its  greatest  altitude  is  only  fifty  feet,  but  it  is 
usually  of  much  lower  growth,  and  its  habit  of  dividing 
the  trunk  quite  close  to  the  ground  gives  it  a  more 
shrubby  appearance.  Its  lithe  branches,  weighted  with 
long  pinnate  leaves  of  from  seven  to  eleven  leaflets, 
spread  and  droop  most  gracefully,  and  its  finely  dissected 
foliage  makes  it  desirable  for  picturesque  ornament 
rather  than  for  substantial  shade.  Late  in  June  long 
loose  clusters  of  white  blossoms  hang  from  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  and  the  leaflets  have  a  way,  oftentimes, 
of  falling  one  by  one  and  leaving  the  stem  bare,  whose 
swollen  base,  when  detached,  is  found  to  be  a  hollow 
cup  enclosing  the  next  year's  bud. 

WILD  YELLOW  PLUM. — One  looks  so  eagerly  for 
bloom  in  spring  that  he  will  give  to  the  wild  plum  a 
more  cordial  welcome  in  early  May  than  a  few  weeks 
later.  It  has  just  one  talent ;  but  it  took  warning  and 
put  it  out  at  moderate  usury,  so  that  it  was  not  sum- 
marily deprived  of  it,  and  one  is  likely  to  run  across  its 
small  but  pretty  clusters  of  white  flowers  in  any  moist 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


situation  that  is  thinly  wooded.  Its  fruit  might  be 
better  or  worse — more  easily  better,  and  is  of  variable 
color.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  similar  growths 
by  its  sharp  thorns. 

COMMON  SANDTHORN  (Hippophae  rhamnoides). — We 
must  not  fail  to  mention  (though  not  found  in  the 
"Ramble  ")  a  tree  that  is  interesting  both  for  itself  and 
for  its  rarity — the  sandthorn  of  Europe,  of  which  there 
is  but  one  example  in  the  Park,  bending  over  the  "  West 
Drive"  just  at  the  point  where  the  entrance  driveway 
at  Ninetieth  Street  meets  it.  It  is  half  tree,  half  shrub, 
with  narrow  leaves  not  much  over  an  inch  long,  green 
above  and  silvery  -  white  beneath.  The  flowers  are 
rather  inconspicuous,  and  ripen  into  orange-colored 
fruit;  the  branches  are  somewhat  thorny.  The  ob- 
server will  be  struck  by  the  foliage  and  drooping  figure 
of  this  interesting  specimen. 

WALNUT  AND  BUTTERNUT. — A  large  and  luxuriant 
walnut  is  a  massive,  stately  growth  that  ought  to  mo- 
nopolize an  extensive  greensward  for  its  full  effect,  albeit 
a  trifle  too  symmetrical  to  be  very  picturesque.  Its  great 
compound  leaf  is  rich-hued  and  shapely,  the  handsom- 
est leaf  of  all  our  timber-trees,  and  the  blackish  bark 
gives  a  tone  of  solidity  and  strength.  It  is  of  westerly 
growth  and  comparatively  infrequent  in  the  Eastern 
States.  The  so-called  English  walnut  (fuglans  rcgia), 
though  really  from  Asia,  is  in  the  Park,  but  it  is  not 
distinctive  enough  from  our  own  to  call  for  special 
comment. 

121 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


Closely  allied  to  the  walnut  is  the  butternut  {J.  cin- 
crca),  which  is  a  hopeless  case  for  cultivation.  Though 
the  leaf-type  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  the  walnut, 
the  foliage  effect  is  very  inferior,  becoming  so  withered 
and  shabby  even  in  August  (when  the  leaves  begin  to 
fall)  as  to  be  unsightly  for  the  rest  of  the  year.  The 
butternut's  figure  also  has  none  of  the  walnut's  noble 
character.  Aside  from  these  disparaging  features,  it 
can  be  recognized  by  the  peculiar  light  tint  of  the 
bark,  and  the  stickiness  of  the  leaf-stem  and  of  the  nut, 
the  latter  of  which  has  a  maximum  of  husk  for  a  mini- 
mum of  kernel. 

OLEASTER. — The  semi-arboreal  species  of  oleaster 
known  as  Elceagnus  angustifolia^  from  the  Orient, 
deserves  mention  as  a  beautiful  rarity.  Its  small,  taper- 
ing leaf  is  silvery -white  on  the  upper  side,  a  novel  effect 
that  contrasts  admirably  with  surrounding  verdure.  Its 
shrubby  form  adapts  it  easily  to  lawn-culture,  and  those 
in  quest  of  something  that  will  not  be  duplicated  on  all 
their  neighbors'  grounds  will  find  it  in  this  oleaster. 

OSAGE  ORANGE. — The  ' '  Ramble  ' '  shows  several 
osage-orange-trees,  which  are  at  once  conspicuous  by 
their  tall  forms,  thorny  branches,  yellow -tinged  rough 
bark  and  tapering  entire  leaves.  The  "orange"  part 
is  a  delusion  and  a  snare,  being  only  a  globular,  yellow- 
ish-green mass,  from  four  to  five  inches  in  diameter, 
produced  by  the  aggregation  of  ripened  pistils,  and  not 
at  all  edible.  Its  thorns  make  it  very  serviceable  for 
hedges,  for  which  it  is  becoming  popular,  and  it  has  the 

122 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


further  advantage  of  growing  rapidly.  This  is  an 
"  extra-limital  "  tree,  native  to  Texas  and  the  south- 
westerly part  of  the  country. 

PAPAW. — In  the  shade  of  other  trees  grows  the 
papaw,  from  instinct  or  from  its  darksome  situation 
oftener  a  shrub  than  a  tree.  It  belongs  to  the  great 
custard  family  of  the  tropics,  and  is  one  of  only  three 
species  that  have  wandered  hither  from  the  far  South. 
It  is  abundant  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  and,  though 
rare,  has  spread  eastward  to  Pennsylvania.  Tropical 
foliage  is  so  typical  that  one  will  rightly  guess  from  the 
leaf  that  the  plant  is  kindred  to  the  magnolia.  The 
blossom,  in  early  spring,  has  the  peculiarity  of  being 
first  green,  then  brown,  and  finally  a  deep  purplish  red. 
It  is  rarely  seen,  even  in  cultivation,  and  is  an  interest- 
ing specimen  for  anyone  in  search  of  novelties. 

SILVER-BELL-TREE. — One  who  has  never  seen  the 
silver-bell-tree  in  bloom  might  naturally  think  that  the 
name  is  a  foolish  bit  of  poetry  applied  by  an  over- 
ardent  admirer.  But  so  far  from  being  extravagant,  it 
is  the  only  appropriate  name  that  could  be  given.  In 
spring,  before  the  leaves  develop,  this  tree  puts  forth  its 
supreme  effort  of  the  year,  and  swings  on  every  twig  a 
silvery  set  of  chimes,  burying  trunk  and  branch  beneath 
the  innumerable  mass.  The  bells,  an  inch  long,  are  of 
elegant  form  and  texture,  and  it  is  worth  a  visit  to  the 
Park  to  see  the  brief  but  exquisite  display.  The  largest 
cluster  is  a  little  east  of  the  Webster  statue,  grouped 
with  paulownias,  magnolias  and  a  red-bud.  Of  south- 

123 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


erly  growth,  it  is  hardy  even  into   New  England,  and 
ought  to  be  more  widely  cultivated. 

EVERGREENS. — In  addition  to  our  native  pine, 
spruce,  cedar,  hemlock,  etc.,  the  Park  shows  many  fine 
species  from  abroad  that  reveal  the  decorative  character 
of  the  evergreen  or  coniferous  type  of  growth  much 
better  than  our  native  sorts.  The  most  varied  displays 
are  in  that  small  area  chiefly  devoted  to  evergreens  just 
northwest  of  the  ' '  Ramble, ' '  and  around  the  Bolivar 
statue  on  the  west  side  are  several  unusual  species.  An 
interesting  variation  from  our  white  pine  is  the  imposing 
Himalaya  pine  (found  in  the  "Ramble  "  and  elsewhere), 
conspicuous  for  its  immense  drooping  tassels  of  long 
needles,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  our  pine-needles, 
and  cones  proportionally  large.  It  is  probably  the 
most  observed  evergreen  on  the  grounds.  A  very  com- 
pact and  ornamental  pine,  but  quite  small,  is  the  cem- 
bra,  a  cluster  of  which  is  not  far  from  the  Bolivar  statue 
and  the  cedar  of  Lebanon.  For  a  small  type  of  pine 
this  is  the  choicest  in  cultivation.  The  needles  are  of 
a  handsome  dark -green  tint,  and  the  growth  is  very 
luxuriant;  still  another  is  the  mugho,  a  dwarf  tree  or 
shrub,  with  leaves  in  twos,  whereas  in  cembra  they  are 
in  fives. 

But  the  two  most  abundant  pines  in  the  Park  are  the 
Scotch  and  the  Austrian,  the  former  with  short  bluish 
needles,  and  a  distinctly  red  tinge  in  the  trunk  toward 
the  summit,  the  latter  with  long,  stiff,  dark-green  leaves 
and  a  very  rough  grayish  bark.  It  presents  much  the 
appearance  of  our  native  red  pine,  but  in  thrifty  condition 

124 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


is  more  luxuriant  and  effective.  Unfortunately  neither 
the  Scotch  nor  the  Austrian  pines  thrive  very  well  in 
these  grounds,  and  the  former  in  many  cases  are  so  lean 
and  scraggly  that  it  is  a  wonder  they  are  tolerated. 
Something  should  be  done,  and  done  quickly,  for  a 
poor  tree  is  worse  than  none.  The  European  yew 
(Taxus  baccatd)  is  in  much  the  same  evil  plight,  and 
not  one  of  the  many  specimens  I  have  seen  is  a  credit 
to  the  place. 

It  sometimes  seems  as  if  nature  had  put  before  us  a 
number  of  almost  identical  forms  just  to  pique  our  curi- 
osity and  tempt  investigation,  to  find  out  exactly  what 
she  means  by  each  of  them.  And  as  soon  as  we  put  in 
the  entering  wedge  of  inquiry,  how  those  similar  forms 
instantly  begin  to  separate,  till  they  stand  apart  in  such 
clear  distinctiveness  that  we  wonder  .we  could  ever  have 
been  so  stupid  as  to  fail  to  see  their  individualities. 
And  when  we  hear  a  liberally  educated  man  make  a 
random  allusion  to  pines  and  spruces,  that  shows  that 
he  could  not,  for  the  life  of  him,  tell  them  apart,  we 
only  smile  commiseratingly  and  say  to  ourselves,  "  Poor 
man,  you  can  see,  readily  enough,  the  difference  of 
Greek  and  Latin  roots,  and  how  can  you  be  so  blind  as 
not  to  know  a  pine  from  a  hemlock  ?  ' ' 

It  is  singular  that  the  evergreen  species  which  we 
perhaps  regard  most  indifferently,  seldom  planting  it  for 
ornament,  and  usually  with  dubious  results- — the  white 
or  Weymouth  pine  (P.  strobus)—&\.  its  best  estate  is  the 
most  majestic  and  imposing  of  all  our  Eastern  trees. 
Comparatively  few  have  seen  it  in  perfection ;  but  its 
broad  sweep  of  huge  horizontal  shelving  branches  and 

125 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


towering  shaft  command  an  admiration  beyond  even 
that  of  the  elm  and  oak. 

Pines  are  distinguished  from  all  other  conifers  by  the 
clustering  of  the  leaves  or  needles  in  twos,  threes,  or 
fives,  and  the  white  pine  is  the  only  native  species  hav- 
ing them  in  fives.  This  is  strictly  an  American  growth, 
reaching  from  Canada  to  Virginia,  and  attaining  its 
fullest  development  around  the  Great  Lakes.  It  is  a 
kingly  figure,  this  specimen  of  forest  gianthood,  and  it 
will  be  a  rare  moment  of  experience  when  the  reader 
first  sees  one  that  has  attained  its  ideal ;  and  as  he  looks 
upon  its  almost  sublime  and  unapproachable  proportions 
he  will  be  tempted  to  exclaim,  "  There  is  but  one  tree 
— the  white  pine  !  '  ' 

Red,  yellow,  and  pitch  pines  have  their  utilities,  but 
can  never  come  into  the  charmed  circle  of  cultivation, 
while  botanists,  who  can  find  cause  for  praise  where  no 
one  else  can,  are  significantly  silent  regarding  those  two 
pitiable  species,  the  Jersey  scrub  pine  and  the  gray  pine 
of  the  North. 

Our  most  popular  spruce  (a  genus  wherein  the  "  nee- 
dles M  are  four-sided,  and  grow  thickly  from  all  sides 
of  the  branch)  is  the  now  naturalized  Norway  spruce, 
recognized  by  its  extremely  long  cones,  and  pendent 
branchlets  hanging  from  the  nearly  horizontal  arms. 
It  is  such  a  fine  tree,  and  thrives  so  well  under  Ameri- 
can conditions,  that  it  is  becoming  a  little  wearisome 
from  its  ubiquity.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  our 
native  white  spruce  (Abies  alba),  when  large  and  luxuri- 
ant, is  quite  as  decorative,  with  sometimes  a  silvery  sheen 
that  reminds  one  of  a  silver  fir.  The  black  spruce  (A. 

126 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


nigra)  is  seldom  cultivated.  These  two  native  species 
are  distinguishable,  in  one  respect,  by  the  fact  that  the 
white  one  sheds  all  of  its  cones  every  year,  whereas  the 
black  spruce  retains  them  for  several  years.  The  Park 
contains  also  a  spruce  from  the  Black  Sea  (A.  orientalis), 
and  the  Colorado  blue  spruce  (A.  pungens). 

The  most  admired  firs  in  the  world  (a  genus  withyfo/ 
leaves,  mostly  in  "  two  ranks,"  i.e.,  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  branch)  are  the  beautiful  silvery-tinted  species, 
which  are  quite  rare.  In  their  native  habitats  they  are 
often  large  and  stately,  but  the  cultivated  specimens  are 
quite  small.  The  Park  contains  two  sorts,  the  Colorado 
silver  fir  (A.  concolor),  and  Nordmann's  silver  fir  (A. 
nordmannii)  from  the  Crimean  Mountains.  Here,  too, 
are  the  balsam  fir  (A.  balsamea),  from  which  comes  our 
Canada  balsam,  and  the  Southern  analogue  of  the  same 
(A.  fraseri). 

The  hemlock  (Tsuga  canadensis),  a  North  American 
product,  is  a  distinctive  tree  to  be  proud  of,  but  its  ap- 
pearance in  the  Park  does  not  do  it  justice.  In  luxu- 
riant condition  it  combines  the  temperaments  of  conif- 
erous and  deciduous  growth  very  effectively. 

Junipers,  erect  and  prostrate,  are  well  represented  here, 
and  illustrate  a  curious  type  of  vegetation  that  is  repug- 
nant in  detail  but  decorative  in  the  mass.  They  can  be 
studied  to  good  advantage  around  the  Bolivar  statue ; 
all  sorts  of  conifers  in  that  locality  seem  to  thrive  better 
than  elsewhere. 

A  beautiful  Japanese  evergreen  is  the  Cryptomeria, 
more  graceful  than  most  of  its  class,  a  low  tree  with 
rather  spreading  and  drooping  branches  thickly  studded 

127 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


with  short,  curved,  pointed  leaves.  Another,  with  mi- 
nute, heath-like  leaves,  unusually  beautiful  when  lux- 
uriant, is  the  Retinospora  ericoides,  and  equally  fine  is 
Retinospora  pisifera,  a  most  elegant  species  of  cypress. 
This  is  quite  abundant,  and  can  be  recognized  by  its  flat 
sprays  of  foliage,  resembling  arborvitae,  and  covered 
with  a  white  "  bloom  "  on  the  under  side.  These  last 
three  can  be  found  close  together  in  the  area  chiefly  de- 
voted to  evergreens  just  north  of  the  "  Ramble,"  a  hun- 
dred feet  west  of  the  Reservoir.  Throughout  the  Park 
one  may  find  fully  forty  species  and  varieties  of  conifer- 
ous growth,  some  of  them  in  a  confirmed  state  of  in- 
validism,  and  a  few  so  stately  and  ornamental  as  to  be 
an  incentive  to  the  study  and  cultivation  of  this  unique 
section  of  our  sylva.  It  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  that 
the  conifers  of  the  Park,  as  representative  of  the  world's 
best  growth,  will  soon  be  brought  up  to  the  high  stand- 
ard of  its  deciduous  trees. 


Nothing  shows  better  the  wide  variety  and  profusion 
of  growth  in  the  Park  than  the  impossibility  of  making 
an  absolutely  complete  inventory  of  its  contents.  After 
the  most  thorough  search  by  the  various  gardeners, 
whose  lists  form  the  basis  of  the  present  catalogue,  I 
chanced  to  find  an  oak  that  had  not  been  recorded,  and 
later,  two  foreign  species ;  doubtless  this  does  not  make 
the  record  perfect. 

One  of  the  two  was  the  white-beam-tree  (Pyrus  arid) 
of  Europe,  which  is  close  to  the  small  building  on  the 
west  side,  near  Sixty-sixth  Street.  It  is  noteworthy  as 

128 


In  the  "  Ramble  " — Fourth  Excursion 


having  one  of  the  most  distinctive  types  of  leaf,  of  leath- 
ery texture,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  whitish  be- 
neath, and  with  a  deeply  serrate -cren ate  edge — a  leaf 
that  would  attract  notice,  looking  more  like  a  Quercus 
than  a  Pyrus.  Its  outline  is  on  Plate  IV.  of  foreign 
trees. 

The  other  discovery  was  a  Japanese  tree  (Idesia  poly- 
carpa),  whose  leaf  misled  a  gardener  into  calling  it  a 
mulberry,  but  when  I  called  his  attention  to  the  abun- 
dant clusters  of  small  yellowish  flowers,  it  was  conclusive 
evidence.  This  will  be  found  overhanging  one  of  the 
walks  near  the  Conservatory. 

Besides  the  four  routes  of  our  excursions  one  can  take 
many  other  walks  that  are  favorable  for  botanical  ob- 
servation. Of  these  I  would  especially  recommend  the 
paths  along  the  "  West  Drive, "  from  Fifty-ninth  to 
Seventy-second  Street,  the  vicinity  of  the  East  Seventy- 
second  Street  entrance,  the  circuit  of  the  so-called 
"Pool"  on  the  west  side,  at  about  io2d  Street — one 
of  the  most  delightful  spots  in  the  Park — the  paths  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Conservatory  at  East  io6th  Street, 
and  the  circuit  of  "Harlem  Mere,"  at  the  extreme 
northeastern  corner  of  the  Park. 


129 


SHRUBS   AND   VINES 

"  I  sat  me  down  to  watch  upon  a  bank 
With  ivy  canopied,  and  interwove 
With  flaunting  honeysuckle." 

— MILTON. 

WITH  all  their  distinctiveness  of  form  and  tem- 
perament, one  soon  finds  that  trees,  shrubs, 
and  woody  vines  are  essentially  one  in  nature 
— a  classification  of  convenience,  not  of  science,  with  no 
organic  difference  between  the  trailing  arbutus  and  the 
Sequoia  gigantea.  The  unbroken  gradation  from  the 
clinging  ivy  to  the  sturdy  oak  is  so  imperceptible  that 
precise  characterization  of  the  above  sort  is  often  diffi- 
cult or  impossible,  and  strictly  scientific  treatment  of 
these  three  forms  of  growth  is  comprised  under  the  sin- 
gle title  "  Dendrologia. " 

More  than  a  quarter  of  all  the  trees  of  our  territory  are 
also  to  be  reckoned  as  shrubs  ;  climate  and  soil  largely 
determine  whether  a  species  will  have  the  figure  and  stat- 
ure of  the  one  or  of  the  other ;  the  rhododendron  is  a 
tree  in  the  Southern  States,  but  only  a  shrub  at  the 
North  ;  black  haw  and  hornbeam  assume  both  forms  in 
the  same  locality  ;  some  diminutive  growths  have  a  thor- 
oughly arboreal  figure,  and  some  unmistakable  shrubs 
are  taller  than  some  trees ;  lofty  trees  of  the  far  West 
dwindle  to  low  shrubs  in  the  East,  and  the  same  is  true 
of  many  species  in  their  northerly  and  southerly  range. 

130 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


The  distinction  of  shrub  and  vine  is  even  more  per- 
plexing ;  a  score  of  familiar  instances  illustrate  the  dual 
or  indeterminate  type ;  the  poison  ivy,  if  it  finds  no  sup- 
port, knows  how  to  support  itself,  and  grows  erect ;  the 
matrimony-vine  is  neither  exactly  vine  nor  shrub.  The 
countless  circumstantial  differences,  as  striking  as  they 
are  beautiful,  thus  evinced  in  one  common  nature,  are 
not  only  a  link  of  some  worth  in  the  evolutionary  argu- 
ment, but  they  insure  that  freedom  from  angularity  that 
is  an  essential  charm  of  all  landscape  scenery. 

One  who  sees  in  a  plant  only  the  few  obvious  details 
given  in  this  book  for  identification  misses  much  of  the 
wonderful  scheme  of  vegetation,  and  of  the  beauty  of  a 
thousand  features,  which  are  recognized  only  after  thor- 
ough study  of  structural  botany.  But  that  means  an 
amount  of  labor  which  to  many  is  distasteful.  There  is 
too  much  popular  disinclination  in  these  days  to  go 
deeply  into  the  science  of  things ;  learning  must  be 
made  easy  ;  reading  must  take  the  place  of  study ;  every- 
thing must  be  illustrated.  The  mind  will  grow  super- 
ficial under  this  treatment.  It  is  to  be  feared,  from  the 
present  trend  of  nature-study,  despite  its  popularity, 
that  the  old-fashioned,  thorough-going  race  of  botanists 
will  in  the  next  generation  become  extinct.  Inspira- 
tion is  doubtless  better  than  information  ;  yet  intelligent 
enthusiasm  always  thrives  best  on  a  good  subsoil  of 
scientific  training. 

Jr* 

In  mass  and  brilliancy  of  color,  very  few  plants, 
native  or  foreign,  can  rival  the  gorgeous  rhododendrons. 
The  original  wild  species  are  few  in  number — only  one 

131 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


native  to  our  territory — but  the  florist's  art  has  pro- 
duced a  splendid  assortment,  by  grafting  the  floral 
excellences  of  one  upon  the  vigorous  stock  of  another, 
and  by  such  commingling  of  tints  as  gives  to  this  genus 
a  peculiar  pre-eminence  among  shrubs. 

In  foliage  it  much  resembles  its  near  kindred,  the 
azalea,  the  leaf  of  each  being  thick,  leathery,  entire, 
elliptical,  and  dark  green ;  and  the  flowers  are  of  much 
the  same  type,  yet  with  the  evident  difference  (at  least 
in  the  wild  varieties)  that  the  azalea  blossom  has  five 
stamens,  that  of  the  rhododendron  ten.  This  is  one  of 
the  few  shrubs  distinctly  preferring  shade  to  sunshine, 
and  this  fact  must  be  taken  account  of,  if  it  is  to  be 
successfully  cultivated. 

Certainly  in  our  northern  latitude  there  is  no  surprise 
more  brilliant  in  store  for  the  naturalist  than  to  discover 
the  rich,  full-blown  clusters  of  a  rhododendron  gleaming 
in  the  dark  woods.  Most  of  our  cultivated  specimens 
have  foreign  stock  grafted  or  budded  upon  our  native 
Catawbiense,  the  exotic  species  being  too  tender  to 
thrive  upon  their  own  roots.  Another  native  rhododen- 
dron, .#.  maximum,  or  great  laurel,  thrives  as  far  north 
as  Connecticut,  and  is  a  splendid  growth,  bordering  on 
the  arboreal,  which  it  fully  attains  in  the  Southern 
States.  This  blossoms  in  July,  later  than  all  others  of 
its  class,  varying  in  color  from  pink  to  white. 

The  leaf- type  of  the  genus  is  much  the  same  as  in  the 
magnolia,  heavy  and  stiff,  nearly  or  quite  evergreen,  and 
admirable  in  its  way,  though  far  from  graceful ;  and  the 
figure  of  the  entire  plant,  in  harmony  with  the  foliage, 
is  rigid  and  almost  clumsy,  yet  with  a  rough  vigor  and 

132 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


individualism  that  are  as  refreshing  as  a  cool  breeze  on 
a  sultry  day. 

Is  there  any  flower  of  the  woods  that  the  explorer  is 
more  glad  to  discover  than  the  delicate  but  showy  azalea? 
This  is  a  small  brother,  as  it  were,  of  the  rhododendron  ; 
of  less  massive  type,  but  far  better  adapted  to  the  lim- 
itations of  garden  or  conservatory.  While  the  type  of 
flower  and  leaf  is  closely  modelled  after  that  of  the 
rhododendron,  the  latter  has  evergreen  foliage,  whereas 
the  azalea  is  deciduous. 

To  begin  with  our  American  species,  the  least  preten- 
tious is  the  small-flowered  clammy  azalea,  which  is 
superior,  nevertheless,  to  many  other  sorts  in  its  ex- 
treme fragrance ;  yet  it  is  hardly  one  to  be  chosen  for 
cultivation.  The  purple  azalea — a  misleading  name,  as 
it  has  a  variety  of  colors — also  called  pinxter-flower,  is 
the  most  widely  distributed,  and  among  the  most  wel- 
come of  May  flowers,  its  profuse  bloom  burying  the 
shrub  in  rich  tints.  Of  more  surprising  brilliance, 
however,  is  the  flame-colored  azalea,  indigenous  in  our 
territory  only  in  the  southern  portion,  blossoming  rather 
late  in  summer,  and  one  of  the  comparatively  few  con- 
tributions of  the  New  World  to  Europe,  which  has 
adopted  it  among  its  choice  shrubs. 

But  in  this  as  in  many  other  genera,  the  Old  World 
leads  the  New,  which  is  not  surprising,  if  in  the  origin 
of  species  the  radiating  centre  was  in  Asia,  the  source  of 
many  so-called  European  species ;  and  it  may  be  to  this 
fact  as  well  as  to  peculiarly  favorable  soil  and  climate 
that  the  region  of  Japan  and  China  is  so  pre-eminent  in 
the  choicest  forms  and  colors  of  vegetation.  From  the 

133 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


neighborhood  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean 
comes  the  widely  cultivated  Azalea  pontica,  from  China 
the  very  small-leaved  A.  am&na,  a  splendid  species, 
from  Japan  the  A.  mo  His.  But  the  bewildering  confu- 
sion of  superb  tints  shown  in  florists'  windows  and  con- 
servatories is  the  result  of  hybridizing,  in  the  union  of 
various  native  and  foreign  species — composite  forms 
whose  lines  of  heredity  are  lost  to  all  but  the  profes- 
sional horticulturist. 

It  is  not  amiss  to  remark,  in  passing,  that  it  is  no 
affectation,  even  in  the  unscientific  nature-lover,  for 
whom  these  pages  are  especially  designed,  to  be  some- 
what familiar  with  the  botanical  names  of  plants.  The 
advantage  of  scientific  nomenclature  is  that,  as  a  rule,  a 
plant  is  generally  known  by  a  single  name,  and  allusion 
to  it  under  that  name  leaves  no  ambiguity  ;  whereas 
widely  distributed  species,  if  popular,  are  often  differ- 
ently named  in  different  localities ;  just  as  in  birds  the 
golden- winged  woodpecker,  which  is  found  from  Maine 
to  Texas,  has  more  than  a  dozen  titles;  and  others,  like 
the  oriole  and  bobolink,  have  several.  Particularly  is 
this  advice  valid  where  a  favorite  genus  has  both  native 
and  introduced  species,  the  latter  seldom  with  a  popular 
name  in  our  country,  and  distinguishable  from  the  na- 
tive only  by  the  scientific  Latin  term.  There  is  hardly 
a  cultivated  genus  among  us  that  is  not  enriched  by  for- 
eign importation,  and  the  only  way  to  avoid  embarrass- 
ment in  the  case  of  our  many  spiraeas,  a  multitude  of 
leguminose  plants,  etc.,  is  to  adopt  the  botanical  desig- 
nation. This  means  a  little  extra  labor,  but  the  satis- 
faction is  commensurate. 

i34 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


Roses  are  too  familiar  to  require  extended  notice  in 
this  review ;  but  allusion  should  be  made  to  one  that  is 
peculiarly  adapted  for  broad  landscape-effect  by  being 
cultivated  in  dense  masses,  which  is  exceptional  in  this 
class  of  shrubs.  This  is  the  Rosa  rugosa,  justly  popular 
for  its  unusually  fine,  vivid  foliage,  large  pink  single 
blossoms,  and  conspicuous  bright-red  "  hips"  ;  being  es- 
pecially hardy,  easily  cultivated,  and  disposed  to  spread, 
it  can  be  massed  effectively  on  extensive  grounds,  as 
well  as  trained  into  detached  shrubs.  Among  the  sev- 
eral varieties  will  be  found  single  and  double  flowers, 
rose-red  or  white ;  but  emphasis  should  be  laid  on  its 
rich  foliage  quite  as  much  as  on  the  blossom. 

A  genus  containing  several  valuable  species,  the  best 
of  which  come  from  Japan,  is  the  barberry.  As  a  class 
they  are  prickly,  with  small  leaves,  yellow  flowers,  and 
bright-red  berries  remaining  far  into  or  through  the 
winter.  Some  of  them  are  quite  dwarfish  and  are 
massed  effectively  in  broad  clumps ;  others  are  four  to 
eight  feet  high.  Although  of  delicate  figure,  they  ad- 
mit of  better  treatment  on  spacious  grounds  where  they 
can  form  a  dense,  ample  growth.  There  are  few  types 
of  vegetation  so  distinctive  as  the  barberry — a  delicate, 
hardy  ornamentation,  attractive  the  year  round.  The 
peculiar  vaporous  green  of  the  opening  buds  is  a  charm- 
ing sight  in  spring,  and  its  refinement  of  foliage  is  quite 
as  important  a  feature  as  its  pretty  clusters  of  small  yel- 
low flowers. 

Spiraeas,  on  the  contrary,  find  their  most  effective 
feature  in  the  bloom,  which  is  of  so  characteristic  a  type 
as  to  be  easily  recognized  amid  all  the  numerous  species, 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


to  which  artificial  culture  has  added  many  fine  varieties. 
One  of  the  commonest  and,  comparatively  speaking, 
coarsest  is  the  nine-bark,  that  grows  freely  in  damp 
localities,  and  gets  its  name  from  its  peculiar  bark  that 
peels  off  in  numerous  thin  layers,  much  as  in  the  grape- 
vine. Some  writers  speak  slightingly  of  it,  others  rec- 
ognize its  worth,  and  it  is  widely  planted  in  the  Park 
with  excellent  effect.  Some  plants,  like  the  diminu- 
tive Deutzia  gracilis,  are  for  the  closest  scrutiny,  others 
are  for  longer  perspective ;  and,  with  its  multitudinous 
globes  of  small  white  flowers,  enveloping  a  shrub  of  sub- 
stantial size  and  strong  foliage,  this  nine-bark  is  in 
many  situations  quite  as  satisfactory  as  the  more  refined 
sorts ;  its  variety,  aurea,  has  yellow  leaves,  and  mingles 
finely  with  other  foliage.  The  countless  clusters  of 
ripened  pistils  assume  so  deep  a  red  that  one  sometimes 
mistakes  them,  at  a  distance,  for  a  mass  of  inflorescence. 
Still  humbler  sorts  of  spiraea  are  the  meadow-sweet 
and  hardhack,  abundant  on  open,  sterile  ground,  which 
greatly  cheapens  their  real  worth  ;  if  they  were  tender 
plants,  and  named  "  japonica,"  they  would  be  admitted 
to  the  lawn  and  garden.  The  most  prized  spiraeas,  some 
with  white,  others  with  pink  or  crimson  flowers,  come 
from  abroad — and  here  again  China  and  Japan  take  the 
lead — a  few  showing  beautiful  variegations  of  foliage 
late  in  the  season.  Some  spiraeas  blossom  early,  others 
late,  the  many  species  affording  continuous  bloom  from 
early  spring  to  the  end  of  summer.  The  profusion  and 
graceful  arrangement  of  its  flowers,  with  its  easy  culti- 
vation and  hardiness,  has  given  this  section  of  the  rose 
family  a  wide  popularity. 

136 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


Currants  add  a  small  quota  to  the  embellishment  of  a 
lawn.  Passing  over  the  sorts  that  are  cultivated  for 
fruit,  and  whose  flowers  are  greenish  and  inconspicuous, 
a  few  species  are  desirable  on  the  score  of  beauty,  par- 
ticularly the  Missouri  or  golden  currant  (Ribes  aureum)^ 
bearing  small  but  very  pretty  yellow  flowers  with  spicy 
fragrance  in  late  spring ;  its  yellow  fruit  also  is  not 
to  be  despised.  Another  kind,  sangmneum,  has  bright 
red  and  yellow  flowers  in  midsummer,  with  a  variety 
producing  double  flowers,  but  on  account  of  its  early 
bloom  the  Missouri  is  the  more  popular. 

As  a  thing  of  beauty  there  is  little  to  commend  in 
our  American  hazel-nut,  and  the  European  species  in 
its  original  form  has  no  advantage  over  our  own ;  but 
two  "sports"  of  the  European  really  belong  to  the 
class  of  decorative  plants.  One  of  them  has  cut-leaved 
foliage  that  gives  beauty  to  almost  any  type ;  but  the 
most  important  is  the  purple-leaved  hazel-nut,  unique 
for  its  almost  black  foliage  in  spring  and  summer, 
perhaps  the  nearest  approach  to  black  that  is  to  be 
found  in  vegetation,  much  darker  than  in  the  purple- 
leaved  beech,  thus  making  it  conspicuous  amid  any  and 
all  surroundings  ;  but  the  color  largely  "  burns  off  "  by 
fall,  when  it  would  be  easily  mistaken  for  our  own  spe- 
cies. For  strong  yet  not  inartistic  punctuation  of  a 
landscape  nothing  is  finer,  as  the  contrast  is  as  pleasing 
as  it  is  curious. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  Park's  white  adornings 
in  June  comes  from  that  important  genus  in  the  honey- 
suckle family  known  as  viburnum,  containing  several 
species  with  a  showy  profusion  of  bloom,  largely  native, 

i37 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


with  a  few  introduced  varieties,  lending  a  charm  to 
numerous  walks  throughout  the  southerly  portion  of  the 
Park.  The  viburnums  lack  some  of  the  attractions  of 
other  shrubs,  are  not  odorous  and  fine-foliaged,  in  fact 
are  a  little  coarse-fibred ;  but  they  have  a  style  of  their 
own — and  individuality  always  commands  a  premium 
— are  strong  and  hardy  and  running  over  with  petaled 
whiteness,  and  in  the  embellishment  of  large  grounds 
can  scarcely  be  omitted. 

One  of  the  most  showy  of  the  class  is  the  so-called 
guelder  rose,  or  snowball- tree,  covered  with  dense  masses 
of  large  sterile  flowers,  a  modified  form  of  the  cranberry- 
tree — the  term  "  tree  "  being  only  complimentary  in 
both  cases,  as  the  height  is  only  five  to  ten  feet.  The 
Japanese  snowball,  V.  plicatum,  the  finest  in  the  Park, 
has  abundant  ' '  heads ' '  and  a  handsome  leaf,  not  flat, 
but  distinctly  plicate  or  plaited,  from  which  comes  its 
specific  name.  Quite  common  is  the  species  called 
arrow-wood  (dentatuni)  with  full  heads  of  small  perfect 
flowers  (/.<?.,  with  pistil  and  stamens).  With  similar 
flowers  but  very  different  foliage  is  the  black  haw,  both 
tree  and  shrub,  described  elsewhere.  In  the  same  list 
are  the  withe-rod,  downy-leaved  viburnum,  and  maple- 
leaved  arrow- wood,  which  one  is  glad  to  meet  in  wood- 
land rambles,  but  would  look  a  little  askance  at,  if  they 
forced  their  way  into  the  select  society  of  cultivated 
grounds.  But  the  cranberry- tree  and  the  hobble-bush, 
with  large  marginal  sterile  flowers  surrounding  the  com- 
pact clusters,  are  important  enough  to  be  availed  of 
in  the  Park.  With  the  immense  volume  of  color  de- 
manded in  such  an  area,  one  must  not  be  too  fastidious 

138 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


as  to  its  source ;  and,  to  tell  the  truth,  at  long  range 
these  humbler  viburnums  "  fill  in  M  just  as  well  as  lilacs 
or  hawthorns. 

A  most  distinctive  type  of  shrub,  with  all  the  for- 
mality of  coniferous  evergreens,  yet  finely  contrasting, 
by  its  remarkable  compactness,  with  the  loose  foliage  of 
other  growths,  is  the  tree-box,  not  native  to  America, 
but  indigenous  in  Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  a  dwarf  tree, 
its  highest  altitude  not  exceeding  fifteen  feet,  but  when 
only  three  feet  in  height  its  single  shaft  gives  it  an 
arboreal  figure.  It  is  a  tall  brother  of  the  trim  little 
box  that  has  been  used  ad  nauseam  to  border  garden  - 
walks,  and  which  ought  to  be  called  the  spinster  plant, 
as  being  the  most  exasperating  example  of  diminutive 
vegetable  precision.  Our  tree-box,  Buxus  sempervirens, 
though  not  a  bit  less  prim,  somehow  escapes  the  odium, 
and  in  many  situations  is  a  most  desirable  shrub. 
When  closely  trimmed,  its  small  dark-green  leaves  are 
so  solidly  massed  that  its  identity  can  never  be  mistaken. 
It  yields  to  the  shears  most  readily,  and  can  be  trimmed 
into  conical  and  globular  shapes  without  the  impression 
of  ridiculous  artificiality;  but  the  poor  thing  is  often 
imposed  upon,  and  nature  insulted,  by  carving  it  into 
grotesque  forms  of  four-footed  beasts,  hens,  roosters, 
and  other  birds  of  prey. 

Its  timber  is  among  the  few  sorts  that  sink  in  water. 
There  are  varieties,  leaves  larger  or  smaller,  and  varie- 
gated with  white  or  yellow,  but  they  substantially  fill 
the  same  niche,  as  a  small,  elegant,  thrifty  evergreen. 

You  can  about  as  easily  tame  a  squirrel  as  you  can 
tame  the  sumachs  into  conformability  with  lawn  pro- 

139 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


prieties.  If  you  insist  on  keeping  them  within  prison- 
walls,  you  must  at  least  leave  them  pretty  much  alone. 
For  small  grounds  they  are  simply  impossible ;  they 
spoil  their  surroundings,  and  their  surroundings  return 
evil  for  evil ;  but  in  semi-rough  nature,  in  some  frag- 
ment of  a  lawn  that  is  not  supervised  too  much,  they 
feel  at  home  and  are  interesting. 

The  best  native  species  are  the  dwarf  and  the  stag- 
horn  ;  the  latter  aspires  to  be  a  tree,  and  very  rarely 
succeeds ;  the  dwarf  is  about  the  most  satisfactory,  nor 
is  it  so  dwarf  as  the  name  implies,  as  it  sometimes 
reaches  a  height  of  fifteen  or  twenty  feet ;  unlike  the 
others  its  pinnate  leaves  are  very  glossy,  and  it  rivals 
all  its  kindred  in  autumn's  fiery  brilliancy.  One  of 
the  most  strikingly  effective  little  trees  in  the  Park 
in  October  proved  to  be  the  dwarf  sumach.  The  cut- 
leaved  variety  of  the  smooth  sumach  is  very  orna- 
mental. 

If  you  have  spacious  grounds,  create  in  a  far-off 
corner  a  semblance  of  nature's  wildness,  mingle  sumachs 
with  low  shrubbery  and  scattered  trees,  and  a  refreshing 
glimpse  of  unconventional  freedom  will  be  afforded. 

Never  fraternizing  with  these  humble  sorts  is  the 
more  elegant  Venetian  sumach,  better  known  as  smoke- 
tree  ;  but  it  takes  a  microscope  to  see  the  relationship. 
If  it  were  human  it  would  probably  wish  to  repudiate 
its  connections,  for  it  moves  in  a  much  higher  circle 
than  its  country  cousins  ever  aspire  to.  This  makes  an 
elegant  centre-piece  for  a  small  greensward  when  wrapped 
in  its  smoky  cloud ;  but  at  other  times,  with  its  long- 
stemmed  round  leaves,  it  has  nothing  special  to  com- 

140 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


mend  it,  except  in  late  spring  when  covered  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  very  small  yellow  flowers. 

The  prevailing  colors  of  flowers  are  white,  red,  and 
yellow;  blue  and  purple  figure  very  little  in  nature's 
painting ;  so  that  the  genus  Amorpha,  containing  two 
or  three  species  in  the  Park,  is  at  least  a  novelty,  with 
its  indigo  blossoms,  whose  form — having  but  one  petal 
— must  be  accounted  as  a  caprice  or  a  negligence  of 
nature;  it  is  abnormal,  amorphic,  according  to  our 
limited  interpretation  of  law. 

The  leaf,  as  so  commonly  in  the  great  leguminose 
family  to  which  the  amorpha  belongs,  is  pinnate  with 
numerous  leaflets,  the  number  in  one  species  sometimes 
not  less  than  fifty- one.  The  flowers  are  small,  but 
repay  examination,  not  only  for  their  oddity,  but  for 
the  mingling  of  purple  and  yellow  in  petal  and  stamens  ; 
while  their  aggregation  in  numerous  erect  spikes  affords 
a  rich  yet  sombre  effect.  Thanks  are  due  to  any  plant 
that  blossoms  quite  early  or  quite  late ;  and  one  species 
of  Amorpha,  called  the  lead-plant,  is  the  more  accept-, 
able  in  bloom  for  delaying  the  matter  till  August. 

The  prominent  feature  of  the  genus  Euonymus  is  its 
bright  red  pods,  which  so  envelop  the  plant  in  autumn  as 
to  give  it  the  apt  name  of  burning-bush.  A  more  matter- 
of-fact  name  is  spindle- tree,  afforded  by  the  utility  of  its 
wood  in  the  manufacture  of  spindles.  Our  two  native 
species  are  in  the  Park,  with  the  addition  of  the  Euro- 
pean in  two  or  three  varieties.  The  purple  or  purplish- 
white  flowers  have  no  marked  beauty.  A  shrub  partic- 
ularly handsome  in  its  glossy  evergreen  foliage  is  the 
Euonymus  japonicus,  which  is  quite  hardy,  at  least  as 

141 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


far  north  as  New  York  City ;  a  variety  of  it  has  yellow- 
ish markings  on  the  leaves ;  such  variegations  are  more 
odd  than  beautiful,  in  the  estimation  of  some. 

Perhaps  no  plant  so  generally  carries  our  thoughts  back 
to  childhood  and  to  the  old  home  that  possibly  now  ex- 
ists only  in  memory,  as  that  deliciously  fragrant  flower, 
the  lilac.  It  belongs  to  the  year's  childhood  as  well, 
and  all  its  entwined  associations  make  it  as  heartily  wel- 
come as  violets.  If  pansies  are  for  thoughts,  lilacs  are 
for  memories. 

Abundant  as  it  is,  it  is  not  indigenous  in  America, 
but  comes  originally  from  Asia  Minor  by  the  way  of 
Europe.  In  addition  to  a  dozen  or  more  distinct  spe- 
cies, cultivation  has  produced  valuable  varieties,  yet  the 
old-fashioned  sort  holds  its  own  amid  them  all.  The 
lilac  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  more  countries 
than  any  other  plant ;  and,  in  view  of  its  early  bloom, 
luxuriant  clusters,  exquisite  fragrance,  and  withal,  hardi- 
ness and  easy  culture,  this  is  not  to  be  wondered  at. 

In  addition  to  many  varieties  developed  from  the  orig- 
inal species  (Syringa  vulgaris),  with  the  different  tints 
of  lilac,  white,  reddish-purple,  crimson,  blue — practi- 
cally alike  except  in  color — we  have  Persian,  Chinese, 
and  Japanese  lilacs,  with  flower  single  and  double,  of 
various  colors,  and  with  such  interblending  of  qualities 
by  hybridizing  as  to  baffle  even  the  scientist  in  the 
attempt  to  disentangle  the  snarl  of  hereditary  lines. 
Every  horticulturist  has  a  mercenary  incentive  to  put  a 
new  variety  of  this  and  other  popular  plants  on  the  mar- 
ket ;  occasionally  it  becomes  a  permanent  form  ;  oftener 
it  reverts,  sooner  or  later,  to  the  original  form,  and 

142 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


nothing  more  is  heard  of  it ;  rose  after  rose  has  been  the 
favorite  of  an  hour,  only  to  be  supplanted  by  another 
short-lived  favorite.  The  naturalist,  as  such,  will  not 
concern  himself  with  these  ephemeral  phenomena,  that 
almost  cheapen  nature's  original  simplicity  and  beauty. 
Yet  it  is  undeniable  that  art  has  often  assisted  nature,  by 
bringing  inferior  species  into  a  finer  quality  of  growth, 
and  it  is  a  difficult  question  at  what  point  art  must  leave 
nature  alone ;  for  horticulturists  are  vying  with  each 
other  in  attempts  to  transform  every  stamen  into  a  petal, 
and  every  simple  flower-cluster  into  a  huge  mass  of 
bloom,  so  that  catalogues  are  now  thickly  sprinkled  with 
flore  pleno  and  grandiflora. 

That  section  of  the  rose  family  that  furnishes  our 
choicest  fruits — apple,  cherry,  peach,  plum — and  com- 
prised in  the  genera  Prunus  and  Pyrus,  is  usually  re- 
garded as  utilitarian  rather  than  ornamental,  or  at  least, 
as  not  meeting  the  high  standards  of  lawn  culture.  But 
by  the  improvement  of  certain  native  species,  with  the 
introduction  of  choice  kinds  from  abroad,  the  names  of 
cherry,  apple,  etc.,  are  becoming  associated  with  our 
most  ornamental  sylva  and  flora.  This  is  signally  the 
case  in  the  Chinese  crab  and  the  Japanese  flowering 
apple,  the  latter  a  pigmy  tree  only  five  to  six  feet  high, 
profusely  covered  with  beautiful  red  blossoms  in  spring, 
and  scarcely  less  interesting  when  the  flowers  are  fol- 
lowed by  an  abundance  of  diminutive  apples.  One 
writer  calls  it  "  the  most  beautiful  of  its  race,  and  one 
of  the  best  ornamental  plants  in  cultivation/'  It  is 
thoroughly  hardy,  and  has  a  variety  with  semi-double 
flowers.  The  Chinese  crab,  Pyrus  malus  spectabilis,  is 

H3 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


of  true  arboreal  size,  a  variety  of  it  having  full-double 
flowers,  two  inches  across,  and  very  fragrant. 

Passing  from  apples  to  cherries,  there  are  several 
species,  mostly  foreign,  that  have  very  ornamental 
bloom.  Few  trees  in  the  Park  are  more  attractive  when 
in  blossom  than  the  wild  black  cherry ;  all  frequenters 
of  the  "  Ramble  "  must  be  familiar  with  the  remarkable 
specimen  in  the  northwest,  corner,  near  what  is  now 
the  "Reading-room."  Besides  this  species,  we  have 
the  wild  red  cherry,  and  the  bird  cherry  of  Europe,  the 
double-flowering  Chinese  cherry,  and  some  from  Japan  ; 
and  all  are  familiar  with  the  flowering  almond,  of  Asiatic 
origin,  whose  stems  are  buried  in  pink  and  white  blos- 
soms in  early  spring.  From  the  same  source  comes  the 
double-flowering  peach  in  various  colors,  varieties  of  the 
familiar  peach-tree.  Of  ornamental  plum-trees  the  most 
important  is  perhaps  the  Persian  purple-leaved  plum,  P. 
pissardii,  a  low  tree  or  shrub,  decorative  in  foliage  rather 
than  in  flower.  And  lastly,  no  lawn  should  be  without 
the  Japanese  quince  (Pyrus  japonica),  one  of  the  fresh- 
est delights  of  spring,  decking  the  still  leafless  bush  with 
an  abundance  of  large  pink  or  sometimes  white  blossoms, 
the  very  emblem  of  spring's  fairest  anticipations.  After 
the  flowering  season  is  past — though  it  develops  blos- 
soms at  intervals  all  summer — the  shrub  is  still  attractive 
for  its  dark  and  almost  glossy  foliage.  This  brief  list 
emphasizes  the  versatility  of  that  pre-eminent  botanical 
group,  the  rose  family. 

Seldom  does  one  find  cultivated  forms  credited  to 
Siberia ;  yet  that  inhospitable  land  gives  to  the  Park  five 
delicate  leguminose  species  of  the  Siberian  pea-tree — 

144 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


tree  only  by  compliment,  for  it  is  oftener  a  shrub.  All 
the  species  have  the  pinnate  leaf  that  is  characteristic  of 
the  family,  and  mostly  yellow  pea-shaped  blossoms. 
Though  hardy,  they  have  a  delicate  appearance,  due  to 
the  soft  texture  of  the  finely  cut  leaves ;  and  the  differ- 
ences of  the  species  are  such  as  would  interest  the  bot- 
anist rather  than  the  landscape  amateur.  Blossoming 
in  May  and  June  they  do  not  attract  attention  by  con- 
spicuous features,  and  can  easily  be  overlooked  from  re- 
semblance in  flower  and  leaf  to  many  other  species. 

The  reputation  of  the  entire  dogwood  family  has  been 
made  by  one  illustrious  member  of  it — the  flowering 
dogwood,  referred  to  particularly  elsewhere.  While  this 
is  equally  at  home  on  the  lawn  and  in  the  woods,  his 
kindred  for  the  most  part  modestly  remain  in  the  back- 
ground, and,  truth  to  tell,  there  is  little  reason  why  they 
should  be  invited  to  come  forward  into  publicity.  The 
naturalist,  however,  is  always  glad  to  meet  them  in  their 
chosen  haunts,  and  they  offer  interesting  differences  for 
the  scrutiny  of  the  analytical  botanist. 

The  common  forms  are  the  round-leaved,  alternate- 
leaved,  silky,  panicled,  and  red-osier  dogwood.  The 
last-named,  with  an  almost  identical  European  form, 
has  a  special  interest  as  being  the  only  case  in  which  a 
shrub's  ornamentation  is  in  neither  foliage,  flower,  nor 
fruit,  but  in  the  brilliant  color  of  its  bark  in  winter. 
From  May  to  December  it  is  a  dull  brown,  but  it  then 
begins  to  brighten,  and  by  February  is  of  such  a  vivid 
crimson  tint  as  to  make  a  large  shrub  in  a  snowy  land- 
scape one  of  the  most  peculiar  and  beautiful  sights  of 
winter.  In  foliage  and  flower  this  is  as  commonplace 

i45 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


as  its  kindred,  but  it  is  often  cultivated  for  its  novel 
winter-coloring. 

The  dogwoods  as  a  rule  have  white  blossoms ;  but  the 
foreign  Cornelian  cherry  (Cornus  mas)  is  decked  in 
early  spring  with  showy  yellow  flowers  ;  two  varieties  of 
the  same  have  white  or  yellow  markings  in  the  foliage ; 
such  effects  are  thought  desirable  by  some,  but  to  my 
own  taste  it  is  more  of  an  oddity  than  an  ornament; 
certainly  at  a  distance  the  effect  is  decidedly  that  of 
withered  leaves,  rather  than  of  a  rich  mingling  of  colors ; 
a  criticism  that  is  not  so  valid  in  the  case  of  house  or 
garden  plants. 

In  the  chill  days  of  November  it  is  almost  pathetic  to 
see  the  witch-hazel's  leafless  branches  thickly  covered 
with  small  bright  yellow  blossoms,  as  if  in  the  despairing 
attempt  to  revive  the  glories  of  a  summer  that  is  gone. 
This  is  the  latest  flowering  plant  we  have,  and  is  an  ob- 
ject of  botanical  interest ;  but  neither  foliage  nor  flower 
warrants  its  introduction  to  cultivated  grounds,  except 
on  the  score  of  mere  variety.  Its  autumn  coloring  is 
sometimes  effective,  and  its  oblique  leaf  has  a  peculiar 
contour  that  is  worth  noting ;  but  it  is  a  rather  coarse- 
natured  individual,  with  just  enough  delicacy  to  appear 
embarrassed  amid  cultivated  surroundings.  It  is  grow- 
ing in  two  or  three  places  in  the  "  Ramble. M 

Little  need  be  said  of  the  familiar  and  universally 
popular  syringa  (so  called),  whose  exquisite  fragrance, 
purity  of  color,  and  profusion  of  flowers,  with  shapely 
foliage,  give  it  rank  among  the  most  desirable  shrubs. 

There  is  an  unfortunate  confusion  in  the  names  of  two 
of  our  favorite  plants — lilac  and  syringa ;  the  botanical 

146 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


name  of  lilac  is  Syringa,  and  that  of  syringa  is  Philadel- 
phus ;  and  horticultural  writers  are  constantly  urging 
the  public  to  name  the  plants  correctly.  I  hope  they 
will  succeed,  but  I  suspect  that  lilacs  will  be  called  lilacs, 
and  syringa  syringa,  to  the  end  of  time. 

Syringa — I  mean  Philadelphus — is  a  genus  of  about  a 
dozen  species,  the  world  over,  and  our  common  sort, 
coronariuSj  is  an  imported  plant  that  has  developed  sev- 
eral quite  distinct  varieties  under  the  process  of  cultiva- 
tion, with  double  flowers  and  peculiar  markings  of  foli- 
age. A  native  species  of  the  Southern  States,  grandiflora, 
has  larger  blossoms  than  the  coronarius,  which  are  also 
quite  as  pleasantly  scented  as  the  latter ;  but  it  is  prob- 
ably not  hardy  enough  to  supplant  its  foreign  rival. 
Hybridizing  has  put  many  varieties  on  the  market,  whose 
advantages  are  very  evident  to  the  hybridists  themselves, 
and  more  or  less  so  to  others. 

A  synonym  for  fragrance  is  honeysuckle,  although  in 
some  of  the  species  this  is  not  a  significant  feature.  The 
genus — botanically  called  Lonicera — is  widely  repre- 
sented in  different  countries,  particularly  those  of  the 
north  temperate  zone,  whereas  its  southern  extension  is 
limited.  Our  native  shrubs  in  this  group  are  quite  in- 
ferior, and  scarcely  worth  cultivating,  with  so  many 
choicer  foreign  species  to  choose  from. 

The  flower-type  is  tubular  or  funnel -form,  lobed  and 
somewhat  irregular  at  the  apex,  with  five  stamens,  and 
the  leaf  is  ovate,  oval,  or  long-ovate,  entire  and  oppo- 
site. In  foliage  honeysuckles  are  inferior  to  many  other 
shrubs,  and  the  blossom,  as  a  rule,  is  quite  small  (which 
is  measurably  compensated  for  by  its  profusion),  of  vari- 

i47 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


able  tint,  cream-white,  pink,  crimson,  purplish,  and  yel- 
low, with  berry-fruit,  which  is  red,  orange,  purple,  or 
black,  and  sometimes  more  attractive  than  the  flower. 

The  Park  shows  a  goodly  array  of  this  genus,  though 
the  differences  of  species  are  in  some  cases  scarcely  ob- 
servable except  to  a  botanist.  One  of  the  most  abundant 
is  the  fragrantissima  from  China,  with  a  characteristic 
found  only  or  chiefly  in  this  species,  so  far  as  I  know — 
a  loose  shreddy  bark  that  peels  off  in  long  strips,  as  in  a 
grape-vine  or  nine-bark.  This  is  about  the  earliest  to 
bloom,  and  it  is  aptly  named,  as  the  tiny  flowers  are 
superlatively  fragrant. 

Another,  widely  used  to  border  the  walks,  is  the  Tar- 
tarian honeysuckle  which  blossoms  later,  with  some  vari- 
ation in  flower-tint.  The  fruit  of  this  is  quite  as  orna- 
mental as  the  flower,  often  remaining  till  far  into  autumn, 
untouched  by  the  birds,  thanks  to  its  unpalatableness. 
Several  other  species  might  be  named  that  are  less  widely 
known,  with  differences  more  delicate  than  conspicuous, 
except  in  the  case  of  L.  hildebrandii,  from  Burmah,  with 
shining  leaves,  and  crimson  flowers  more  than  six  inches 
long,  a  comparatively  rare  species  in  this  country. 
About  a  dozen  sorts  of  honeysuckle  may  be  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  Park. 

Closely  allied  to  the  honeysuckle — probably  often 
mistaken  for  it — is  the  Weigela,  a  much  more  showy 
genus  with  larger  flowers,  though  with  almost  the  same 
floral  type,  but  the  leaf  is  serrate,  not  entire  as  in  Lorn- 
cera.  The  bloom  of  the  foreign  weigelas  is  quite  beau- 
tiful, but  the  only  species  native  to  our  territory,  W. 
trifida,  is  scarcely  more  than  a  weed,  growing  in  open 

148 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


sandy  ground  ;  its  yellow  blossoms  are  in  threes,  hence 
the  name  trifida.  The  best  of  the  species  come  from 
Asia,  and  are  mostly  to  be  found  in  the  Park. 

A  desirable  little  bush,  throwing  out  its  clusters  of 
purplish,  rose-tinted,  fragrant  flowers  in  early  spring 
before  the  leaves  appear,  is  the  Daphne  mezereum, 
which  has  been  for  a  long  time  popular  in  England.  In 
June  its  dark-green,  lance-shaped  leaves  are  illuminated 
with  bright  red  berries.  Commendable  in  all  respects, 
this  dainty  specimen  will  fill  a  niche  as  very  few  other 
plants  can  do.  In  the  same  genus  is  the  garland  flower, 
D.  cmorum,  with  lilac-tinted  flowers  thickly  clustered, 
and  very  small  evergreen  leaves.  Its  first  flowering  is 
in  May,  and  at  intervals  it  blossoms  through  the  sum- 
mer and  even  in  fall.  Another,  D.  genkwa,  has  violet 
flowers,  also  before  the  foliage.  This  is  a  trio  worthy 
of  becoming  favorites — low,  delicate,  with  fragrant 
showy  bloom  in  early  spring,  and  attractive  in  foliage. 
The  flower  has  no  corolla,  the  salver-shaped,  four-lobed 
colored  calyx  supplying  its  place. 

The  rose  of  Sharon  might  almost  be  the  proverbial 
"  last  rose  of  summer";  certainly  this  species  is  left 
blooming  pretty  much  alone,  for  it  is  well  into  Septem- 
ber when  it  is  densely  covered  with  large  flowers  of 
various  pure  or  mingled  colors,  with  scarcely  a  rival  in 
the  field.  The  shrub  has  a  particularly  erect  and  even 
jaunty  air,  that  attracts  attention  before  it  blossoms.  I 
never  pass  a  rose  of  Sharon  without  seeming  to  hear  it 
say,  "  I  had  an  ambition  to  become  a  great  tree,  but  was 
denied  the  opportunity."  Possibly  the  lower  growths 
have  their  disappointments  as  well  as  we  that  are  higher 

149 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


in  the  scale.  The  leaf  is  of  peculiar  shape,  with  the 
middle  lobe  quite  tapering,  and  the  large  numerous  pods 
remain  through  the  winter.  Whether  it  be  the  beloved 
flower  of  olden  Jewish  times  or  not,  it  is  pleasant  to 
think  so,  and  its  probable  origin  in  Syria — whence  its 
botanical  name  syriacus — makes  it  at  least  plausible.  It 
is  the  last  large  and  brilliant  flower  of  the  season,  except 
the  late  sporadic  blossoms  of  the  Japanese  quince,  and 
fades  with  the  incoming  of  October,  a  landscape  shrub 
of  great  beauty,  and  doubly  effective  from  its  period  of 
bloom. 

The  palmate  type  of  leaf  is  the  rarest  of  all,  so  that 
when  one  sees  the  dwarf  horse-chestnut  for  the  first 
time,  he  confidently  pronounces  it  a  species  of  the 
^Esculus  group  ;  but  on  looking  at  the  very  slender  spikes 
of  flowers,  a  foot  long,  generally  white,  thickly  covering 
the  bush  in  July,  the  difference  from  the  horse-chestnut 
creates  a  little  doubt ;  yet  the  flower  is  essentially  the 
same,  only  a  variation  in  the  mode  of  clustering,  one  of 
those  incidental  circumstances  that  produce  variety  with 
little  or  no  organic  difference.  As  a  writer  has  well 
said,  nature  is  very  sparing  in  fundamental  types,  but 
lavish  in  variations.  As  it  spreads  quite  rapidly  and 
tends  to  form  a  large  clump,  it  is  hardly  a  feasible  plant 
for  small  grounds,  whereas  under  suitable  conditions  it 
is  desirable.  Two  clumps  of  it  are  in  the  "Ramble," 
one  near  the  north  end  of  the  "  Bow-Bridge/1  the  other 
farther  to  the  east,  near  the  cluster  of  magnolias.  Indig- 
enous only  in  the  Southern  States,  it  proves  quite  hardy 
in  the  North,  and  is  not  fastidious  as  to  the  kind  of  soil. 
A  kindred  species,  the  red  buckeye,  also  of  the  Southern 

150 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


and  Western  States,  with  bright  red  flowers  in  short 
clusters,  is  of  more  arboreal  figure,  and  would  be  called 
a  dwarf  tree,  rather  than  a  shrub. 

An  excellent  genus  of  rather  large  shrubs,  whose 
flowers  are  of  the  beautiful  camellia  type,  is  Stuartia. 
It  is  a  small  group,  and  we  hardly  need  to  go  abroad  for 
its  representation,  as  two  of  the  finest  species  are  native 
to  Virginia,  and  hardy  up  to  Southern  New  England,  if 
planted  in  not  too  exposed  a  situation.  In  S.  pentagyna 
the  cream-white  blossoms,  nearly  four  inches  across,  de- 
velop in  July  and  August.  The  five  or  more  petals  are 
finely  scalloped  on  the  edge,  and  the  stamens  are  very 
numerous.  The  foliage  is  good,  and  as  the  shrub  attains 
a  height  often  to  twelve  feet,  its  appearance  in  full  bloom 
is  striking.  A  smaller  sort  is  S.  virginica,  with  purple 
filaments  in  the  stamens,  blossoming  in  June  and  July, 
and  with  a  different  foliage.  The  Japanese  species,  S. 
pseudo  camellia,  not  much  known  in  this  country,  has 
much  the  same  features,  and  scarcely  rivals  our  native 
forms. 

Sea-shore  exposure  requires  special  selection  for  the 
lawn,  and  a  native  species,  popularly  called  groundsel- 
tree — though  only  a  shrub  ten  to  twelve  feet  high — "  to 
the  manor  born,"  is  desirable  for  such  localities,  and 
will  doubtless  thrive  inland  equally  well.  The  foliage  is 
dark  green,  and  the  flowers,  in  small,  compact  clusters, 
are  white  in  some  plants,  yellow  in  others ;  for  the  pis- 
tillate and  staminate  blossoms  grow  on  separate  plants. 

The  wild  rosemary  of  Europe,  also  native  to  this 
country,  bears  the  botanical  name  of  Andromeda  poli- 
folia,  applied,  in  a  spirit  of  poetry  that  is  painfully  lack- 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


ing  in  scientific  nomenclature,  by  that  prince  of  natu- 
ralists, Linnaeus,  who  saw  the  tragic  episode  in  the  life  of 
that  royal  (and  therefore  beautiful)  maiden  pictured  in 
the  color  and  the  aqueous  situation  of  this  delicate 
plant,  often  less  than  a  foot  high.  The  poetic  tempera- 
ment of  those  famous  pioneers  in  botany  and  ornithology, 
Linnaeus  and  Audubon,  who  could  thus  infuse  their 
subjects  with  the  spirit  of  delightful  imagery,  has  really 
done  more  to  elevate  and  popularize  these  two  domains 
of  nature-study  than  all  the  microscopic  precision  of 
exact  science.  Imagination  fires  mankind  more  than 
the  whole  mass  of  technical  detail  in  matters  of  fact. 
Yet  one  must  not  forget  that  these  details,  rightly  used, 
are  the  best  fuel  to  kindle  the  imagination. 

Pieria,  in  Thessaly,  the  gathering-place  of  the  Muses, 
gives  generic  name  to  a  select  group  of  small  hardy 
shrubs  in  the  heath  family.  Two  American  species, 
P.  mariana  and  P.  ligustrina,  throw  out  their  white 
bell-shaped  flowers  in  abundance  in  April  and  the  first 
part  of  May,  while  an  introduced  species,  P.  floribunda, 
in  addition  to  the  same  floral  effect,  has  evergreen  foli- 
age. Quite  as  desirable  as  either  of  these,  however,  is 
P.  japonica,  whose  evergreen  foliage  is  glossy,  the  old 
leaves  being  replaced  in  spring  by  new  ones  that  are  at 
first  bright  red,  soon  changing  to  green  ;  and  the  early 
bloom  of  pure  white  flowers  in  long  clusters  completes 
the  picture  of  an  exquisite  growth  in  every  respect. 
Farmers  naturally  think  more  of  such  practical  things  as 
calves  and  lambs  than  of  all  landscape  values,  and,  from 
a  probably  fanciful  notion  of  its  poisonous  effects,  have 
cast  a  lasting  slur  upon  the  delicate  P.  mariana,  by  call- 

152 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


ing  it  stagger  bush  ;  but  it  thrives  serenely  unconscious 
of  the  odium. 

Another  mythological  genus  is  Cassandra,  with  ap- 
parently only  one  species,  calyculata,  or  leather-leaf. 
Its  thick-leaved  foliage  is  impaired  by  its  rusty  appear- 
ance beneath  ;  but  in  early  spring  the  long,  one-sided 
racemes  of  small  white  bell-shaped  flowers  are  very 
pretty.  The  buds  are  so  advanced  in  the  previous 
August  that  they  look  as  if  almost  ready  to  break  into 
flower  ;  but  they  ' '  bide  a  wee, ' '  and  come  out  bright 
and  early  the  following  year. 

Zenobia  speciosa  is  too  proud  a  name  for  a  small  shrub, 
the  only  one  of  its  genus,  with  white,  waxen  flowers  of 
the  heath  type,  small  but  multitudinous,  and  with  an 
added  interest  from  its  long  popularity,  if  it  be  true,  as 
asserted,  that  it  was  cultivated  as  long  ago  as  that  famous 
lady  of  Palmyra  lived.  It  is  closely  allied  with  the 
three  foregoing  genera,  mingles  well  with  growths  of 
other  types,  and  is  sufficiently  distinctive  to  be  of  inter- 
est to  the  mere  flower-lover  as  well  as  to  the  botanist. 

Laurel  is  an  exclusively  American  genus — a  compar- 
atively rare  occurrence  in  vegetation  ;  and  if  we  would 
do  ample  justice  to  "  home  production/'  this  beautiful 
growth  would  be  oftener  seen  in  cultivation.  Like 
azaleas  and  rhododendrons,  this  virile  group  forms  a 
small  and  characteristic  section  of  the  notable  and  ex- 
tensive heath  family,  which,  besides  the  above-named, 
large-flowered  and  hardy  sorts,  furnishes  many  of  the 
most  delicate  and  minute  forms  of  inflorescence  found 
in  conservatories. 

The  finest   species  of  laurel  is  the  broad-leaved  or 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


mountain-laurel — Kalmia  latifolia — that  in  June  breaks 
out  intb  a  broad,  compact  mass  of  blossoms,  varying 
from  white  to  rose-color,  each  shaped  like  a  miniature 
bowl  with  a  row  of  ten  depressions  around  the  mid- 
dle, in  each  of  which  an  anther  is  neatly  socketed.  A 
smaller  and  less  showy  sort  is  the  narrow-leaved  laurel — 
K.  angustifolia — often  found  in  open  pasture-land,  and 
called  lambkill  by  farmers.  This  is  doubtless  a  false 
and  unkind  aspersion ;  very  possibly  foolish  lambs  have 
indigestion  after  eating  it ;  so  would  a  three-months-old 
baby,  if  fed  with  meat  and  potato ;  and  there  is  proba- 
bly as  much  inherent  poison  in  the  one  case  as  in  the 
other. 

Another  species,  K.  glauca,  has  purplish  flowers,  and 
a  fourth,  growing  in  Virginia,  a  rosy-tinted  corolla. 
The  only  sorts  desirable  for  cultivation  are  the  broad- 
leaved  and  the  narrow-leaved ;  and  they  need  only  to 
be  heralded  on  coming  from  Europe  or  Asia  to  secure 
wider  recognition  of  their  worth. 

Another  strictly  American  group  is  the  small  one 
called  Calycanthus,  chiefly  known  through  a  favorite 
species,  the  sweet-scented  shrub,  C.  floridus,  that  has 
become  popular  in  Europe.  Flower,  foliage,  and  bark 
are  aromatic,  the  blossom  when  warmed  emitting  a 
fragrance  quite  like  that  of  the  strawberry.  Being  pur- 
plish and  not  clustered,  the  flower  is  not  a  conspicu- 
ous ornament,  but  its  aroma  and  the  thickly  foliaged, 
shapely  bush  have  won  a  wide  recognition  at  home  and 
abroad.  A  less  known  species,  C.  occidentalism  in  Cali- 
fornia, is  of  greater  size,  with  ampler  leaves  and  dark 
crimson  flowers  three  inches  in  diameter. 

154 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


A  third  genus,  supposed  to  be  indigenous  only  in 
America,  is  another  small  group  in  the  heath  family, 
named  Clethra,  and  known  as  sweet  pepper-bush  or 
white  alder.  The  finest  species  found  in  our  territory  is 
C.  alnifolia  (i.e.,  alder-leaved),  whose  abundant,  dense, 
erect  clusters  of  showy  white,  odorous  blossoms,  contrast- 
ing finely  with  the  glossy  foliage,  and  often  in  continu- 
ous bloom  from  July  to  October,  make  it  a  most  desir- 
able shrub  for  any  lawn.  Its  congener,  acuminata, 
said  to  be  widely  cultivated  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent,  is  essentially  the  same  except  in  the  shape  of 
the  leaf.  Other  species,  less  hardy,  are  only  to  be  seen 
in  conservatories. 

Generally  in  the  heath  family  the  petals  are  united 
more  or  less  by  their  edges,  but  in  Clethra  they  are 
entirely  separate.  In  most  families  the  anthers  open 
from  end  to  end  to  discharge  the  pollen,  but  as  a  rule 
in  the  heaths  it  escapes  through  a  small  opening  at  the 
apex  of  the  anther ;  and  in  the  barberry  this  aperture  is 
provided  with  a  minute  hinged  lid  that  covers  the  top 
until  it  is  time  to  open  ! 

A  fourth  genus  of  American  plants  is  Shepherdia,  of 
but  few  species,  and  chiefly  in  repute  on  account  of  one, 
S.  argentea  (silver-leaved),  known  as  Buffalo  berry. 
Seldom  does  a  shrub  exhibit  such  strong  contrasts  of 
color ;  the  foliage  is  silvery- white  on  both  sides  ;  in 
April  or  May  appear  the  clusters  of  small  but  abundant 
yellow  flowers,  which  ripen  into  showy  scarlet  berries. 

The  heaths  include  one  more  American  group  of 
ornamental  shrubs — Leucothoe,  containing  six  or  eight 
species.  The  flowers  are  white,  rarely  rose-tinted,  in 

i55 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


terminal  or  lateral  clusters,  and  the  leaf  thick ish,  nearly 
or  quite  evergreen,  and  glossy  in  L.  racemosa,  which  is 
perhaps  the  most  widely  cultivated.  Z.  axillaris  is 
commendable  for  its  early  blossoming,  a  circumstance 
not  to  be  forgotten  in  laying  out  a  lawn  or  garden. 
The  flowers  throughout  the  genus  are  of  the  typical 
heath  form — petals  united  into  a  short  tube,  lobed  or 
toothed  at  the  apex. 

The  most  conspicuous  and  brilliant  reminder  of  our 
Japanese  indebtedness  is  the  golden -flowered  forsythia, 
abundant  in  the  Park,  to  which  allusion  is  elsewhere 
made.  The  secret  of  its  profuse  flowering  is  in  trim- 
ming it  closely  every  year  as  soon  as  the  blossoming 
period  is  past ;  for  next  year's  flower-buds  form  chiefly 
on  this  year's  growth ;  and  if  the  stems  are  severely 
pruned,  the  vigor  of  the  plant  sends  up  a  multitude  of 
new  shoots  crowded  with  buds  of  the  coming  spring. 
Its  slender,  dark-green  leaves,  persistent  almost  till 
winter,  are  an  added  consideration  to  make  this  thor- 
oughly hardy  shrub  one  of  the  most  beautiful  attractions 
in  almost  any  situation. 

Our  native  elders,  though  having  a  shapely  leaf  of  fine 
color,  are  of  scattering  growth,  and  so  characterless  as 
to  be  unfit  for  culture.  But  the  European  elder — 
Sambucus  nigra — affords  some  varieties  of  marked 
beauty,  the  finest  being  the  cut-leaved,  very  ornamental 
in  foliage.  Another,  the  golden  elder,  has  yellow 
leaves  which,  massed  with  surrounding  greens,  is  of 
striking  effect ;  and  a  third,  with  variegation  of  white 
and  green,  is  an  oddity  that  is  more  or  less  pleasing. 

The  two  species  indigenous  in  this  country,  the  com-. 
156 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


mon  and  the  red-berried,  have  conspicuous  differences  : 
the  former,  usually  with  seven  to  nine  leaflets,  has  black- 
ish berries  and  white  or  pinkish  pith  ;  the  latter,  usually 
with  five  leaflets,  has  red  berries  and  brown  pith.  Both 
are  partial  to  swampy  ground,  and  may  be  looked  for 
on  the  margin  of  ponds  and  streams. 

Pre-eminent  for  its  massive  flower-clusters  stands  the 
Hydrangea ;  the  foremost  in  hardiness  and  wide  culti- 
vation, H.  paniculata,  has  been  improved  by  horticult- 
ural art,  so  that  its  immense  clusters  produce  a  superb 
effect,  and  justify  its  pretentious  title — Hydrangea  panic- 
ulata  grandiflora.  Its  catalogue  of  virtues  is  a  long  one 
— hardy,  with  ornamental  foliage,  of  prolonged  inflo- 
rescence, and  with  its  gorgeous  white  pyramids  changing 
at  maturity  to  a  beautiful  blush  that  deepens  to  a  rich 
pink  followed  by  a  delicate  brown  ;  it  is  sans  pareilm 
its  exceptional  character,  and,  coming  into  bloom  with 
the  opening  of  September,  it  nobly  crowns  the  sum- 
mer's glory,  and  is  probably  the  most  popular  of  all 
shrubs. 

Without  rivalling  this,  yet  in  some  ways  quite  as 
beautiful,  especially  in  its  glossy  foliage,  and  with  its 
blossoms  similarly  overspread  with  pink  or  blue,  is  the 
half-hardy  H.  hortensis,  with  large  globular  clusters, 
oftener  seen  as  a  potted  plant,  though  more  and  more 
left  out  of  doors  in  winter  well  protected.  Horticultur- 
ists have,  of  course,  produced  varieties  of  this  species, 
each  supposed  to  exhibit  some  special  excellence,  as  in 
tint  or  arrangement  of  flowers,  or  in  variegation  of  foli- 
age ;  but  such  distinctions  are  often  so  minute  as  to  be 
chiefly  valuable  as  an  advertising  pretext. 

i57 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


Japan  and  China,  as  usual,  are  our  main  resource  for 
ornamental  hydrangeas.  Worthy  of  mention,  though 
inferior,  is  our  own  oak-leaved — H.  quercifolia — with 
large  sterile  blossoms  mingled  with  the  fertile  ones  in 
the  same  cluster.  The  process  of  cultivation  always 
tends  to  transform  stamens  and  pistils  into  petals,  mak- 
ing the  flower  only  for  show,  without  the  means  of  self- 
propagation,  resulting  usually  in  such  metamorphoses  as 
we  find  in  the  cultivated  rose  and  chrysanthemum  with 
a  multitude  of  petals.  But  there  is  a  singular  difference 
in  the  process,  in  the  hydrangea,  wherein  the  flower's 
force  is  expended  in  simply  enlarging  the  calyx — it  has 
no  corolla — instead  of  multiplying  the  number  of  sepals. 
It  may  here  be  remarked,  that  while  color  and  form — 
mere  sensuous  beauty — may  be  equally  appreciated  by 
all,  intelligent  interest  in  nature's  processes  of  growth, 
which  afford  a  considerable  part  of  the  subject's  at- 
tractiveness, is  quite  impossible  without  an  understand- 
ing of  structural  botany  ;  and  this  is  where  the  modern 
"short  methods"  of  nature-study  reveal  their  super- 
ficiality. 

Among  the  rugged,  dark-green -foli aged  shrubs  and 
trees,  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  sometimes  prac- 
tically valuable  genera  is  the  alder ;  too  coarse-fibred 
for  good  effect  at  short  range,  it  can  be  massed  along  a 
water-course,  pond,  or  lake  very  satisfactorily ;  indeed, 
there  is  nothing  that  quite  takes  its  place  in  that  situa- 
tion. Its  growth  is  thrifty,  and  its  compacted  roots 
prevent  erosion  of  the  shore.  Our  three  native  species 
are  all  shrubs,  with  no  conspicuous  differences,  and  a 
practical  value  of  them  all  is  their  protection  of  tender 

158 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


plants  in  wind-exposed  localities,  as  they  are  too  vigor- 
ous to  be  affected  by  any  climatic  inclemencies.  The 
European  alder  is  a  tree,  whose  dark  trunk  and  foliage 
make  it  a  pleasing  accessory  of  a  water-scene,  showing 
to  advantage  in  several  places  in  the  Park,  and  it  is  lux- 
uriantly covered  with  yellowish  catkins  in  early  spring. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  of  the  Deutzia  gracilis  that 
it  is  the  most  chaste  and  elegant  little  shrub  that  we 
have ;  and  it  is  an  almost  inevitable  corollary  of  that 
proposition,  that  it  comes  from  Japan.  In  texture  of 
petal  and  leaf,  in  form  and  purity  of  its  delicate  white 
flower,  and  in  that  atmosphere  that  is  not  reducible  to 
words,  it  is  so  singular  that  it  might  be  called  a  thrush 
among  the  flowers.  Some  plants  must  have  their  loca- 
tion carefully  considered  ;  they  are  more  or  less  fastidi- 
ous; they  might  mar,  or  be  marred  by,  their  surroundings ; 
but  the  little  deutzia,  like  a  kind  word,  fits  in  anywhere. 

Another  species  much  cultivated,  D.  crenata,  is  not 
materially  different,  but  lacks  the  purity  of  color  and  the 
dainty  diminutiveness  of  the  gracilis.  A  larger  shrub 
is  D.  scabra,  which  is  literally  overwhelmed  in  bloom 
in  June,  and  the  leaf,  which  is  very  scabrous,  is  a  most 
beautiful  object  under  the  microscope,  the  roughness 
consisting  of  silver  stars,  having  six  to  ten  rays,  thickly 
covering  the  field.  Other  species,  varieties,  and  hybrids 
bring  the  number  up  to  eight  or  more  now  in  this  coun- 
try, but  the  type  of  the  genus  is  most  finely  expressed  in 
Deutzia  gracilis. 

A  group  for  the  most  part  tropical  or  sub- tropical, 
but  containing  a  few  species  hardy  in  the  Northern 
States,  is  Styrax,  whose  type  of  flower  and  leaf  much 

159 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


resembles  that  of  the  silver-bell-tree  elsewhere  described. 
Of  our  three  native  species,  one  or  two  are  worthy  of 
cultivation — S.  grandiflora,  about  six  feet  high,  and  the 
lower  S.  obassia,  the  flowers  of  both  clustered  in  racemes. 
But  a  better  species  is  the  one  from  Japan,  S.  scrrulatay 
with  finer  leaves  and  larger  blossoms,  of  quite  an  arboreal 
figure  with  spreading  branches.  Its  hardiness  and  adap- 
tability also  recommend  it,  with  perhaps  the  only  draw- 
back that  its  flowering  period  is  very  brief. 

The  fact  that  a  plant  blossoms  as  late  as  September  or 
even  October  attracts  attention,  and  becomes  a  large  in- 
ducement to  its  cultivation.  We  have  two  such  species 
in  the  Desmodium  genus,  both  of  foreign  growth — D. 
penduliflorum,  of  purplish-rose  color,  and  D.  japonicum, 
with  white  blossoms.  The  flowering  is  profuse  in  both 
if  well  trimmed  each  year,  and  the  effect  of  drooping 
flower-laden  branches  so  late  in  the  season  is  particularly 
pleasing. 

Closely  allied  to  the  spiraea  is  a  small  genus,  Exo- 
chorda,  better  known  as  pearl  bush,  from  the  tint  of  its 
blossoms.  It  comes  from  China,  and  is  quite  hardy  in 
the  Northern  States.  Properly  treated  it  is  orna- 
mental, but  as  its  foliage  is  scanty  it  must  be  pruned 
quite  close.  As  in  spiraea  the  beauty  is  mainly  in  its 
bloom. 

A  shrub  only  four  or  five  feet  high,  but  with  a  single 
shaft  that  makes  it  arboreal,  is  the  leather- wood,  whose 
clustered,  greenish-yellow  flowers  develop  before  the 
long  and  tapering  leaves.  Its  chief  interest  is  the  re- 
markable character  of  its  bark,  which  is  as  impression- 
able as  softened  wax,  but  at  once  regaining  its  shape 

160 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


when  the  pressure  is  removed,  and  extremely  tenacious, 
so  that  the  Indians  utilized  it  for  bowstrings  and  other 
purposes.  As  a  curiosity  it  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation 
where  space  permits. 

A  genus  affording  a  rich  yellow  bloom  late  in  summer 
—July  to  October — is  Hypericum,  or  St.  John's-wort. 
Many  of  its  herbaceous  species  are  indigenous  and  very 
familiar,  but  within  our  territory  only  two  are  in  shrub- 
form,  the  most  important  being  H.  kalmianum,  which  is 
chiefly  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls.  It  has 
become  a  favorite  flower  in  England,  and  its  bright  yel- 
low bloom  in  August  entitles  it  to  wider  appreciation  in 
America.  Yet  it  is  rather  surpassed  by  several  kindred 
species  from  abroad,  such  as  H.  aureum,  quite  a  small 
plant,  but  with  larger  blossoms  than  our  own,  and  H. 
moseriana,  with  flowers  sometimes  two  and  a  half  inches 
across,  which  is  perhaps  not  hardy  enough  for  Southern 
New  England  without  protection  in  winter.  It  is  needless 
to  name  other  species  that  do  not  differ  materially  from 
the  foregoing.  A  peculiarity  in  all  the  genus  is  in  the  op- 
posite entire  leaves  that  are  conspicuously  spattered  with 
black  dots,  though  not  observable  at  a  distance.  This 
group  is  valuable  for  its  golden  bloom  at  a  season  when 
it  is  most  welcome. 

A  tall  thorny  shrub  that  is  often  a  tree,  and  used  for 
hedges  in  England,  is  the  common  buckthorn — Rham- 
nus  catharticus — with  simple,  opposite,  ovate  leaves,  and 
very  small  but  abundant  and  fragrant  flowers,  mostly 
white  or  pink.  Though  growing  wild  in  some  parts  of 
New  England  it  is  a  naturalized  European  species.  Its 
general  type  is  so  much  better  represented  in  the  various 

161 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


thorns  of  the  Cratcegus  genus  (hawthorn,  black  thorn, 
etc.)  that  it  will  hardly  come  into  popular  favor. 

Some  genera,  like  acacia,  contain  several  hundred 
species ;  but  occasionally  a  genus-type  has  but  a  single 
representation,  like  Stephanandra,  in  the  rose  family, 
in  many  respects  resembling  spiraea ;  but  a  marked  dif- 
ference is  in  its  more  ornamental  foliage,  which  is  red- 
dish-purple in  spring,  then  changes  to  a  lustrous  green, 
and  in  autumn  resumes  its  spring-tint.  In  the  flowering 
season  the  whole  plant  is  enveloped  in  white  bloom ;  its 
native  haunts  seem  to  be  in  Japan. 

Few  genera  call  for  such  extended  notice,  for  their 
contributions  in  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  as  the  uni- 
versally popular  magnolia;  and  the  shrubs  of  this  group 
are  perhaps  its  most  important  section.  Among  the 
early  spring  flowers  nothing  is  more  conspicuous  than 
the  large  purple  and  white  blossoms  of  the  M.  purpurea 
and  M.  soulangeana,  so  profuse  that  the  leafless  branches 
are  completely  enveloped  in  bloom.  The  former  has 
purple  on  the  outside  and  pure  white  on  the  inside  of 
the  flower,  whereas  the  latter,  probably  a  hybrid,  has  a 
white  flower  that  is  suffused  with  purple.  Even  M.  pur- 
purea is  regarded  by  some  as  a  hybrid.  Both  come 
from  China  and  are  perfectly  hardy.  In  tint  and  text- 
ure of  petal  they  do  not  compare  with  the  more  elegant 
rhododendron  and  azalea,  but  in  mass  of  showy  color 
they  eclipse  every  other  shrub  we  have.  The  buds, 
formed  in  the  previous  year,  are  large  and  prominent 
throughout  the  winter,  as  if  eager  to  throw  off  their  vel- 
vet wrappings  with  the  first  warm  touch  of  spring.  An- 
other foreign  species,  M.  alexandrina,  has  large  pink 

162 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


flowers,  and  in  M.  gracilis  they  are  a  rich  purple.  Con- 
spicuously different  from  all  others  is  M.  stellata,  a  hardy 
sort  from  Japan,  also  in  the  Park,  whose  small  flowers 
have  about  fifteen  narrow  petals,  rayed  like  a  star.  It 
blossoms  very  early,  is  fragrant,  like  most  of  the  mag- 
nolias, and  its  smaller  size  makes  it  more  suitable  for 
some  situations  than  any  of  the  others. 

Our  only  native  species  in  shrub  form — and  even  this 
is  quite  arborescent — is  the  swamp  magnolia,  or  sweet 
bay,  M.  glauca,  whose  extreme  northern  limit  is  prob- 
ably Cape  Ann,  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Massachusetts. 
This  has  smaller  blossoms  than  most  of  the  others,  but 
remains  well  in  flower,  and  is  quite  fragrant.  The  leaf- 
type  is  essentially  the  same  throughout  the  genus,  and 
the  rich  heavy  foliage  partly  atones  for  the  rather  un- 
graceful figure  of  most  of  the  species,  and  affords  a  pleas- 
ing contrast  to  other  greens.  It  is  unnecessary  to  enu- 
merate the  other  species  and  hybrids  in  cultivation,  as 
the  differences  are  not  very  conspicuous. 

The  genus  mulberry,  containing  several  interesting 
trees,  is  here  referred  to  only  to  call  attention  to  a  curi- 
ous and  beautiful  variety  that  might  be  reckoned  among 
the  shrubs,  effected  by  grafting  pendulous  stock  upon  a 
short  shaft — the  Russian  weeping  mulberry.  The  leaf 
is  very  unique  and  variable  in  contour,  and  the  mass  of 
luxuriant  growth  sweeping  on  all  sides  to  the  ground, 
completely  hiding  the  supporting  trunk,  is  singularly 
beautiful. 

A  genus  little  known,  but  affording  a  valuable  accession 
to  our  list  of  ornamental  shrubs,  is  Elczagnus,  or  oleas- 
ter, whose  special  characteristics  are  foliage  that  is  dark 

163 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


green  above  and  silvery-white  below  (sometimes  entirely 
white),  and  a  profusion  of  usually  bright  red  fruit  about 
the  size  of  currants.  The  one  native  species  worth  cul- 
tivating is  E.  canadensis,  or  Missouri  silver- tree — though 
its  greatest  height  is  about  ten  feet — which  produces 
fragrant  yellow  flowers  in  July  and  August,  its  foliage 
silvery  throughout.  The  Japanese  E.  longipes  is  one  of 
the  finest,  and  about  five  feet  high,  though  in  its  native 
land  it  is  many  times  higher.  Its  combined  effect  of  dark 
foliage  and  bright  fruit  is  striking,  the  latter  being  utilized 
in  France  for  preserves,  and  highly  esteemed.  The 
wild  olive  of  olden  times  is  another  species  of  the  group, 
called  E.  angustifolius ,  and  sometimes  Jerusalem  willow. 
New  species  are  being  introduced  and  tested,  and  this 
genus  should  be  kept  in  mind  in  selecting  for  the  lawn. 

Itea  furnishes  a  single  hardy  shrub,  virginica^  worthy 
of  cultivation.  The  foliage,  green  in  spring,  afterwards 
changes  to  a  distinct  red,  and  in  June  the  plant  is  abun- 
dantly decorated  with  the  bloom  of  white  racemes ; 
growing  wild  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey,  it  is  hardy 
enough  for  general  cultivation. 

Corylopsis,  native  only  to  Asia,  has  only  recently 
been  introduced  into  this  country.  It  is  characterized 
by  yellow  fine-petaled  blossoms  in  showy  lateral  racemes, 
which  in  at  least  one  species,  C.  spicata,  develop  before 
the  leaves.  That  this  species  is  a  favorite  in  Japan  is 
sufficient  endorsement  for  its  rapid  introduction.  The 
few  other  sorts  in  the  genus  need  not  here  be  particular- 
ized, as  they  strongly  resemble  C.  spicata,  whose  bright 
spring  bloom  makes  it  a  welcome  addition  to  our  shrub- 
bery. 

164 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


Symphoricarpus  contains  two  species  of  small  shrubs 
whose  white  and  red  berries,  respectively,  have  given 
them  the  names  of  snow-berry  and  coral-berry.  They 
are  delicately  foliaged,  and  produce  small  but  very 
pretty  pinkish  flowers  in  mid-summer.  The  snow-berry 
has  fewer  but  much  larger  and  handsomer  berries  than 
the  coral-berry,  in  which  they  are  dull  red  and  crowded 
on  the  stems.  Both  grow  wild  in  our  territory,  but  are 
chiefly  seen  in  cultivation. 

Antedating  the  flowering  of  the  forsythia  by  at  least 
two  weeks  is  a  plant  which,  in  its  type  and  color  of 
blossom,  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  it — the  early- 
flowering  jasmine  {Jasminum  nudiflorum)  from  China, 
very  conspicuous  in  its  solitary  bloom.  Being  a  pros- 
trate shrub,  it  verges  on  the  vine,  and  can  be  effec- 
tively massed  in  an  upright  position  against  the  house, 
where  it  shows  with  fine  effect.  The  later  appearing 
leaves  are  trifoliate.  It  is  on  the  east  side  of  the 
"  Ramble. " 

Allied  to  our  angelica-tree  is  a  thorny  shrub  from 
China  (Aralia  chinensis),  of  lower  growth,  and  with 
minute  differences  that  indicate  diverse  origin.  This  is 
in  the  Park,  with  another  (A.  pentaphylla),  from  Japan, 
whose  leaf  is  palmate  with  five  leaflets.  Both  may  need 
slight  protection  in  winter. 

The  Chinese  chestnut,  so  called  (Xanthoceras  sorbifo- 
//#),  found  in  the  Park,  is  but  little  cultivated  as  yet  in 
this  country.  It  is  very  showy  in  bloom,  producing  an 
abundance  of  long  clusters  of  white  flowers,  and  the 
compound  leaves  are  not  unlike  those  of  the  mountain- 
ash.  Not  being  especially  tender,  and  of  graceful  figure, 

165 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


it  ought  to  become  widely  popular,  especially  as  its 
bloom  is  among  the  earliest. 

One  would  not  naturally  think  of  selecting  the  swamp 
blueberry,  Vaccinium  corymbosum,  for  ornament;  and 
he  will  usually  be  surprised  at  the  attractive  appearance 
it  can  be  made  to  present,  when  properly  trained,  in  its 
abundant  array  of  greenish-white  heath-like  blossoms,  in 
early  spring.  The  time  of  year  is  half  the  secret  of  it. 
Although  rather  coarse -natured  as  a  whole,  the  hungry 
eye  is  almost  as  delighted  at  seeing  it  as  if  it  were  some 
rare  exotic.  It  is  too  shrewd  to  display  its  limited 
charms  in  June.  It  is  quite  a  large  and  conspicuous 
object  in  the  "Ramble,1*  and  several  of  its  fellow-vac- 
cinia are  distributed  in  the  Park. 

One  of  the  choicest  evergreen  shrubs  is  the  English 
holly ;  and  a  handsomer  effect  in  vegetation  is  rarely 
seen,  when  its  dark,  thick,  glossy  foliage  is  illuminated 
with  an  abundance  of  bright  red  berries ;  in  leaf  and 
fruit  it  is  distinctly  finer  than  our  native  species.  A 
bewildering  number  of  varieties,  many  of  them  with 
curious  effects  of  mottled  foliage,  is  catalogued,  but  it 
is  unnecessary  here  to  describe  their  slight  differences. 
The  Japanese  species,  Ilex  tatifolius,  is  considered  by  one 
Japanese  traveller  to  be  the  finest  evergreen  of  its  sort  in 
that  country,  its  leaves  not  less  than  six  inches  long, 
more  glossy,  if  possible,  than  in  the  English  holly,  and 
the  berries  more  brilliant ;  unfortunately  it  is  not  hardy 
enough  for  the  Northern  States.  /.  crenata,  said  to  be 
the  most  popular  holly  in  Japan,  has  leaves  only  about 
one  inch  long,  finely  serrate,  and  black  fruit.  Our 
own  holly,  /.  opaca,  ignobly  brings  up  the  rear, 

166 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


and,  though  abundantly  used  and  beautiful  for  Christ- 
mas decorations,  is  manifestly  inferior  to  the  foreign 
sorts. 

A  closely  related  shrub,  but  deciduous,  and  popular 
for  winter  decoration,  when  its  leafless  branches  are 
loaded  with  red  berries,  is  the  winterberry  or  black 
alder,  a  native  growth,  and  a  familiar  object  to  those 
who  explore  the  woods  in  autumn. 

The  most  polite  way  to  warn  off  intruders  upon  your 
grounds  is  by  a  hedge.  Fences  are  semi-civilized  and 
only  fit  for  cattle.  Stone  walls  must  have  their  asper- 
ity tempered  by  vines  and  mosses  to  be  picturesque. 
Hedge-rows  are  one  of  the  most  beautiful  devices  of 
English  scenery,  but  one  looks  upon  the  high  bare  walls 
there  as  a  personal  affront;  whereas  a  hedge  is  such  a 
gracious  refusal  of  admission  that  it  pleases  rather  than 
offends. 

Among  many  shrubs  used  for  the  hedge,  privet  is  one 
of  the  commonest,  a  genus  with  no  American  represent- 
ative. Its  many  species  are  not  as  distinctive  as  in 
some  genera,  but  the  genus-type  is  strongly  marked — 
leaves  small,  long-oval,  entire,  opposite  and  of  firm 
texture,  in  some  species  glossy,  in  the  South  evergreen, 
and  remaining  fresh  in  the  North  long  after  most  other 
leaves  have  fallen.  Delightfully  clean  and  fresh  in  ap- 
pearance, hardy,  quick-growing,  accommodating  them- 
selves to  all  soils  and  conditions,  the  privets  are  a 
good-natured  folk,  adept  in  finding  the  pleasant  side  of 
every  situation — the  result  of  good  health  as  much  as  of 
grace  of  heart.  If  not  trimmed,  the  abundant  small 
white  flowers  in  panicled  clusters,  often  fragrant,  are  a 

167 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


pleasing  feature ;  but  in  hedge-form,  when  the  new 
shoots  are  closely  cropped,  there  is  little  opportunity  for 
blossoming.  The  commonest  is  the  English  privet  or 
prim,  in  two  or  three  varieties,  with  berries  black  or 
yellow,  and  leaves  box-like  or  variegated.  The  so- 
called  California  privet  is  a  case  of  false  credit,  as  it 
really  originates  in  Japan.  This  is  quite  a  feature  in  the 
Park,  especially  on  the  south  declivity  of  Bolivar  hill, 
on  the  extreme  west  side,  where  it  forms  a  miniature 
grove,  most  noticeable  in  fall,  when  its  remarkable 
foliage  retains  all  of  its  spring  freshness. 

Not  to  be  confounded  with  viburnum  is  laburnum,  the 
latter  a  leguminose  genus,  whereas  viburnum  is  in  the 
honeysuckle  family.  Laburnum  has  no  American  rep- 
resentative, but  two  or  three  beautiful  foreign  species 
are  in  the  Park,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers 
in  long  pendent  racemes,  whence  the  name  of  golden- 
chain.  They  are  upright,  arborescent  shrubs,  of  fem- 
inine figure,  and  an  effective  growth  amid  sturdier 
forms. 

Another  leguminose  genus  is  Colutea,  with  bright- 
green  compound  leaves,  and  making  a  brave  show  of 
yellow  blossoms  that  are  followed  by  almost  translucent 
bladdery  pods,  so  hardy  as  to  grow  at  the  very  summit 
of  Mt.  Vesuvius.  The  commonest  species  is  called 
bladder -senna. 

The  thorns — Cratczgus — are  often  classed  as  shrubs, 
assuming  indifferently  the  forms  of  shrub  and  tree  ;  but 
having  already  been  considered  as  trees,  they  may  here 
be  passed  over. 

No  lawn  should  be  without  a  Kerria  japonica,  also 
168 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


called  corchorus ;  for  among  low  shrubs  it  has  few 
equals.  The  very  foliage,  of  delicate  texture,  beautiful 
tint  and  graceful  contour,  bespeaks  its  refinement ;  and 
when  profusely  laden  with  golden-yellow  flowers,  it  is  a 
gem  fit  for  the  choicest  situation.  The  double-flowered 
variety  was  first  introduced,  but  strangely  enough  it 
is  quite  inferior  to  the  original  single-flowering  form 
which  is  now  becoming  prevalent. 

A  recent  introduction  from  Japan,  characterized  by 
large  pure -white  blossoms  rather  abundant  but  single  at 
the  ends  of  the  stems,  and  by  large  ovate  leaves  finely 
jagged  on  the  edge,  and  conspicuous  in  late  fall  for  their 
remarkably  vivid  tint,  is  Rhodotypos  kerrioides,  thickly 
planted  along  many  walks  in  the  Park.  Few  plants  re- 
tain their  bright  verdure  so  long,  and  through  summer 
and  autumn  scattering  blossoms  are  never  absent, 
though  of  that  sporadic  sort  that  does  not  greatly 
beautify  the  plant,  after  its  true  flowering  season  is 
over.  For  October  greenery  it  cannot  be  excelled. 

A  shrub  that  never  seems  to  know  when  to  stop  blos- 
soming is  the  purple-flowering  raspberry,  Rubus  odora- 
tus,  a  peculiar  plant  of  the  wayside,  the  woods,  and 
the  select  surroundings  of  the  garden — all  things  to  all 
men.  Its  huge  three-lobed  leaves  are  not  unsightly, 
unlike  other  raspberries  it  has  no  prickles,  its  showy 
purplish-rose  flowers  are  two  inches  across,  and  its  sta- 
mens are  legion — or,  more  exactly,  about  200  !  It  is 
only  for  show,  as  its  large  flat  berry  is  very  insipid  ;  but 
if  kept  within  limits  it  is  interesting  and  attractive 
in  cultivation,  though  one  is  better  pleased  to  meet  it 
unexpectedly  in  the  wildwood. 

169 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


Even  in  horticulture  utility  is  sometimes  paramount 
to  beauty,  which  is  almost  the  only  excuse  for  alluding 
to  the  Myricas — coarse-fibred  shrubs  that  can  withstand 
all  attacks  of  wind  and  weather,  and  are  serviceable  as  a 
defensive  growth  for  other  low  plants  in  sea-side  lawns. 
So  tenacious  that  they  seem  to  court  hardship,  there 
appears  to  be  no  exposure  too  severe  for  them,  and  two 
of  them  thrive  in  the  most  barren  soil.  Yet  it  must  be 
conceded,  despite  their  commonness,  that  the  foliage  is 
most  pleasantly  aromatic,  and  the  dark-green  leaf  al- 
most glossy  and  of  good  texture. 

The  most  useful  is  AT.  cerifera,  also  called  wax-myrtle 
and  bayberry ;  and  in  winter  this  is  covered  with  whit- 
ish pellets — minute  globular  cones  coated  with  a  waxen 
substance  that  has  some  commercial  value  for  soap  and 
candles,  one  pound  of  wax  being  obtained  by  boiling 
four  pounds  of  berries.  This  species  is  three  to  six  or 
even  eight  feet  high ;  but  M.  Gale,  or  sweet  gale,  is  a 
lower  plant  with  a  smaller  leaf,  growing  close  to  the 
water.  The  third  native  species  is  M.  asplenifolia,  or 
sweet  fern,  whose  task  seems  to  be  to  cover  the  most 
sterile  and  unattractive  spots  it  can  find.  The  hum- 
blest object  in  nature  is  full  of  suggestion  if  we  only 
know  how  to  look  at  it,  and  nothing  is  to  be  despised. 
Sweet  fern  is  a  case  in  hand.  If  one  will  look  at  the 
leaf  illustration  (Plate  IX.)  of  shrubs,  a  curious  bit  of 
nature's  forethought  in  structure  will  be  apparent, 
which  had  never  occurred  to  me  until  I  prepared  the 
drawing.  As  a  rule  the  two  parts  of  a  leaf,  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  mid-rib,  are  very  symmetrical,  and  in  the 
most  intricate  configuration,  as  in  oak  and  maple,  lobes 

170 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


and  incisions  correspond  with  surprising  exactness. 
But  in  the  sweet  fern,  the  incisions,  which  are  very 
deep,  and  reach  almost  to  the  mid-rib,  are  as  uniformly 
alternate  on  the  two  sides.  A  little  thought  will  ex- 
plain this  almost  solitary  exception  to  the  rule.  The 
incisions  are  so  numerous  and  deep  that  the  mid-rib 
would  be  much  weakened  and  liable  to  break  if  they 
exactly  coincided,  but  acquires  rigidity  by  the  simple 
device  of  alternating  the  incisions,  whereby  the  mid- 
rib is  strengthened  on  one  side  when  weakened  on 
the  other.  I  shall  always  have  more  respect  for  this 
despised  weed  after  such  proof  of  painstaking  in  its 
construction. 

For  those  whose  grounds  adjoin  a  lake  or  pond,  the 
familiar  button-bush,  Cephalanthus  occidentalis ',  is  worth 
considering.  It  grows  in  water,  has  luxuriant,  dark- 
green  foliage,  and  showy  clusters  of  white  flowers, 
densely  massed  into  spherical  heads  ;  the  leaves  are  op- 
posite or  whorled. 

I  have  seen  no  shrub  in  the  Park  whose  glossy  ever- 
green foliage  surpasses  that  of  Mahonia  aquifolium,  per- 
haps the  most  desirable  low  species  of  its  sort.  The 
leaf  is  pinnate,  and  each  leaflet  is  the  duplicate  of  the 
English  holly  leaf,  but  with  a  lustre  that  can  scarcely  be 
rivalled ;  and  being  in  the  barberry  family,  it  is  often 
called  holly -leaved  barberry.  It  comes  from  the  Far 
West,  and,  though  called  evergreen  in  the  books,  it  does 
not  prove  so  in  the  Park.  Its  short  racemes  of  small 
yellow  flowers  are  produced  early  in  spring,  and  followed 
by  blackish  berries.  It  should  be  included  in  every  list 
of  lawn  shrubbery,  however  small. 

171 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


It  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  a  more  extraordinary,  deli- 
cate, and  beautiful  shrub  than  the  Tamarix,  or  Tama- 
risk. It  is  an  exclusively  foreign  genus,  and  it  can  truly 
be  said,  there  is  nothing  more  charmingly  singular  in  the 
Park  than  the  few  specimens  scattered  here  and  there. 
The  finest  is  the  African,  its  lithe,  willowy  branches 
literally  buried  in  the  countless  tiny  blossoms  of  early 
spring  before  a  leaf  appears.  Yet  the  climax  is  not  in 
the  bloom,  but  in  the  full-foliaged  effect,  its  million 
leaves  as  minute  as  the  lobes  of  the  most  delicate  fern, 
making  the  entire  shrub  a  misty  mass  of  translucent 
green,  too  ethereal  for  description.  The  first  view  of 
such  an  one  as  is  found  in  the  "  Ramble  M  can  only  be 
greeted  with  an  exclamation.  This  will  seem  fulsome 
praise  only  to  those  who  have  never  beheld  the  plant, 
and  are  not  imaginative  enough  to  picture  it.  Nature 
was  in  her  most  poetic  mood  when  she  devised  the 
African  tamarisk,  and  when  she  came  out  of  it  she  fell 
to  making  the  Jersey  scrub  pine  and  persimmon. 

Within  a  few  years  a  unique  type  of  foliage  ornamen- 
tation has  come  into  great  favor,  in  the  curious,  finely 
cut,  and  richly  tinted  leaves  of  Japanese  maples — shrubs 
in  size  but  arboreal  in  figure,  and  forming  one  of  the 
most  delightful  contributions  of  that  favored  land  to  our 
Western  sylva.  From  the  leaf  one  would  never  dream 
that  these  were  maples,  but  the  winged  fruit  is  an  un- 
mistakable sign  of  kinship  to  our  popular  species.  The 
blossom,  as  a  rule,  is  an  inconspicuous  feature  in  these, 
as  in  European  and  most  American  maples,  but  the 
pink  flower  of  Acer  japonicum  is  very  pretty.  A  species 
becoming  widely  cultivated  is  A.  polymorphism,  with  a 

172 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


delicate  five-  to  seven-fingered  leaf;  a  variety  of  this  is 
dark  purple,  and  this  again  has  a  cut-leaved  sub-variety, 
producing  a  most  exquisite  fringed  effect  in  the  mass  ; 
in  spring  particularly,  when  the  new  foliage  takes  on  a 
crimson  shade,  the  effect  of  the  pendent  branches  is  su- 
perb. A  variety  of  A.  japonicum  has  yellow  leaves  that 
mingle  well  with  dark  foliage.  Another  sort  has  a  com- 
mingling of  rose,  green,  white,  and  yellow  on  the  same 
tree,  which  would  be  bizarre,  were  it  not  for  the  match- 
less tints  and  the  elegant  contour  of  the  small  leaves. 

These  growths  are  among  the  most  important  acqui- 
sitions of  recent  times,  and  are  particularly  desirable  for 
small  grounds,  yet  none  the  less  giving  a  peculiarly 
graceful  touch  in  the  daintier  landscape  scenes  of  the 
more  spacious  park. 


The  foregoing  genera,  which  are  well  represented 
in  Central  Park,  contain  our  best  ornamental  shrubs, 
native  and  foreign,  that  are  sufficiently  hardy  for  out- 
door culture  throughout  our  territory  ;  and  the  leading 
species  in  each  genus  have  been  mentioned  in  detail. 

It  may  be  of  service  to  those  making  a  selection  to 
present  the  following  lists,  arranged  with  reference  to 
securing  the  greatest  variety  of  effect,  and  suitable  for 
lawns  requiring  from  one  to  four  dozen  species  of  shrubs 
and  trees,  each  list  being  supplementary  to  the  preced- 
ing, for  grounds  of  larger  extent. 

The  aim  being,  in  general,  to  suggest  the  rarer  and 
newer  sorts,  several  well-known  species,  like  lilac,  rose 
of  Sharon,  and  flowering  dogwood,  are  omitted,  with- 

i73 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


out  at  all  underrating  their  value.  It  is  perhaps  need- 
less to  add  that  these  rarer  species  are  generally  some- 
what more  expensive,  for  which  there  will  doubtless  be 
ample  compensation  in  the  greater  satisfaction  derived 
from  a  more  choice  and  varied  selection,  whose  beauties 
of  color  and  form  are  not  reduplicated  upon  your  neigh- 
bor's grounds.  To  the  popular  name  of  each  species  is 
added  its  botanical  name,  color  of  blossom,  and  other 
characteristic  features. 

FIRST   DOZEN 

Weeping  cut-leaved  white  birch  (Betula  alba  laciniata  pendula) 

Weeping  beech  (Fagus  sylvatica  pendula) 

Forsythia  viridissima  ;   yellow  ;  April 

Japanese  quince;   Pyrus  japonica;   pink  to  white;   early  spring 

Kerria  japonica ;   yellow  ;   early  summer 

Deutzia  gracilis  ;   white ;   early  summer 

Hydrangea  paniculata  grandiflora ;   white,  then  pink ;   September 

Euonymus  japonicus ;   evergreen,  glossy 

Weigela  amabilis  ;   red  or  white  ;  June 

Tamarix  africana ;   pink ;    May,  June 

Pieris  japonica ;   white;   April,  May;   evergreen,  glossy 

Cembra  pine  (Pinus  Cembra) 

SECOND   DOZEN 

Cut-leaved  beech  (Fagus  sylvatica  asplenifolia) 

Weeping  Russian  mulberry  (Morus  tartarica  pendula) 

Yulan  ;    white ;   April  (Magnolia  conspicua) 

Magnolia  soulangeana ;    purplish  ;    April 

English  hawthorn ;  pink ;  June  (Crataegus  oxyacantha  flore  plena 

rosea) 

Rhododendron  ;  various  tints  ;    June 
Rosa  rugosa ;  pink ;   June 
Holly-leaved  barberry  (Mahonia  aquifolia) 
Cryptomeria  japonica;   coniferous  evergreen 

174 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


Viburnum  plicatum  ;   white  ;  June 

Desmodium  penduliflorum  ;   rose-purple  ;   September,  October. 
Cut-leaved   Japanese  maple    (Acer  polymorphum  atropurpureum 
dissectum) 

THIRD    DOZEN 

Cercis  chinensis  ;   purplish-pink  ;   May 

Clammy  locust  ;  rose  ;  July  (Robinia  viscosa) 

Elaeagnus  longipes  ;    showy  fruit 

Leucothoe  racemosa;   white;   April,  May 

Purple-leaved  hazel-nut  (Corylus  avellana  atropurpurea) 

Daphne  mezereum  ;   pink  ;   early  spring 

Smoke-tree,  yellow  ;   June  (Rhus  cotinus) 

Azalea  amoena  ;   pink  ;    May 

Spiraea  Reevesii  ;    white  ;  June 

Cut-leaved  smooth  sumach  (Rhus  glabra  laciniata) 

European  mountain-ash  (Pirus  aucuparia  var.  pendula) 

Retinospora  ericoides  ;  coniferous  evergreen 

FOURTH    DOZEN 

Paulownia  imperialis  ;   purple  ;  June. 

Silver-bell-tree  ;   white  ;   May  (Halesia  tetraptera) 

Silver  fir  of  Colorado  (Abies  concolor) 

Austrian  pine  (Pinus  austriacus) 

Japanese  flowering-apple  ;   red  ;   May  (Pirus  malus  floribunda) 

Magnolia  stellata  ;   white  ;   May 

Styrax  japonica  ;   white  ;   early  summer 

Caragana  arborescens  ;  yellow  ;   May 

Barberry  (Berberis  Thunbergii) 

Purple-leaved  maple  (Acer  pseudo-platanus  atropurpurea) 

Koelreuteria  ;   yellow  ;  July,  August. 

Weigela  variegata;  pink;   May,  June;  leaves  variegated 


The  selection  of  vines,  which  depends  so  much  upon 
particular  requirements,  and  the  facilities  for  their  sup- 
port, cannot  be  advised  in  the  same  manner  as  trees 

i75 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


and  shrubs.  Without  interference  with  the  foregoing 
lists,  they  can  be  interspersed  according  to  the  con- 
ditions of  the  case.  It  is  by  these  that  the  final  touch  of 
ornamentation  in  natural  scenery  is  afforded.  Graceful, 
delicate,  artless,  and  wayward,  they  seem  to  symbolize 
childhood  better  than  all  else  that  grows.  A  beautiful 
vine  is  like  a  gem  of  lyric  poetry,  the  consummate  ex- 
pression of  nature's  tenderness. 

The  Park  contains  forty  varieties  of  vines.  Besides 
the  ubiquitous  wistaria,  ampelopsis,  and  ivy,  one  will 
find  here  and  there  a  hydrangea-leaved  vine  clinging 
to  the  rocks,  which  we  must,  perforce,  introduce  to  the 
reader  under  the  fearful  name  of  Schizophragma  hy- 
drangeoides,  as  it  comes  from  abroad  and  has  no  popular 
title.  Its  strong,  glossy  leaves  finely  drape  its  rocky 
support,  and  nothing  could  be  better  for  covering  an  ex- 
tensive wall.  It  climbs  by  aerial  rootlets  like  the  ivy. 

A  delicate  little  herbaceous  vine  with  a  curiously 
shaped  compound  leaf  and  violet  flowers  having  three 
concave  petals,  is  the  Akebia  quinata,  from  Japan ;  and 
from  China  comes  the  great-flowered  trumpet-flower 
(Tecoma  grandifivra) ,  with  orange -red  bell -shaped 
flowers  three  inches  across,  and  showy  pinnate  leaves. 
Hardly  inferior  is  our  native  species  (T.  radicans),  which 
is  cultivated  abroad. 

Here,  too,  are  the  best  of  the  clematis  species,  hailing 
from  Japan  and  Europe — -flammula,  lanuginosa,  panicu- 
lata,  Jackmanni,  and  Henryi — superb  examples  of  hor- 
ticultural art,  showing  most  remarkable  differences  in 
size,  tint,  and  texture  of  flowers.  The  paniculata  is  so 
hardy,  luxuriant,  and  fragrant  that  it  leaves  nothing  to 

176 


Shrubs  and  Vines 


be  desired  in  that  type  of  a  vine,  while  the  large  purple 
Jackmanni  and  the  immense  creamy-white  Henryi  are 
among  the  choicest  of  their  kind. 

The  best  of  the  climbing  honeysuckles  are  here,  of 
course  with  foreign  labels,  and  of  roses,  our  own  prairie 
rose,  with  the  crimson  rambler,  yellow  rambler,  Balti- 
more Belle,  and  others  from  abroad.  The  omnipresent 
poison-ivy  covers  many  an  oak  and  maple,  adds  not  a 
little  to  the  color-effect  of  autumn,  and  seems  to  injure 
no  one.  The  botanist  Gray  as  a  rule  is  very  dispassion- 
ate in  his  discussion  of  plants,  but  this  one  provokes 
him  to  unusual  ire,  and  he  calls  it  "a  vile  pest"!  I 
feel  more  lenient,  and  have  often  stopped  to  admire  its 
abundant  clusters  of  whitish  flowers,  its  white  berries, 
and  the  October  crimson  by  which  it  shows  its  kinship 
to  the  sumachs. 

One  will  find  here  the  bitter-sweet  (Celastrus  scandens), 
with  its  orange  seeds,  and  the  very  different  bitter-sweet 
(Solanum  dulcamara),  with  its  handsome  scarlet  berries ; 
the  Lycium,  to  all  intents  a  vine,  hanging  profusely 
along  many  a  wall,  purple-flowered  and  scarlet-berried  ; 
also  the  huge-leaved  pipe-vine  (Aristolochia  sipho),  the 
pink-purple  everlasting  pea  (Lathyrus  latifolid),  peri- 
winkle, periploca,  the  curious  trailing  juniper,  as  much 
vine  as  shrub,  and  many  more.  The  entire  catalogue  is 
almost  identical  with  the  lists  advertised  by  the  fore- 
most florists,  and  the  numerous  walls  and  rockeries,  by 
this  elegant  ornamentation,  become  a  conspicuous  feat- 
ure of  the  Park's  attraction,  especially  along  the  walled 
subways,  and  most  of  all  in  their  endless  tints  of  glorious 
autumnal  coloring. 

177 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


After  the  rapid  review  in  which  we  have  glanced 
at  the  prominent  features  of  the  Park's  stately  forest 
growth,  its  brilliant  shrubbery  and  graceful  vines,  let  me 
choose  for  my  last  allusion  that  delicate  trailing  species, 
the  "  memorial  rose  "  (.Rosa  wichuriand) ,  that  best  be- 
fits one's  retrospective  thoughts.  Its  name  is  one  of  the 
most  happily  chosen ;  its  five,  pure  white  petals,  its 
dainty  leaflets,  vivid  green,  and  its  trailing  habit,  afford 
one  of  the  most  charming  effects  in  decoration  of  a  rock- 
ery, or  to  hang  over  a  low  wall ;  a  tender-thoughted 
creature  of  the  soil,  that  lingers  long  in  memory. 

Reviewing  the  foregoing  inventory  of  trees,  shrubs, 
and  vines,  we  must  exclaim,  what  a  wealth  of  vegetation 
comes  from  Japan  and  China,  the  land  of  flowers,  a 
garden  of  the  Lord,  that  has  given  us  the  yulan,  the 
quince,  kcelreuteria,  forsythia,  kerria,  deutzia,  the  best 
of  the  azaleas,  spiraeas,  honeysuckles,  weigelas — in  a 
word,  the  choicest  of  our  cultivated  plants  in  nearly 
every  type,  particularly  of  the  smaller  growths.  Dis- 
cover a  species  peculiarly  elegant,  brilliant,  or  graceful, 
in  flower  or  foliage,  be  it  tree  or  shrub,  deciduous  or 
evergreen,  and  you  are  almost  sure  to  find  it  labelled 
"  Japonica  "  or  "  Chinensis." 


178 


BOTANICAL    DESCRIPTIONS 

The  following  plant  analysis  is  in  six  divisions,  viz. : 

Native  and  naturalized  trees. 
Native  and  naturalized  shrubs. 
Native  and  naturalized  vines. 
Foreign  and  extra-limital  trees. 
Foreign  and  extra-limital  shrubs. 
Foreign  and  extra-limital  vines. 

After  each  section  in  the  description  are  the  respective 
leaf-illustrations,  showing  every  leaf  whose  form  is  suffi- 
ciently characteristic  to  aid  materially  in  identification. 
Actual  size  is  not  given,  this  being  unnecessary  ;  only 
the  outline  and  system  of  venation  (the  way  in  which  the 
veins  are  arranged),  the  latter  being  often  very  distinc- 
tive. The  further  details  are  found  under  each  leafs 
proper  number,  which  is  given  at  the  bottom  of  each 
plate.  The  fractions,  (%),  (/4)>  etc.,  following  the 
proper  numbers,  mean  that  the  illustrations  are  one-half, 
two-thirds,  etc.,  of  the  average  size  of  the  leaves.  Only 
the  single  leaf  (simple  or  compound)  is  illustrated,  except 
in  case  of  two  or  more  forms  on  the  same  plant,  or 
when  the  mode  of  growth  on  the  stem  is  to  be  shown. 

In  the  Analytical  Keys  the  plants  are  represented  by 
their  proper  numbers. 

To  assist  those  who  wish  to  learn  our  trees,  shrubs, 
and  vines,  but  have  never  studied  botany,  a  brief  ac- 

179 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


count  of  plant  structure  is  given  at  the  end  of  the  book. 
With  those  explanations  and  a  little  practice  in  the  use 
of  the  Keys,  the  great  majority  of  the  following  plants 
can  be  easily  determined  ;  and  even  the  expert  botanist 
can  more  quickly  identify  these  three  sorts  of  growth 
(tree,  shrub,  and  vine)  by  this  method,  than  by  the  con- 
ventional analysis. 

It  will  be  observed  that  only  such  details  of  the  blos- 
som as  can  be  seen  without  a  microscope  (with  the  single 
exception  of  the  very  minute  blossoms  of  the  dodder, 
of  which  only  one  species  is  widely  prevalent  in  our  ter- 
ritory) are  referred  to  throughout  this  work. 

Length  in  feet  and  inches  is  indicated  by  the  signs 
0  and  ' :  thus  a  leaf  3'-6'  is  three  to  six  inches  long ;  a 
shrub  5°-io°  is  five  to  ten  feet  high.  Too  much  stress 
must  not  be  laid  upon  a  leafs  dimensions,  but  the  figures 
express  the  usual  limits.  The  measurement  does  not 
include  the  stem  in  compound  leaves,  nor  in  simple 
leaves  when  it  is  very  long.  p.  means  polypetalous. 
m.  means  monopetalous.  These  terms  are  explained 
under  Plant  Structure.  A  scale  of  inches  is  often  con- 
venient. 


LI 


Scjde  of  inches. 


180 


TREES 

Native  and  naturalized,  found  in  the  Northeastern  United 
States  (Maine  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  the  Missis- 
sippi), classified  by  their  LEAVES. 

A  very  few  of  the  most  familiar  cultivated  foreign  trees, 
even  though  not  naturalized,  are  put  into  this  section,  to 
facilitate  identification.  Those  shrubs  that  are  sometimes 
arboreal  are  here  put  in  parenthesis,  and  their  descriptions 
must  be  looked  for  under  Sf  Shrubs." 

ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Trees  not  "  evergreen  "  nor  cone-bearing  (those  are  151- 
170  ;  see  below). 

Trees  not  thorny  nor  prickly  (those  are  135-150;  see 
below). 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE : 
Entire  : 

widely  distributed  within  territory  : 

leaves     thickish     and     leathery :      1-5,     63 

("  Shrubs, "92,  93) 
leaves  thin :  6-14 

found   only   on   frontier — Virginia,   Kentucky, 
Illinois,  or  northern  part  of  New  England 
or  of  New  York :   15-19 
181 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


LEAVES   SIMPLE:— Continued 
ALTERNATE : 

Serrate  (not  lobed) : 

widely  distributed  within  territory : 
leaves  roundish  :   20-30 

leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong  or  elliptical:   27-53 
leaves  slender,  including  all  willows  :   53-64, 

14 

leaves  triangular :   65-68 
found     only     on     frontier  :       69-75,     17-19 

("Shrubs,"  72) 
Lobed  (lobes  entire,  not  serrate  nor  bristle-pointed) : 

12,  50,  76-80 
Lobed  (lobes  bristle- pointed,  and  occasionally  with  a 

few  scattered  teeth) :  49,  8 1-86 
Serrate  and  Lobed  (not   bristle-pointed) :    jS,  80, 

87-91,  27,  28,  47 
OPPOSITE  : 

Entire:  92-95 

Serrate  (but  not  lobed)  :  96,  97 

Serrate  and  Lobed ':  98-103 

LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  (or  trifoliate) : 
ALTERNATE  : 

edge    of   leaflets    entire  :     104-108,    115,    134 

("Shrubs,"  166) 
edge  of  leaflets  serrate  : 

leaflets  few  (3-11)  :    109-114,  119,  134 
leaflets  many  (13-41) :   115-121 
OPPOSITE  :  122-128 
PALMATE:   129-133 

TREES  THORNY  OR   PRICKLY: 

LEAVES  SIMPLE:   135-145 

LEAVES  COMPOUND  (PINNATE)  :   104,  105,  146-150 
182 


Trees 

EVERGREEN   AND   CONE-BEARING  TREES: 

Strictly  evergreen,  i.e.,  with  foliage  the  entire  year: 

leaves  2-5 -clustered  (i.e.t  growing  from  same  point  on 

stem),  slender,  needle-like,  I'-io'long:   151-158 
leaves  not  clustered,  growing  from  separate  points,  but 

very  short  ( >£'-&') : 

roundish  or  4-angled,  stiff,  apex  sharp:    159-162 
flat,  pliant:    163-165 

leaves  extremely  small  dV~/Oi  scarcely  recognizable  as 
leaves,  flat  and  roundish,  or  awl-shaped  and  prickly  : 
the  branches  with  the  closely  appressed  (when  blunt) 
leaves  forming  more  or  lessyftz^  sprays  :  166-168 
Not  evergreen,  losing  all  foliage  in  autumn,  but  cone-bear- 
ing;  leaf  j£'-i',  either  needle-like,  or  flat  and  nar- 
row: 169,  170 


TREES   WITH    ORNAMENTAL 
BLOSSOMS 

Native  and  naturalized  in  the  Northeastern  United  States. 

ANALYTICAL   KEY 

BLOSSOMS   BEFORE   OR   WITH    THE   LEAVES: 

flowers  white :   42,  44,  72,  92,  143 
"      red:   9,  98 
"      yellow :    12 
"      purple:  8 

BLOSSOMS   AFTER  THE   LEAVES: 

FLOWERS  LARGE  AND  SINGLE  (never  clustered) : 

Leaves  entire : 

crowded  at  end  of  branch,  flower  6-9-petaled :  7, 

16 
scattered  along  branch  : 

flower  entirely  or  chiefly  white,  6-9-petaled  :   I, 

15 
flower  greenish-yellow,  6-9-petaled,  6 

Leaves  lobed  and  squarish  :   76 

"      serrate,  leathery,  glossy:  69  (Va.) 

FLOWERS  CLUSTERED  : 

TREES  THORNY  OR  PRICKLY  : 
leaves  simple  :    135-145 

"      pinnate:    104,  105,  148 
184 


Trees  with  Ornamental  Blossoms 


FLOWERS  CLUSTERED:— Continued 

TREES   NOT   THORNY   NOR   PRICKLY  I 

LEAVES  SIMPLE,  alternate : 

flowers  white  :   10,  20-23,  39>  4*>  44»  4^»  49 

("  Shrubs,"  92,  93)  (71,  72,  Va.) 
flowers  rosy  white  :  47  ("  Shrubs,"  92,  93) 

"      yellow  :   73  (Va.) 
LEAVES  SIMPLE,  opposite :  93,  94,  96,  97 
LEAVES  PINNATE: 

leaflets  entire  :    104-107 
"      serrate  :    117,  118 

LEAVES    PALMATE : 

flowers  white,  spotted:   129 
"       yellow  :   130,  131 
"       purplish:   132 
"      red:   133 


185 


DESCRIPTION    OF    NATIVE 
TREES 

Native  and  naturalized,  found  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States  (Maine  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  the  Miss- 
issippi), with  a  very  few  of  the  commonest  cultivated 
foreign  species. 

For  definition  of  terms  see  pp.  411-424. 

i.  Small   Magnolia.     Sweet  Bay.     (Magnolia  glauca.) 

LEAF:  4'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong  or  oval,  whitish 
beneath,  thickish,  leathery.  FLOWER  :  single,  white,  fragrant, 
2'  broad,  sepals  3,  petals  6-9,  broad  ;  June- August.  RANGE  : 
Cape  Ann,  southward  near  coast ;  low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  VII.) 

2.  Persimmon.      Date-plum.     (Diospyros  Virginiana.) 

LEAF  :  4'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate-oblong,  thickish, 
glossy  when  mature.  FLOWER  :  pistillate  and  staminate  on  dif- 
ferent trees,  corolla  pale  yellow  ;  June.  FRUIT  :  like  plum,  i' 
diameter,  yellow,  edible  after  frost.  RANGE  :  Rhode  Island  to 
Illinois  and  south. 

3.  Willow  Oak.     (Quercus  Phellos.) 

LEAF  :  s'-4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  narrow,  tapering  at  both 
ends,  thickish,  leathery.  Acorn  small,  globular.  RANGE  :  sandy 
woods,  Long  Island  to  Kentucky  and  south.  (PI.  I.) 

4.  Shingle  Oak.     Laurel   Oak.     (Quercus  imbricaria.) 

LEAF  :  4'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-oblong,  glossy 
above,  downy  beneath,  thickish,  leathery.  RANGE  :  open  wood- 
lands, New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  south.  (PI.  I.) 

186 


PLATE   I 


1.  Willow  Oak.  3.  (2/6) 

2.  Laurel  Oak.    4.  (»/8) 

3.  Live  Oak.  18.  (2/3) 


4.  Chestnut  Oak.  50.  ( 

5.  Yellow  Chestnut  Oak. 

6.  White  Oak.  77.  (*/») 


51.  (2/5) 


I87 


Description  of  Native  Trees 


5.  Water  Oak.     (Quercus  aquatica.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4/,  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  obscurely  3-lobed, 
apex  obovate,  base  wedge-shaped,  glossy,  thick.  RANGE  :  Mary- 
land and  south. 

6.  Cucumber-tree.     Mountain  Magnolia.     (Magnolia 
acuminata.) 

LEAF  :  5'-io',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong,  apex  pointed, 
green  both  sides,  thin.  FLOWER  :  $'-4  broad,  bell-shaped, 
yellowish-green,  single,  sepals  3,  petals  6-9 ;  May,  June. 
FRUIT  :  2'-^'  long,  like  small  cucumber.  RANGE  :  rich  woods, 
New  York  to  Ohio,  and  south  ;  tallest  of  magnolias.  (PI.  VIII.) 

7.  Umbrella-tree.  (Magnolia  tripetala.) 
LEAF  :  i°-2°,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-oblong,  apex  and 
base  pointed,  not  thick,  many  crowded  at  end  of  branch  in  um- 
brella-form. FLOWER  :  8'-io'  broad,  white,  slight  and  disagree- 
able odor,  3  sepals,  6-9  petals  ;  May.  RANGE  :  Pennsylvania  to 
south  and  west ;  a  low  tree.  (PI.  VIII.) 

8.  Papaw.     (Asimina  triloba.) 

LEAF:  8'-i2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-obovate,  apex 
pointed,  thin.  FLOWER:  i^'  broad,  dark  purple,  single,  in 
spring  with  leaves.  RANGE  :  west  New  York  to  Illinois  and 
south  ;  low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  VII.) 

9.  Red-bud.  Judas-tree.  (Cercis  canadensis.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  roundish,  base  cordate, 
apex  pointed.  FLOWER  :  small,  very  numerous,  reddish-purple, 
almost  stemless,  covering  branches  before  leaves  appear,  showy, 
cultivated.  RANGE  :  New  York  to  Illinois  and  south  ;  low  tree 
and  shrub.  (PI.  VI.) 

10.  Alternate-leaved  Dogwood.     (Cornus  alternifolia.) 
LEAF  :  3'-5',  simple,  mostly  alternate,   entire,  oval  or  ovate, 

apex  tapering,  base  acute,  whitish  beneath,  crowded  at  end  of 

branch.     FLOWER  :  small,  white,  in  broad,  flat-topped  clusters ; 

May,    June.      FRUIT  :    blue,   berry-like  ;    branch  greenish ;   low 

tree,  oftener  shrub. 

189 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


II.  Sour  Gum.  Tupelo.  Pepperidge.  (Nyssa  sylvatica.) 
LEAF  :  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  or  obovate,  usually 
sharp-pointed,  often  slightly  angled  near  apex,  glossy r,  crimson  in 
fall.  FLOWER  :  3-8-clustered  on  long  stem ;  April,  May. 
FRUIT  :  berry-like,  blue-black,  y%  or  less  long.  RANGE  :  Massa- 
chusetts to  Illinois  and  south.  (PI.  VII.) 

12.  Sassafras.     (S.  officinale.) 

LEAF  :  3'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  2-3-lobed,  ovate  or 
oval.  FLOWER:  small,  yellowish,  clustered,  in  spring  before  or  with 
leaves.  FRUIT:  blue,  ovoid  ;  root,  wood  and  bark  spicy.  (PI.  V.) 

13.  Alligator  Pear.     Red   Bay.     (Persea  Carolinensis.) 
LEAF  :    4'    or  more,  simple,    alternate,    entire,    oblong,    pale. 
FLOWER  :  small,  few  on  a  common  stem  ;  June.    FRUIT  :  a  blue 
berry.     RANGE  :  Delaware  and  south,  in  swamps. 

„. ;-...    14.  Willow.     Basket  Osier.     (Salix  viminalis.) 

LEAF  :  s'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  slightly  crenate,  very 
narrow,  apex  tapering,  lustrous  white  and  satiny  beneath  ;  in 
wet  meadows. 

15.  Great-leaved  Magnolia.     (M.  macrophylla.) 
LEAF:  2°-3°,  simple,  alternate,    entire,  obovate-oblong,  base 
tapering  and  cordate,   whitish  beneath.     FLOWER  :  large,  white, 
base  purple-spotted,  6-9  petals  6'  long,  slightly  fragrant ;  May, 
June.     Kentucky,  planted  north.     (PI.  VIII.) 

1 6.  Ear-leaved  Umbrella-tree.    (Magnolia  Fraseri.) 
LEAF:  8'-i2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  auriculate  at  base,  clus- 
tered at  tip  of  branch.     FLOWER  :    large,   white  ;    April,  May. 
Virginia.     (PI.  VIII.) 

17.  Large  Tupelo.     (Nyssa  uniflora.) 

LEAF:  4'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  with  few  sharp  teeth, 
oblong  to  ovate,  base  sometimes  cordate,  long-stemmed.  FLOW- 
ER :  pistillate  single;  April.  FRUIT:  blue,  i'  long.  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  in  water  and  swamp. 

190 


PLATE   II 


7.  Swamp  White  Oak.  78.  (V3) 

8.  Post  Oak.  79.  <i/8) 


9.  Bur  Oak.  80.  (V4) 
10.  Pin  Oak.  81.  (%) 


IQI 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

18.  Live  Oak.     (Quercus  virens.) 

LEAF:  i'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  spiny-toothed,  oblong 
to  elliptical,  hairy  beneath,  evergreen,  leathery  ;  acorn  oblong. 
Virginia.  (PI.  I.) 

19.  Upland  Willow-oak.     (Quercus  cinerea.) 

LEAF  :  much  as  in  18,  but  more  lance-shaped,  and  more  downy 
beneath  ;  acorn  globular.  East  Virginia. 

20.  Linden.     Basswood.     Lime-tree.     (Tilia  Americana.) 

LEAF:  5 '-6',  simple,  alternate,  sharply  serrate,  roundish,  green 
and  smooth  on  both  sides,  base  oblique  and  often  slightly  cordate. 
FLOWER  :  whitish,  fragrant,  small,  clustered  and  attached  to  a 
long,  narrow,  leaf-like  appendage  ;  June.  (PI.  IV.) 

21.  Downy-leaved  Basswood.     (Tilia  pubescens.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  like  20,  but  smaller,  and  soft  hairy  beneath. 
Maryland,  south  and  west. 

22.  White  Basswood.     (Tilia  heterophylla.) 
LEAF  :  6'-7',  like  20,  but  larger,  and  whitish  beneath.    Moun- 
tains of  Pennsylvania,  south  and  west. 

23.  European  Linden.     (Tilia  Europaea.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  20,  but  smaller,  and  generally  cordate.    FLOWER  : 
lacks  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  stamens  found  in  American 
species.     Cultivated. 

24.  Common  Aspen.     (Populus  tremuloides.) 
LEAF:  i^'-2',    simple,    alternate,    finely   serrate   or   crenate, 
roundish  or  ovate,  apex  pointed,  base  cordate,  stem  thin.     Bark 
yellowish  or  greenish-white.     (PI.  V.) 

25.  Large-toothed  Aspen.     (Populus  grancfidenta.) 
LEAF:  3' '-4',  simple,  alternate,  very  coarsely  serrate  with  blunt 
teeth,  broad-ovate,  young  leaves  very  white-woolly,  soon  becoming 
smooth  ;  leaf  and  tree  larger  than  24,  but  bark  similar.     (PI.  V.) 

193 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


26.  Downy  Poplar.    Swamp  Cottonwood.    (Populus 
heterophylla.) 

LEAF  :  4'~7'»  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  broad-ovate,  apex 
blunt,  base  sometimes  cordate,  young  leaves  white-woolly,  be- 
coming almost  smooth.  Branches  round.  RANGE  :  west  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  south  ;  swamps.  (PI.  V.) 

27.  Red  Mulberry.     (Morus  rubra.) 

LEAF:  3'-6',  simple,  alternate,  crenate-serrate (sometimes  2-3- 
lobed),  roundish  to  ovate,  base  cordate  and  often  oblique,  apex 
pointed,  rough  above,  soft-hairy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  in  catkin- 
like  spikes.  FRUIT  :  reddish,  then  purplish,  blackberry-like,  in. 
sipid  ;  July  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

28.  White  Mulberry.     (Morus  alba.) 

LEAF:  s'-6',  as  in  27,  but  glossy  and  smooth  above,  smooth 
beneath.  FRUIT  :  whitish  ;  introduced,  but  becoming  sponta- 
neous. (PI.  VII.) 

29.  Paper  Birch.     Canoe  Birch.     (Betula  papyrifera.) 

LEAF  :  s'-5',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  broad-ovate  to  oval, 
apex  pointed,  base  cordate  or  obtuse.  Bark  chalky-white  ;  tree 
much  larger  than  white  birch  (65).  RANGE  :  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania  and  west.  (PI.  IV.) 

30.  Sea-side  Alder.     (Alnus  maritima.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4/,  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  roundish  to  ob- 
long, thickish.  FLOWER  :  in  catkins  in  September.  Delaware 
and  Maryland,  near  water  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

31.  Sweet  Birch.     Black  Birch.    (Betula  lenta.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate  (often  in  pairs),  sharply  serrate, 
ovate  to  oval,  apex  pointed,  base  slightly  cordate  ;  trunk-bark 
dark,  smooth,  not  peeling,  but  perpendicularly  cracking  ;  twig- 
bark  aromatic.  RANGE:  northerly,  and  along  Alleghanies ; 
damp  woods.  (PI.  IV.) 

194 


PLATE   III 


xi.  Red  Oak.  82.  (V5) 

12.  Scarlet  Oak.  83.   (Vs) 

13.  Black  Oak.  84.  (V4) 

14.  Barren  Oak.  85.  (Y4) 


15.  Spanish  Oak.  86.   (V6) 

16.  Red  Maple.  98.  (V8) 

17.  Silver-leaf  Maple.  99.  (Y4) 

18.  Sugar  Maple.   IOO.  (2/6) 


195 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

32.  Yellow  Birch.     Gray  Birch.     ( Betula  lutea.) 
LEAF:  almost  identical  with  31  ;  bark  yellowish-  or  grayish- 
white,  peeling  horizontally  in  thin  layers,  closely  curled.     Twig- 
bark  less  aromatic  than  in  Sweet  Birch.     RANGE  :  northerly,  in 
damp  woods. 

33.  Red  Birch.     River  Birch.     (Betula  rubra.) 
LEAF:  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  doubly-serrate,  ovate,  base  and 
apex  pointed,  whitish  beneath  ;  bark  a  little  inclined  to  peel  hori- 
zontally.    RANGE  :    Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  south,  near 
water.     (PI.  IV.) 

34.  Hop-Hornbeam.  (Ostrya  virginiana.) 
LEAF  :  i'~4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oval,  apex  tapering 
(much  like  elm-leaf,  but  thin),  foliage  in  flat  sprays  with  very 
small  leaves  intermingled.  FRUIT  :  white  or  pinkish,  in  hop-like 
clusters  ;  August ;  bark,  with  color  and  texture  much  as  in  white 
oak. 

35.  Hornbeam.     Iron-wood.    Water-beech.    (Carpinus 

caroliniana.) 

LEAF  :  almost  identical  with  34.  FLOWER  :  in  catkins.  FRUIT  : 
in  clusters  of  small,  3-lobed  leaves  or  bracts,  one  to  each  seed  ; 
bark,  hard,  smooth,  ashy,  ridged  and.  horny  ;  low  tree  and  shrub, 
near  water.  (PI.  VII.) 

36.  American  Elm.     White  Elm.     (Ulmus  americana.) 
LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  alternate,  doubly  serrate,  oval  or  obovate, 

apex  pointed,  base  usually  oblique,  smooth  or  slightly  rough. 
FRUIT  :  roundish,  hairy-edged  ;  April,  May.  Tree  vase-shaped, 
or  broad-topped  and  drooping  branches.  (PI.  V.) 

37.  Slippery  Elm.     (Ulmus  fulva.) 

LEAF  :  4'-8',  as  in  36,  but  much  larger  and  very  rough.  FRUIT  : 
not  hairy-edged  ;  April ;  inner  bark  mucilaginous.  (PI.  V.) 

38.  Corkx  White  Elm.     (Ulmus  racemosa.) 
LEAF  :  2;-4\  about  as  in   36 ;   branches  often  corky-ridged. 
FRUIT  :  as  in  36,  but  larger  ;  April,  May  ;  near  water. 

197 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


39.  Wild  Black  Cherry.  Rum  Cherry.  (Primus  serotina.) 
LEAF:  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex 
tapering,  glossy  above.  FLOWER  :  white,  in  long  clusters,  after 
the  leaves ;  June.  FRUIT  :.  purplish-black  ;  bark  ragged  ;  tree 
and  shrub.  (PI.  IX.) 

40.  Beech.     (Fagus  ferruginea.) 

LEAF  :  4'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oblong,  apex  tapering, 
border  slightly  "fulled."  FRUIT:  prickly.  Branches  long, 
slender,  horizontal  ;  bark  light-ashy.  (PI.  VI.) 

41.   Chestnut.     (Castanea  sativa,  var.  americana.) 
LEAF  :  4'-i2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  (teeth  incurved),  lance- 
oblong,  apex  pointed.     FLOWER  :  whitish,  in  long  abundant  cat- 
kins ;  June,  July  ;  bark  perpendicularly  light-streaked.     (PI.  IV.) 

42.  June-berry.     Shad-bush.     (Amelanchier  canadensis.) 

LEAF  :  2'-s',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  oblong  (broadly 

or   narrowly).     FLOWER  :  white,  in  short  or   long  clusters,  just 

after  leaves    have  started  ;  April,   May.     FRUIT  :  globular,  red 

or  purplish,  sweet,  ripe  in  June  ;  low  tree  and  shrub.    (PI.  VIII.) 

43.  Nettle-tree.    Hackberry.     Sugarberry.    (Celtis 

occidentalis.) 

LEAF  :  2f-4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate,  markedly  taper- 
ing, base  oblique  and  sometimes  cordate.  FRUIT  :  purple,  size  of 
very  small  cherry ;  bark  peculiarly  warty  on  lower  trunk  ;  Mid- 
dle States  and  rarely  east.  (PI.  X.) 

44.  Wild  Red  Cherry.     (Prunus  pennsylvanica.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,    lance-oblong, 
apex  pointed,  rather  glossy.     FLOWER  :  white,  in   rather  large 
lateral  clusters,  long  stemmed  ;  May,  when  leaves  are  half -grown. 
FRUIT  :  very  small,  light  red. 

45.  Balsam  Poplar.     (Populus  balsamifera.) 
LEAF  :  3'-6',   simple,   alternate,  serrate,  ovate,  apex  tapering, 
smooth,    leathery,    lighter  beneath  ;    buds  fragrant.      RANGE  ; 
northern  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  north.     (PL.  VI.) 


PLATE   IV 


19.  Striped  Maple.  101.  (V6) 

20.  Mountain  Maple.  IO2.  (V4 


24.  American  Linden.  2O.  (V4) 


20.  Mountain  Maple.  IO2.  (V4)  25.  Paper  Birch.  29.  (1JS) 

21.  Cut-leaved  Maple.  103.  (y4)  26.  White  Birch.  65.  (V3) 

22.  Ash-leaved  Maple.  122.  (V4)  27.  Red  Birch.  33.  (V4) 

23.  Chestnut.  41.  (V6)  28.  Sweet  Birch.  31.  (V4) 


IQ9 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

46.  Balm  of  Gilead.     (Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans.) 
LEAF  :  s'-6',  much  like  45,  but  broader,   base    cordate,  and 
young  leaves  and  stems  hairy.     RANGE  of  45.     (PI.  VI.) 

47.  Wild  Apple.  Crab  Apple.  (Pyrus  coronaria.) 
LEAF  :  3' '-4',  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate  (and  some- 
times lobed),  ovate,  base  occasionally  cordate.  FLOWER  :  rather 
large,  rosy,  fragrant,  few  in  cluster ;  May.  RANGE  :  west  New 
York  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  ;  small  tree  and  shrub.  The 
"  narrow-leaved  crab  apple,"  with  narrower  leaf  generally  ser- 
rate, and  styles  entirely  distinct,  from  Pennsylvania  southward, 
is  probably  a  variety  of  the  above.  (PI.  X.) 

48.  Sour-wood.     Sorrel-tree.     (Oxydendrum  arboreum. ) 
LEAF  :  4'-7',  simple,  alternate,   finely    serrate,   lance-oblong, 
apex  pointed.     FLOWER  :  white  (corolla  5 -toothed),  in  long  com- 
pound terminal  clusters  ;  June,  July.     RANGE  :  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio,  and  south. 

49.  American  Holly.    (Ilex  opaca.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  with  spiny  teeth  (or  with 
bristle-pointed  lobes),  oval,  thick,  evergreen,  glossy.  FLOWER  : 
white,  sessile,  in  small  clusters  along  branches  ;  June  ;  berries 
red.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  near  coast ;  tree  and  shrub. 
(PI.  X.) 

50.  Chestnut  Oak.     (Quercus  prinus.) 

LEAF  :  4'-!  2',  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  crenate  or  numerously 
small-lobed,  oblong  or  slightly  obovate.  More  abundant  to  the 
south.  (PI.  I.) 

51.  Yellow  Chestnut  Oak.     (Quercus  Muhlenbergii.) 
LEAF  :  4'-8',   simple,  alternate,    coarsely   toothed,  oblong   to 
elliptical,  apex  usually  pointed  ;  the  form  of  chestnut  leaf,  but 
with  a  slender  stem.     (PI.  I.) 

52.  Chinquapin.     (Chestnut.)     (Castanea  pumila.) 
LEAF:  3 '-5',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oblong  or  elliptical,  apex 
sharp,  whitish  beneath.     Nut  single  in  bur,  £  size  of  chestnut. 
RANGE  :  So.  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio,  and  south  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

201 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


53.  Shining  Willow.     (Salix  lucida.) 

LEAF  :  3'-5',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  long-ovate  to  lance- 
shaped,  apex  tapering,  leathery  when  mature,  glossy ;  near 
water  ;  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  X.) 

54.  Peach  Willow.     (Salix  amygdaloides.) 

LEAF  :  2r~3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  lance-shaped,  often 
curved,  apex  very  tapering,  base  wedge-shaped  or  rounded, 
glossy  above,  whitish  beneath  ;  more  to  the  south  and  west. 
(PL  XI.) 

55.  Glaucous  Willow.     Pussy  Willow.     (Salix  discolor.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  on  sides,  entire  at  base 
and  apex,  lance-shaped  to  oblong,  apex  sharp,  whitish  bloom  be- 
neath on  older  leaves ;  near  water ;  low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  XI.) 

56.  Purple  Willow.     (Salix  purpurea.) 

LEAF  :  3'-6f,  simple,  alternate,  finely  but  sparingly  serrate, 
reverse  lance-shaped,  apex  pointed ;  smooth  ;  twigs  reddish  or 
olive-tinted  ;  low  tree  ;  low  grounds. 

57.  Heart-leaved  Willow.    (Salix  cordata.) 

LEAF  :  2^'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  lanceolate,  apex 
tapering,  smooth,  paler  beneath,  base  not  always  cordate.  Cat- 
kins with  4-5  minute  leaves  at  base,  before  or  with  leaves ; 
May,  June ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

58.  Black  Willow.     (Salix  nigra.) 

LEAF  :  3'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  narrow,  tapering,  base 
pointed,  both  sides  green  and  smooth ;  bark  dark  and  rough  ; 
southerly  along  streams. 

59.  Brittle  Willow.     Crack  Willow.    (Salix  fragilis.) 

LEAF:  5'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  narrow,  tapering  at 
both  ends,  dark  and  smooth  ;  2  warts  on  leaf  stem  ;  branches 
shining,  greenish,  very  brittle  ;  tall  foreign  tree.. 

202 


PLATE   V 


29.  Cut-leaved  Birch.  90.  (l/3) 

30.  Sassafras.  12.  (V5) 

31.  American  Elm.  36.  (Vs) 

32.  Slippery  Elm.  37.  (i/4) 


203 


36 


33.  Sweet  Gum.  87.  (V3) 

34.  Common  Aspen.  24.  (*/6) 

35.  Large-toothed  Aspen.  25.  (i/3) 

36.  Downy-leaved  Poplar.  26.  (V8) 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

60.  White  Willow.     Yellow  Willow.     (Salix  alba,  with 
var.  vitellina.) 

LEAF  :  3' '-4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  narrow,  apex  tapering, 
white  silky  hairy  both  sides,  more  beneath.  The  willow  seen  in 
early  spring  with  bright  yellow  branches  is  a  variety  (vitellina) 
with  shorter,  broader  leaves. 

61.  Weeping  Willow.     (Salix  Babylonica.) 
LEAF  :  5',  simple,   alternate,   serrate,   long  and  narrow  ;  tree 
recognized  by  long,  drooping  branches.     (PI.  X.) 

62.  Long-leaved  Willow.     Sandbar  Willow.    (Salix 

longifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2'-6',  simple,  alternate,  minutely  serrate,  %'-^'  broad, 
very  silky  when  young  ;  along  river-banks  ;  low  tree  and  shrub 

63.  Bebb  Willow.  Long-beaked  Willow.  (Salix  rostrata.) 
LEAF  :  2' -4' ,  simple,  alternate,  quite  or  scarcely  serrate,  or  en- 
tire, long-obovate,  apex  sharp,  base  wedge-shaped  or  rounded, 
when  mature  thick,  dull  green  above,  quite  downy  beneath ; 
twigs  usually  reddish-brown  ;  tree  and  shrub. 

64.  Scythe-leaved  Willow.     (Salix  nigra,  var.  falcata.) 
LEAF-.  4'-8',    simple,   alternate,  finely   serrate,    very   narrow, 

apex  and  base  tapering,  often  curved,  both  sides  green  and 
smooth  ;  stipules  persistent,  crescent-shaped,  serrate.  RANGE  : 
New  England  to  Pennsylvania  and  west  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

65.  White  Birch.     Gray  Birch.     (Betula  populifolia.) 
LEAF:     2'-$',    simple,    alternate,    doubly    serrate,    triangular, 

apex  long-pointed,  rather  glossy  ;  bark  white,  but  not  peeling  as 
readily  as  in  Paper  Birch.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  near 
coast.  (PI.  IV.) 

66.  Cottonwood.     River   Poplar.     (Populus  monilifera.) 
LEAF  :  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  rather  coarsely  serrate,  triangu- 
lar, apex  tapering  ;  small  branches  somewhat  angled.     RANGE  : 
west   New  England   to  Illinois,  and  south  ;    stately  tree ;    near 
water.     (PI.  VI.) 

205 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


6^.  Angled  Cottonwood.     (Populus  angulata.) 
LEAF  :  2'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  triangular,  base  some- 
times  cordate  ;  branches  sharply  angled   or  winged.     RANGE  : 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  south  ;  perhaps  only  a  variety  of 
66. 

68.  Lombardy   Poplar.     (Populus  dilatata.) 
LEAF:  2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  very  triangular ;  tree  tall 

and  very  slender  from  the  almost  vertical  direction  of  branches ; 
Introduced  from  Europe.     (PI.  VI.) 

69.  Loblolly  Bay.     (Gordonia  Lasianthus.) 

LEAF  :  2;~3',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  lance-oblong, 
base  tapering,  leathery,  glossy.  FLOWER  :  white,  large,  single, 
5-petaled,  on  axillary  stems  ;  May-July.  Virginia,  swamps  ;  low 
tree  and  shrub. 

70.  Alder-buckthorn.     (Frangula  Caroliniana.) 
LEAF  :  3^-5',   simple,    alternate,    very   finely   serrate,  oblong. 
FLOWER  :    small,    greenish,    clustered    or    single  ;    calyx-lobes, 
petals  and  stamens  each  5.     Virginia  and  west  ;  said  to  be  lo- 
cally in  New  Jersey  ;  small  thornless  tree  and  shrub. 

71.  White  Alder.    Sweet  Pepperbush.   (Clethra  acuminata.) 
LEAF  :  $'-7',  simple,  alternate,   finely  serrate,  oval  or  oblong, 
apex  sharp,  pale  beneath,  thin.     FLOWER  :  small,  white,  in  long 
drooping  racemes  ;  July.     Virginia  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

72.  Silver-bell-tree.     Halesia.    (H.  tetraptera.) 

LEAF  :  4/-6',  simple,   alternate,  minutely  serrate,  long-ovate, 

apex  tapering.      FLOWER  :   showy,  white,  bell-shaped,  in   long 

chimes,  covering  tree  when  the  leaves  are  sjightly  grown  ;  May. 

FRUIT:  ij^'  long,  4-winged.    Virginia  ;  tree  and  shrub.    (PL  X.) 

73.  Sweet-leaf.     Horse-sugar.    (Symplocos  tinctoria.) 
LEAF  :  $'-5',   simple,   alternate,    finely   serrate,    long-oblong, 
upex  sharp,   thickish,   pale  beneath,    sweet.     FLOWER  :    small, 
yellow,  fragrant  (petals  5),  6-14   in   cluster  ;  April.     Virginia  ; 
tree  and  shrub. 

206 


PLATE  VI 


37.  Balsam  Poplar.  45.  (V4) 

38.  Balm  of  Gilead.  46.   (V6) 

39.  Cotton  wood.  66.  ('/-j) 

40.  Lombardy  Poplar.  68.  (Y2) 


43 


41.  Silver-leaf  Poplar.  89.  (2/s) 

42.  Red  Bud.  9.  (Va) 

43.  American  Beech.  40.  (%) 


?07 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

74.  Winged   Elm.     Whahoo.     (Ulmus  alata.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2^',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  short-lance-shaped, 
thickish,  downy  beneath  ;  some  of  the  branches  fringed  with 
corky  wings.  FLOWERS  in  March.  Virginia  and  west. 

75.  Planer-tree.     (Planera  aquatica.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  elm,  36  ;  difference  in  fruit,  which  is  I-  instead  of 
2-celled,  nut-like,  and  not  winged.  FLOWERS  in  April.  Kentucky. 

76.  Tulip-tree.     Yellow  Poplar.     (Liriodendron  tulipifera.) 

LEAF  :  5 '-6',  simple,  alternate,  lobed,  squarish.  FLOWER  : 
large,  tulip-shaped,  greenish-yellow  and  orange,  petals  6,  2'  long  ; 
May,  June.  FRUIT  :  persistent  all  winter,  tulip-shaped.  RANGE  : 
south  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  south  ;  tall,  cylindrical. 
(PI.  VII.) 

77.  White  Oak.     (Quercus  alba.) 

LEAF  :  S'-Q',  simple,  alternate,  about  7  (deeply)-lobed,  not 
bristle-pointed  nor  serrate  ;  bark  ashy-white.  (PI.  I.) 

78.  Swamp  White  Oak.     (Quercus  bicolor.) 

LEAF  :  s'-6',  simple,  alternate,  many-lobed  (not  as  deeply  as 
77),  sometimes  coarsely  toothed  near  apex,  irregular,  whitish" 
downy  beneath,  not  bristle-pointed  ;  bark  ashy-white.  (PI.  II.) 

79.  Post  Oak.     Rough  White  Oak.     (Quercus  minor.) 

LEAF  :  s'-8',  simple,  alternate,  strongly  few-lobed,  variable  but 
rather  cruciform,  rough  above,  thick,  leathery,  grayish  beneath. 
(PI.  II.) 

80.  Bur  Oak.     Mossy-cup  Oak.     (Quercus  macrocarpa.) 

LEAF  :  6'-i2',  simple,  alternate,  5-7  (large)-lobed,  most  of  the 
lobes  again  small-lobed  or  very  coarsely  serrate  ;  lobes  often 
large  at  base,  small  at  top ;  when  mature  leathery,  thick,  glossy 
above,  and  lighter,  often  rusty,  beneath ;  cup  thick,  covered  with 
scales  that  form  a  fringed  border.  RANGE  :  west  New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  (PL  II.) 

209 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


8z.  Pin  Oak.     Swamp  Spanish  Oak.     (Quercus  palustris.) 

LEAF  :  4/-6',  simple,  alternate,  5-7  (deeply)-lobed,  lobes  with  a 

few  scattering  teeth  and  bristle-pointed,  glossy  when  mature  ;  much 

like  that  of  scarlet  oak,  but  smaller ;  swamps  and  low  ground. 

(PI.  II.) 

82.  Red  Oak.     (Quercus  rubra.) 

LEAF  :  5'-o/,  simple,  alternate,  7-n-lobed,  lobes  with  a  few 
scattering  teeth  and  bristle-pointed,  when  mature  dark  green  and 
sometimes  glossy.  (PI.  III.) 

83.  Scarlet  Oak.    (Quercus  coccinea.) 

LEAF  :  5'-o/,  simple,  alternate,  5-7  (deeply)-lobed,  lobes  with  a 
few  scattering  teeth  and  bristle-pointed,  very  glossy  when  mature. 
(PI.  III.) 

84.  Black  Oak.     (Quercus  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria.) 
LEAF  :  s'-8',  simple,  alternate,  7-g-lobed,  with  a  few  scattering 

teeth,  and  bristly  points ;  quite  variable  forms  on  the  same  tree, 
but  generally  with  a  heavier  appearance,  and  less  deeply  lobed 
than  other  oak  leaves  ;  considered  by  Gray  a  variety,  not  a  spe- 
cies ;  nearest  like  red  oak.  (PI.  III.) 

85.  Barren  Oak.     Black  Jack.     (Quercus  nigra.) 
LEAF  :  $'-9',  simple,  alternate,  usually  3-lobed  at  broad  top 

(lobes  bristle-pointed),  narrowed  at  base,  when  mature  thick, 
leathery,  and  glossy  above,  lighter  and  scurfy  beneath.  RANGE  : 
New  York  to  Illinois  and  south.  (PI.  III.) 

86.  Spanish  Oak.     (Quercus  cuneata.) 

LEAF  :  6'-f,  simple,  alternate,  either  3-lobed  only  at  apex,  or 
5-7-lobed  throughout,  the  main  ones  slender  and  often  curved, 
and  all  with  bristly  points,  perhaps  a  little  serrate  ;  dark,  glossy 
above  when  mature  ;  rare  north,  abundant  south.  (PI.  III.) 

87.  Sweet  Gum.  Bilsted.  Liquidamber.  (L.  styraciflua.) 
LEAF  :  s'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  and  usually  5-lobed, 
lobes  pointed,  rather  glossy,  aromatic  when  bruised.  FRUIT  : 
hard,  globular  aggregation  covered  with  sharp  points,  hanging 
into  the  winter  ;  branches  generally  corky-ridged.  RANGE  :  Con- 
necticut to  Illinois,  and  south.  (PI.  V.) 

210 


PLATE   VII 


44.  Buttonwood.  88.  (V4) 

45.  Tulip-tree.  76.  (Vs) 

46.  Flowering  Dogwood.  92.  (»/3) 
4>.  Sour  Gum.  n.  (i/3) 


48.  Mulberry.  28.  (V4) 

49.  Hornbeam.  35.  (i/3) 

50.  Papaw.  8.  (V8) 

51.  Sweet  Bay.  i.  (i/3) 


211 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

88.  Buttonwood.     Buttonball.     Plane-tree.     (Platanus 
occidentalis.) 

LEAF  :  4'-g',  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  3-5-lobed, 
lobes  pointed,  general  form  almost  circular.  FRUIT  :  in  soft 
globular  masses  hanging  through  winter  ;  bark  peels  off  in  irreg- 
ular patches  leaving  trunk  whitish  or  yellowish.  (PI.  VII.) 

89.  Silver-leaf  Poplar.    White  Poplar.    (Populus  alba.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate  and  3-5-lobed, 
ovate,  cottony-white  beneath;  trunk  below  dark  and  rough,  above 
whitish,  resembling  white  birch  ;  introduced  but  quite  common. 
(PI.  VI.) 

90.  Cut-leaved  Birch.     (Betula  alba  laciniata.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  and  lobed,  triangular,  a 
variety  of  the  white  birch,  the  weeping  cut-leaved  birch  being  the 
most  beautiful.  (PI.  V.) 

91.  Cut-leaved  Beech.     (Fagus  sylvatica  asplenifolia.) 

LEAF  :  3' -4',  simple,  alternate,  lobed,  with  a  few  coarse  teeth, 
narrow-ovate,  base  wedge-shaped,  apex  pointed,  otherwise  like 
the  common  beech  (40) ;  introduced.  (PI.  I.  Foreign  trees.) 

92.  Flowering  Dogwood.     (Cornus  florida.) 

LEAF:  3'-$',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate,  apex  taper- 
pointed,  base  a  little  narrowed,  veins  beneath  curving  toward 
apex.  FLOWER  :  greenish-yellow,  small,  clustered,  each  cluster 
surrounded  by  four  large,  petal-like,  white  or  pinkish  bracts,  the 
whole  apparently  forming  one  flower,  before  the  leaves  ;  April, 
May  ;  a  variety  has  the  "  flower  "  a  deep  pink.  FRUIT  :  bright 
red  berries,  showy  in  fall ;  low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  VII.) 

93.  Fringe-tree.     (Chionanthus  virginica.) 

LEAF  :  4'-8',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oval  or  oblong,  dark 
green.  FLOWER  :  white,  in  long,  loose  axillary  clusters ;  petals 
4-6,  long-linear  ;  delicate  and  ornamental  inflorescence  ;  June  ; 
south  Pennsylvania  and  south  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  cultivated. 

213 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


94.  Catalpa.  Indian  Bean.  (Catalpa  bignonoides.) 
LEAF  :  6'-io',  simple,  opposite  (or  in  threes),  entire,  roundish, 
apex  pointed,  base  cordate,  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  orna- 
mental, white,  violet-tinged,  yellow-  and  purple-spotted,  in  loose 
clusters ;  July ;  pods  8'-i2f  long,  narrow,  on  the  tree  all  winter. 
Possibly  in  Illinois  ;  widely  cultivated.  (PI.  IX.) 

95.  Devil-wood.     (Olea  americana.) 

LEAF  :  s'-6',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oblong-lance-shaped, 
glossy ',  leathery.  FLOWER  :  small,  white,  clustered  ;  corolla  bell- 
shaped  with  4-parted  spreading  border  ;  May  ;  coast  of  south 
Virginia  ;  low  tree. 

96.  Black  Haw.     Stag  Bush.     (Viburnum  prunifolium.) 
LEAF  :  iJ^'-2',  simple,  opposite,  finely  serrate,  oval,  apex  blunt 

or    slightly    pointed ;  stem  slightly   winged.     FLOWER  :    small, 

white   (corolla    5-lobed),    in    large,    flat-topped   clusters  ;    May. 

FRUIT  :    berry-like,    blue-black,    sweet   and   edible    after   frost. 

RANGE  :  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  south  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

(PI.  IX.) 

97.  Sheep-berry.    Sweet  Viburnum.     (V.  lentago.) 
LEAF  :  2f-4',  simple,  opposite,  sharply  serrate,  ovate,    sharply 
pointed  ;  stem  slightly  winged.     FLOWER  :  as  in  96  ;  May,  June. 
FRUIT  :  blue-black,  oval,  ^'  long,  sweet ;  more  common  north- 
ward ;  low  tree. 

98.  Red  Maple.     Swamp  or  Soft  Maple.      (Acer  rubrum.) 
LEAF  :  s'-6',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  3~5-lobed  (palmately), 

slightly  whitish  beneath.  FLOWER  :  usually  red,  in  small  clus- 
ters, in  early  spring  before  leaves  ;  leaf-stem,  twig,  and  fruit  red 
or  reddish ;  earliest  to  blossom  of  all  our  ornamental  flowering 
trees.  FRUIT  :  winged  seeds,  in  pairs,  as  in  all  maples.  (PI.  III.) 

99.  Silver-leaf  Maple.    White  Maple.     (Acer  dasycarpum.) 
LEAF  :  $'-7',   simple,  opposite,    serrate,   deeply  5-lobed,  when 

mature  silvery- white  beneath.  FLOWER  :  inconspicuous,  yellow- 
ish-green, before  leaves.  (PI.  III.) 

214 


PLATE  VIII 


52.  Cucumber  tree. 

53.  Umbrella-tree. 

54.  Great-leaved  M 


•e.  6.  (V4)  55-  Ear-leaved  Magnolia.  16.  (i/a) 

M7'  (Y4>          /„    i        56<  Shad'bush-  42.  (V,) 
Magnolia.  15.  (Via) 


21$ 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

IOO.  Sugar  Maple.  Rock  Maple.  (Acer  saccharinum.) 
LEAF  :  3'-6',  simple,  opposite,  sparingly  serrate,  3-5  main 
lobes,  other  smaller  ones,  each  main  lobe  tapering  into  a  long 
blunt  point.  FLOWER  :  small,  greenish-yellow,  clustered,  de- 
veloping with  the  leaves  ;  April,  May  ;  more  northerly,  and  in 
mountains  southerly.  (PI.  III.) 

xoi.  Striped  Maple.     Moosewood.    (Acer  pennsylvanicum.) 

LEAF  :  3'-7',  simple,  opposite,  closely  serrate,  3-lobed  near 
apex,  very  broad.  FLOWER  :  greenish,  in  long  drooping  racemes, 
after  leaves  are  out ;  June.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and 
south,  especially  in  mountains ;  bark  with  dark  longitudinal 
stripes  ;  low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  IV.) 

102.  Mountain  Maple.     (Acer  spicatum.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  3-  (or  slightly  5-) 
lobed,  lobes  generally  very  tapering,  downy  beneath,  lighter 
green  than  striped  maple,  with  which  it  is  frequently  growing. 
FLOWER  :  greenish,  in  erect  racemes  that  droop  in  ripening  ; 
June.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  south,  especially  in 
mountains  ;  low  tree  and  oftener  a  shrub.  (PI.  IV.) 

103.  Cut-leaved  Maple.     (Acer  wierii  laciniatum.) 

LEAF  :  3'-y',  simple,  opposite,  very  deeply  and  numerously 
lobed  (5  main  lobes,  each  with  secondary  lobes  and  coarse  teeth), 
whitish  beneath  ;  flower  and  fruit  as  in  other  maples  ;  cultivated 
variety.  (PI.  IV.) 

104.  Locust.    Acacia.    Black  or  Yellow  Locust.    (Robinia 

pseudacacia.) 

LEAF  :  S'-I4/,  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  7-25,  i'-2f 
long,  oblong  or  ovate,  entire,  distinctly  stemmed.  FLOWER  : 
white,  sweet-pea-shaped,  in  dense  drooping  racemes,  fragrant  ; 
early  June.  Pod,  $'-4'  long,  hanging  all  winter  ;  bark  rough, 
trunk  and  branches  often  prickly,  especially  in  the  younger  growth. 
RANGE  :  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  south  ;  widely  cultivated. 
(PI.  XL) 

217 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


105.  Clammy  Locust.     (Robinia  viscosa.) 

LEAF:  5'-! 2',  odd-pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  11-21,  i^'-2* 
long,  oblong  or  ovate,  entire,  apex  mucronate,  stemmed.  FLOWER  : 
rosy-white,  sweet-pea-shaped,  in  dense  clusters,  slightly  fragrant, 
middle  of  June ;  leaf-stems  and  branchlets  sticky.  Virginia  ; 
widely  cultivated  ;  low  tree  and  shrub ;  sometimes  prickly. 

106.  Yellow-wood.     (Cladrastis  tinctoria.) 

LEAF:  io'-i6',  odd-pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  7-11,  4' -6' 
long,  entire,  oval  or  ovate,  end-leaflet  larger.  FLOWER  :  white, 
sweet-pea-shaped,  in  long,  showy  terminal  racemes  ;  June  ; 
smooth  bark.  Kentucky ;  cultivated.  (PI.  XI.) 

107.  Kentucky  Coffee-tree.     Stump-tree.     (Gymnocladus 

canadensis.) 

LEAF  :  i°-3°,  doubly  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets  (on  each  par- 
tial leaf-stem),  6-12,  about  2'  long,  entire,  ovate ;  a  pair  or  two 
of  simple  leaflets  at  base.  FLOWER  :  greenish-white,  small ;  the 
staminate  in  clusters  $'-4'  long,  the  pistillate  clusters  io'-i2f 
long '»  June  ;  pod,  6'-io'  long.  RANGE  :  west  New  York  to  Illi- 
nois, and  southwest,  but  rare  ;  cultivated.  (PI.  XIII.) 

108.  Poison  Sumach.    Poison  Dogwood.     (Rhus  venenata.) 

LEAF  :  7'- 14',  odd-pinnate,  alternate ;  leaflets,  7-13,  2'-4/ 
long,  entire,  oblong  or  obovate,  apex  sharp  or  slightly  tapering. 
FLOWER  :  greenish-white,  or  yellowish-green,  small,  in  loose 
clusters  ;  June.  FRUIT  :  white  berries  ;  swamps  ;  low  tree, 
oftener  a  shrub  ;  very  poisonous.  (PI.  XII.) 

109.  Shagbark  Hickory.     Shellbark  Hickory.     (Hicoria 

ovata.) 

LEAF:  6'-i8',  odd-pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  always  5,  end 
one  largest  with  stem,  other  4  almost  or  quite  stemless,  lowest 
pair  much  smaller,  all  finely  serrate,  lance-oblong  or  lance-obo- 
vate,  apex  tapering,  roughish  below  ;  stem  rough  ;  bark  peeling  in 
longitudinal  strips,  but  clinging  to  trunk  ;  4-valved  husk  very  thick 
only  valuable  hickory-nut,  except  pecan-nut.  (PI.  XI.) 
218 


PLATE   IX 


57.  Wild  Black  Cherry.  39.  (V2) 

58.  Catalpa.  94.  (V4) 

59.  Black  Haw.  96.  (2/3) 


60.  Cockspur  Thorn.  135.  (V2) 

61.  White  Thorn.  136.  (2/3) 

62.  Black  Thorn.  137.  (Va) 


2IQ 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

no.  Mocker-nut.     Black  Hickory.    Big-bud  Hickory. 

(Hicoria  alba.) 

LEAF  :  8'-i2',  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  7-9,  2' -7'  long, 
serrate,  stemless  except  the  terminal,  lance-obovate,  apex  pointed, 
scented  when  crushed  ;  stem  rough  throughout ;  husk  thinner 
than  in  shagbark  (about  %') ;  buds  very  large.  RANGE  :  eastern 
and  southern  part  of  territory.  (PI.  XII.) 

in.  Pignut.  Broom  Hickory.  (Hicoria  glabra.) 
LEAF  :  8'-i2r,  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  seldom  9, 
2f-s'  long,  lowest  pair  smallest,  serrate,  lance-obovate  or  lance- 
oblong,  apex  pointed,  stemless  (except  the  terminal),  leaf  and 
main  stem  smooth ;  husk  thin ;  nut  pear-shaped  or  round , 
smooth. 

112.  Bitternut.     Swamp  Hickory.     (Hicoria  minima.) 
LEAF:    6'-io',   odd-pinnate,   alternate;    leaflets,    7-11,   s'-6' 

long,  serrate,  long-oval  or  long  ovate,  apex  tapering,  smooth 
when  mature  ;  stem  usually  slightly  winged  and  flattened  ;  husk 
very  thin,  nutshell  thin,  kernel  very  bitter. 

113.  Western  Shagbark  Hickory.     (Hicoria  sulcata.) 
LEAF  :  much  as  in  the  eastern  shagbark  (109),  but  leaflets  7-9  ; 

bark  exfoliating,  husk  even  thicker  than  in  109,  and  nut  larger. 
RANGE  :  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  south. 

114.  Small-fruited  Hickory.  (Hicoria  microcarpa.) 
LEAF  :  6'-io',  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5  (rarely  7),  2'- 
5'  long,  serrate,  lowest  pair  smallest,  elliptical,  base  and  apex 
pointed.  FRUIT  :  as  in  shagbark,  but  smaller,  husk  thinner. 
RANGE  :  New  York  to  Pennsylvania,  and  southwest ;  probably  a 
variety  of  pignut. 

115.  Ailanthus.     (A.  glandulosus.) 

LEAF:  iK°-3°,  odd-pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  21-41,  3'-$' 
long,  one  or  two  teeth  at  base  on  each  side  (rarely  none),  lance- 
oblong.  FLOWER:  yellowish-green,  small,  in  dense  upright 
clusters  (staminate  malodorous)  ;  June.  FRUIT  :  winged  seeds  ; 
introduced,  but  now  spontaneous.  (PI.  XIII.) 

221 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


116.  Staghorn  Sumach.    Velvet  Sumach.     (Rhus 

typhina.) 

LEAF:  i^°-2°,  odd-pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  11-31,  2f-s' 
long,  serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex  pointed  ;  leaf-stems  and  branch- 
lets  thickly  and  velvety  hairy.  FLOWER  :  greenish-white  or 
greenish-red,  small,  in  dense  erect  pyramidal  clusters ;  June. 
FRUIT  :  dry  crimson  berries  densely  clustered  and  showy  in  fall ; 
low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  XII.) 

117.  American  Mountain  Ash.    (Pyrus  americana.) 
LEAF  :  6'-io',   odd-pinnate,    alternate ;    leaflets,   13-17,  2'-$' 

long,  sharply  serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex  pointed,  dark  green 
above.  FLOWER  :  white,  in  large,  flat-topped  clusters ;  June. 
FRUIT  :  bright  red  berries.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Pennsylvania, 
west  and  south  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  cultivated.  (PI.  XIII.) 

ir8.  European  Mountain  Ash.     (Pyrus  aucuparia.) 
LEAF:  much  as  in   117,  but  leaflets  oblong,  apex  blunt,  dull 
green  above,  downy  beneath  ;  berries  larger  ;  cultivated. 

119.  Butternut.  White  Walnut.  (Juglans  cinerea.) 
LEAF:  i°-2^°,  odd-pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  11-17,  3'~5' 
long,  serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex  tapering,  base  rounded,  downy ; 
stem,  branchlets,  and  fruit  sticky-hairy.  FLOWER  :  small,  stami- 
nate  in  catkins  3'-$'  long,  pistillate  in  spikes,  y$  long.  May. 
FRUIT  :  oblong  ;  bark,  light  brownish. 

120.  Black  Walnut.     (Juglans  nigra.) 

LEAF  :  i°-2°,  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  13-23,  2'-4/  long, 
serrate  ;  much  as  in  119,  but  base  often  oblique  or  cordate,  and 
smooth  ;  stem  and  globular  fruit  not  sticky  ;  bark  quite  dark  ; 
scarce  in  Eastern  States  except  when  planted.  (PI.  XIII.) 

121.  Pecan-nut.     (HICKORY.)     (Juglans  olivseformis.) 
LEAF  :  i°-2°,  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  13-15,  2'-$'  long, 
serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex  very  tapering,  short-stemmed,  slightly 
scythe-shaped.     FLOWERS  in  catkins.      FRUIT  :    oblong ;    husk 
four-valved,  as  in  all  hickories.     Illinois  and  south. 

222 


PLATE   X 


63.  English  Hawthorn.   140.  (\ 

64.  Nettle- tree.   43.  (Vs) 

65.  Wild  Apple.  47.  (V4) 

66.  American  Holly.  49.  (Va) 


67.  Silver-bell-tree.  72.  (2/o) 

68.  Weeping  Willow.  6l.  ( V3 

69.  Shining  Willow.  53.  (Va> 


223 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

122.  Ash-leaved  Maple.     Box-elder.     (Negundo  aceroides.) 

LEAF  :  odd-pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  3-5  (rarely  7),  z'-q.'  long, 
unequally  and  coarsely  serrate  (the  terminal  quite  often  lobed) , 
ovate,  apex  sharp.  FLOWER  :  small,  greenish,  before  or  with 
leaves  in  drooping  clusters  ;  April,  May.  FRUIT  :  winged  seeds 
as  in  maple.  RANGE  :  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  south. 
Cultivated.  (PI.  IV.) 

123.  White  Ash.     (Fraxinus  americana.) 

LEAF  :  8'-i2',  odd-pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  3'-$'  long, 
minutely  serrate  or  entire,  ovate  to  lance-oblong,  apex  pointed, 
dull  above,  lighter  beneath,  with  distinct  stem.  FLOWER  :  in- 
conspicuous, clustered  ;  April,  May.  FRUIT  :  seeds  long- winged 
from  apex  ;  leaf-stalks  and  branchlets  smooth.  (PI.  XII.) 

124.  Red  Ash.     (Fraxinus  pubescens.) 

LEAF  :  io'-i2',  odd-pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  7-9,  $-$'  long, 
finely  serrate  or  entire,  ovate  to  lance-oblong,  apex  tapering, 
short-stemmed ;  leaf-stalks  and  branchlets  thickly  soft-hairy. 
FLOWER:  inconspicuous  ;  May.  FRUIT:  seed  margined  and  with 
long  wing  from  apex.  Commoner  eastward. 

125.  Black  Ash.     Water  Ash.     (Fraxinus  sambucifolia.) 

LEAF:  lo'-i  5',  odd-pinnate,  opposite;  leaflets,  7-11  (rarely  13), 
3'-$'  long,  serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex  tapering,  stemless  (except 
the  end  one),  dark  green,  smooth  throughout ;  crushed,  smells  like 
elder.  FLOWER:  inconspicuous  ;  May.  FRUIT  :  seed  margined 
all  around  with  long  wing  ;  buds  blackish.  (PI.  XII.) 

126.  Green  Ash.     (Fraxinus  viridis.) 

LEAF:  io'-i2',  odd-pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  3'-$'  long, 
serrate,  oval,  apex  tapering,  both  sides  bright  green,  smooth 
throughout,  stemmed ;  bud  grayish-brown.  FRUIT  :  seed  mar- 
gined all  around,  with  long  wing  at  apex  ;  possibly  only  a  va- 
riety of  red  ash. 

225 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


127.  Blue  Ash.  (Fraxinus  quadrangulata.) 
LEAF  :  8'-i2',  odd-pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  3'-$'  long, 
serrate,  ovate  or  oval,  apex  tapering,  both  sides  green,  very  short- 
stemmed.  FRUIT  :  narrow-oblong,  apex  often  notched,  seed 
winged  all  around  ;  differs  from  green  ash  in  having  a  calyx ; 
branchlets  4-angled  ;  inner  bark  yields  a  blue  dye.  Quite  westerly. 

128.  Carolina  Water  Ash.     (Fraxinus  platycarpa.) 
LEAF  :  8'-io',  odd-pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  3'-$'  long, 
slightly  serrate,  ovate  to  oblong,  both  ends  pointed,  short-stemmed. 
FRUIT  :  oblong,  broadly  winged.     Virginia,  near  water. 

129.  Horse-chestnut.     (yEsculus  hippocastanum.) 
LEAF  :  $'-7',  palmate,  opposite ;   leaflets,  7,  serrate,  obovate- 
oblong,  apex  pointed.     FLOWER  :  white,  yellow-and-purple-spot- 
ted,  in  pyramidal   clusters  ;   late  in  May.     Young  fruit  prickly. 
Introduced  from  China,  but  widely  cultivated.     (PI.  XIII.) 

130.  Ohio  Buckeye.  Fetid  Buckeye.  (^Esculus  glabra.) 
LEAF  :  $'-9',  palmate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5  (rarely  7),  serrate, 
obovate-oblong  to  oval,  apex  pointed.  FLOWER  :  pale  yellow, 
small,  in  pyramidal  clusters,  stamens  longer  than  petals  ;  June  ; 
young  fruit  prickly.  RANGE  :  west  Pennsylvania,  south  and 
west ;  a  small  tree.  (PI.  XIV.) 

131.  Sweet  Buckeye.  Big  Buckeye,  (^sculus  flava.) 
LEAF  :  S'-Q',  palmate,  opposite ;  leaflets,  5-7,  long-obovate  to 
long-oval,  apex  pointed.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  in  pyramidal  clus- 
ters, stamens  no  longer  than  petals,  April,  May ;  fruit  not 
prickly.  RANGE  :  Pennsylvania,  south  and  west ;  tree  and 
shrub. 

132.  Purplish  Buckeye.     (^Esculus  flava,  var.  purpurascens.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  130.     FLOWER  as  in  130,  but  corolla  and  calyx 
purplish  ;  fruit  smooth.   West  Virginia  and  south  ;  tree  and  shrub. 

133.  Red  Buckeye.     (/Esculus  pavia.) 
LEAF  :  much  as  in  130.     FLOWER  as  in  130,  but  corolla  and 
longer  tubular  calyx  bright  red,  stamens  not  longer  than  corolla, 
May ;  fruit  smooth.     Virginia  and  Kentucky  ;  tree  and  shrub. 

226 


PLATE   XI 


70.  Peach  Willow.  54.  (»/«) 

71.  Pussy  Willow.  55.  (Va) 

72.  Hop-tree.  134.  (V2) 

73.  Yellow- wood.   106.  (Vio) 


74.  Common  Locust.  104.  (Vio) 

75.  Honey-locust.  1*46.  0/lt) 

76.  Shagbark  Hickory.  109.  (Via) 


227 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

134.  Hop-tree.     Wafer  Ash.     Shrubby  Trefoil.     (Ptelea 

trifoliata.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  trifoliate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  entire,  ovate  or 
long-ovate,  apex  pointed,  base  of  the  terminal  one  tapering. 
FLOWER  :  small,  greenish- white,  in  compound  clusters,  ill-scented  ; 
June.  FRUIT  :  roundish,  winged  all  around,  often  white  and 
ornamental  in  September.  RANGE  :  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin, 
and  south  ;  low  tree  and  shrub.  (PI.  XI.) 

135.  Cockspur  Thorn.     (Crataegus  crus-galli.) 

LEAF  :  2;~3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  toward  apex,  obovate, 

base  wedge-shaped  tapering  to   a  point,   stemless,  thick,  glossy. 

FLOWER  :  white,  5-petalled,  clustered  ;  June.     FRUIT  :  globular, 

red,  y$   diameter  ;  thorns  long  ;  low  tree  and  shrub.      (PL  IX.) 

136.  White  Thorn.     Scarlet-fruited  Thorn.     (Crataegus 

coccinea.) 

LEAF  :  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  doubly  serrate,  or  with  small 
lobes,  round-ovate,  stem  slender  ;  entirely  smooth.  FLOWER  : 
white  or  rosy- tinged,  in  large  clusters  ;  May.  FRUIT  :  bright  red, 
ovoid,  Yi  across,  hardly  edible  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  thorny. 
(PI.  IX.) 

137.  Black  Thorn.     Pear  Thorn.     (Crataegus  tomentosa.) 
LEAF  :  3'-s',  simple,  alternate,  doubly  serrate  or  even  some- 
what lobed,  oval  to  ovate,  stem  somewhat  margined  ;  thickish, 
and   apt   to   be   downy   beneath.      FLOWER  :    white,  clustered  ; 
May,  June.     FRUIT  :  orange  or  scarlet,  }£  diameter ;   low  tree 
and  shrub  ;  thorny.     (PI.  IX.) 

138.  Dotted  Haw.     (Crataegus  punctata.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  unequally  serrate  toward  apex, 

obovate,  base  strongly  wedge-shaped   and  entire,  tapering  into 

winged  stems,  thickish.     FLOWER  :  white,  clustered  ;  May,  June. 

FRUIT  :  yellowish-red,  whitish-dotted  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  thorny. 

139.  Downy-leaved  Hawthorn.     (Crataegus  mollis.) 
LEAF  :  essentially  as  in  137  (of  which  it  is  probably  a  variety), 
but  rounder,  and  downy  when  young  ;  fruit  larger.     Illinois  and 
Michigan  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  thorny. 
229 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


140.  English  Hawthorn.     (Crataegus  oxyacantha.) 
LEAF  :  i*4'-3',  simple,  alternate,  obovate,  base  wedge-shaped, 
serrate  and  lobed.  FLOWER  :  white,  rosy,  or  red,  clustered,  in  May. 
FRUIT  :  small,  red  ;   introduced,  but  now  slightly  spontaneous  ; 
not  so  thorny  as  native  species  ;  low  tree  and  shrub.      (PI.  X.) 

141.  Washington  Thorn.     (Crataegus  cordata.) 
LEAF  :    3'-$',  simple,   alternate,  serrate,  often   3~5-lobed,  tri- 
angular, or  broad -ovate,  base  often  a  little  cordate,  thinnish,  stem 
slender.     FLOWER  :  white,  clustered  ;  June.     FRUIT  :  red,    very 
small.    Virginia  and  west  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  thorny. 

142.  Summer  Thorn.     Summer  Haw.     (Crataegus  flava.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  unequally  serrate  and  slightly 
lobed  toward  apex,  obovate,  base  wedge-shaped  and  entire,  thin. 
FLOWER  :  white,  in  small  (2-6)  clusters  ;  May.     FRUIT  :  reddish, 
juicy,  large.     Virginia,  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  thorny.. 

143.  Wild  Yellow  or  Red  Plum.  (Prunus  americana.) 
LEAF  :  2' -3',  simple,  alternate,  rather  coarsely  sharp-serrate, 
oval  to  slightly  obovate,  apex  tapering.  FLOWER  :  white,  in 
small  side-clusters,  in  early  spring,  before  or  with  the  leaves. 
FRUIT  :  orange,  yellow  or  red,  %'-%'  diameter  ;  low  tree,  more 
or  less  thorny. 

144.  Southern  Buckthorn.     (Bumelia  lycioides.) 
LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  short  lance-shaped,  base 
tapering.     FLOWER  :  small,  white,  in  dense  clusters  ;  May,  June. 
Kentucky,  Illinois  ;  low,  thorny  tree. 

145.  Western  Buckthorn.     (Bumelia  lanuginosa.) 
LEAF:  i>£'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate,  base  wedge- 
shaped,    rusty- woolly   beneath.     FLOWER  :   small,    white,    6-12- 
clustered  ;  July.     Illinois  ;  low,  thorny  tree. 

146.   Honey-locust.    Three-thorned  Acacia.     (Gleditschia 

triacanthos.) 

LEAF  :  6'-8',  pinnate  and  doubly  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets, 
10-24,  i'-2'  long  (when  once  pinnate  ;  when  twice  pinnate,  much 
smaller,  and  very  numerous),  entire,  or  very  obscurely  serrate. 

230 


PLATE  XII 


77.  Mockernut  (Hickory).  HO.  (Ve) 

78.  Staghorn  Sumach.   116.  (V14) 

79.  Poison  Sumach.  108.  (Ve) 


Bo.  White  Ash.  123.  (Ve) 

81.  Black  Ash.  125.  (Vs) 

82.  Prickly  Ash.  149.  (V8) 


231 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

long-oval,  apex  rounded  ;  thorns  large,  often  branched  and  clus- 
tered on  trunk  and  branches  ;  bark  dark,  smooth.  FLOWER  : 
small,  greenish,  in  small  dense  clusters  ;  June.  FRUIT  :,  a  pod, 
8'- 1 8'  long,  clinging  through  winter.  Pennsylvania,  west  and 
south  ;  cultivated.  (PI.  XI.) 

147.  Water-locust.     (Gleditschia  monosperma.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  146,  but  leaflet  ovate  or  oblong,  thorns  more  slen- 
der, pod  oval,  with  one  seed.  Illinois  ;  low  tree. 

148.  Angelica-tree.    Hercules'  Club.    Devil's  Walking- 
stick.      (Aralia  spinosa.) 

LEAF  :  2°-3°,  twice  pinnate,  alternate,  crowded  ;  leaflets,  2'-$ 
long,  ovate,  serrate,  apex  pointed  ;  trunk  club-shaped,  little- 
branched,  beset  with  stout  spines.  FLOWER  :  small,  whitish,  in 
very  long,  erect,  compound  clusters ;  July,  August.  Pennsylva- 
nia to  Kentucky  ;  low  tree  and  shrub;  cultivated.  (PI.  XIII.) 

149.  Prickly  Aah.     Toothache  Tree.     (Zanthoxylum  ameri- 

canum.) 

LEAF  :  i°  or  more,  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-11,  2'-3* 
long,  almost  or  quite  entire,  long-oval,  base  and  apex  pointed, 
downy  when  young,  stemless,  with  lemon  odor  when  crushed  ; 
branches  and  sometimes  leaf -stalk  prickly.  FLOWER  :  small, 
greenish,  in  side-clusters  before  leaves  ;  low  tree  (in  cultivation) 
and  shrub.  (PI.  XII.) 

150.  Prickly  Ash.     (Southern.)     (Zanthoxylum  carolinianum.) 

LEAF  :  i°  or  more,  odd-pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  7-11,  2'-3', 
ovate  or  lance-ovate,  base  oblique,  glossy.  FLOWER  :  small, 
greenish- white,  in  terminal  clusters,  after  the  leaves ;  June. 
Coast  of  Virginia  ;  low  prickly  tree  and  shrub. 

151.  White  Pine.    Weymouth  Pine.    (Pinus  strobus.) 

LEAF  :  3'— 5',  slender,  soft,  5-clustered.  CONE  :  4'-6'  (longest 
of  all  except  of  Norway  spruce),  often  curved.  (PI.  XIV.) 

233 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


152.  Pitch  Pine.     (Pinus  rigida.) 

LEAF  :  s'-5',  rather  stiff,  dark  green,  3-clustered.  CONE  : 
i'-3j£',  often  clustered,  the  scales  having  short,  stout,  recurved 
prickles  at  apex.  Eastern  States.  (PI.  XIV.) 

153.  Red  Pine.     (Pinus  resinosa.) 

LEAF  :  4'-6',  rather  stiff,  dark  green,  2-clustered.  CONE  :  2' 
or  more  in  length,  without  prickles  at  apex  of  scales.  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Wisconsin,  and  south.  (PL  XIV.) 

154.  Yellow  Pine.     Spruce  Pine.     (Pinus  mitis.) 
LEAF  :  3'-5',  dark  green,  slender,  2-  and  3-clustered.     CONE  : 
about  2'  long,  with  small,  weak  prickles  at  apex  of  scales.    South- 
ern New  York,  south  and  west.     (PI.  XIV.) 

155.  Loblolly  Pine.     Old-field  Pine.     (Pinus  taeda.) 
LEAF  :   6'-io',    light  green,  3-clustered.      CONE  :   3'-$',  stiff- 
prickly  on  scales.     New  Jersey,  and  south. 

156.  Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine.    (Pinus  virginiana.) 
LEAF:  i  ^'-3',  vivid  green,  twisted,  2-clustered.     CONE  :  i'~3', 
usually  somewhat  curved,  scales  prickly.     New  Jersey  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  south. 

157.  Northern  Scrub  Pine.    Gray  Pine.   (Pinus  banksiana.) 
LEAF:    i',  curved,   stiff,    2-clustered.     CONE:    ij^ '-2',  com- 
monly curved ;  scales  not  prickly.     Northern  frontier ;  low  tree 
and  shrub. 

158.  Table  Mountain  Pine.    (Pinus  pungens.) 
LEAF:    i>^'-2^',    stiff,   bluish,    2-(occasionally  3-)clustered. 
CONE  :  3^',  clustered,  scales  stout-prickly.     Pennsylvania,  and 
south  along  Alleghany  Mountains. 

159.  White  Spruce.     (Picea  canadensis.) 
LEAF  :  ^'-^',  4-angled,  apex  sharp,  pale  green  or  with  white 
bloom,  growing  from   all  sides  of  branch.     CONE  :  cylindrical, 
about  2'  long,  not  hanging  over  winter ',  scales  entire  at  apex. 
Northern  frontier.     (PI.  XIV.) 

234 


PLATE   XIII 


83.  Mountain  Ash.  117.  (V5) 

84.  Kentucky  Coffee-tree.  107.  (Vis) 

85.  Angelica- tree.  148.  (Vie) 


86.  Black  Walnut.  120.  (Via) 

87.  Ailanthus.   115.  (Vie) 

88.  Horse-chestnut.  129.  (V5) 


235 


Description  of  Native  Trees 

160.  Black  Spruce.     (Picea  mariana.) 

LEAF  :  >^'-^',  4-angled,  apex  sharp,  dark  green  or  with  white 
bloom,  growing  from  all  sides  of  branch.  CONE  :  oval  or  long- 
ovate,  i'-i}4'  long,  hanging  two  or  three  years ;  scales  with  up- 
per edge  often  slightly  eroded.  Northern  New  England  and 
New  York,  and  along  the  Alleghanies. 

161.  Red  Spruce.     (Picea  rubens.) 

LEAF  :  %'-^' ',  4-angled,  apex  sharp,  dark  glossy  green  when 
mature,  growing  from  all  sides  of  branch.  CONE  :  ij^'-2',  long- 
ovate,  not  hanging  over  winter;  a  little  more  southerly  than  black 
spruce,  of  which  it  is  perhaps  a  variety. 

162.    Norway  Spruce.     (Picea  excelsa.) 

LEAF  :  much  as  in  white  spruce  (159),  but  tree  identified  by 
conspicuous  drooping  of  branchlets,  especially  in  older  trees,  and 
by  great  length  of  cones  (4' -6')  ;  introduced,  but  becoming  spon- 
taneous. 

163.  Hemlock.     Hemlock  Spruce.     (Tsuga  canadensis.) 

LEAF  :  about  %.',Jlat,  apex  rounded,  pliant,  mostly  2-ranked, 
?.^.,  growing  on  two  opposite  sides  of  branch.  CONE:  j£'-^', 
oval,  remains  through  one  winter ;  commonest  northward.  (PI. 
XV.) 

164.  Balsam  Fir.     Balm  of  Gilead  Fir.     (Abies  balsamea.) 

LEAF:  ^'-i',yfo/,  apex  usually  pointed,  pliant,  not  2,-ranked, 
as  in  hemlock.  CONE  :  2'~4',  cylindrical,  erect  on  branch  (in 
other  evergreens  it  droops)  ;  trunk  thickly  blistered,  exuding  an 
aromatic  gum.  South  to  Pennsylvania,  and  along  Alleghanies  ; 
prefers  damp  woods. 

165.  Southern  Balsam  Fir.     (Abies  fraseri.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  164 ;  chief  difference  in  the  cone,  which  is  only 
i'-2'  long,  and  long-ovate.  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  Vir- 
ginia. 

237 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


1 66.  Arborvitae  (White  Cedar).  (Thuya  occidentalis.) 
LEAF  :  extremely  small  (scarcely  y%  long),  scale-like,  closely 
appressed  to  stem,  roundish  or  ovate  ;  branches  growing  in  flat- 
tened, fan-like  sprays;  aromatic  when  crushed.  CONE:  about  J^' 
long,  oval  to  roundish,  6-10  scales,  seeds  broad-winged.  Penn- 
sylvania and  northward  ;  near  water.  (PI.  XV.) 

167.  Cypress.     White  Cedar.     (Chamaecyparis  thyoides.) 

LEAF  :  much  as  in  166,  but  smaller,  dull  green,  sharp-pointed 
or  ovate,  and  "sprays"  much  more  delicate.  CONE:  lobular, 
%'  diameter.  Maine,  southward  along  coast.  (PI.  XV.) 

168.  Red  Cedar.     Savin.     (Juniperus  virginiana.) 

LEAF  :  of  two  forms  :  flat  and  closely  appressed  to  branch,  as 
in  arborvitae  (but  smaller,  iV  l°ng),  or  awl-shaped,  very  sharp- 
pointed,  prickly  and  divergent  from  branch,  %'  long  ;  in  vigorous 
tree-branches  and  in  shrubs  it  is  mostly  of  the  latter  sort ;  in  older 
growth,  of  the  former ;  dark  green.  CONE  :  berry-shaped,  %'- 
}/$  diameter,  blackish  with  white  bloom  ;  tall,  spiry  tree,  and  shrub. 

169.  Larch.    Tamarack.     Hackmatack.    (Larix  americana.) 

LEAF:  i',  more  or  less,  needle-like,  in  fascicled  clusters,  i.e., 
so  crowded  as  to  appear  in  a  dense  cluster  or  whorl ;  in  early 
spring  ;  deciduous  ;  bright  green  when  young.  CONE  :  l/z-^ '. 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  north.  The  European  larch, 
which  is  the  one  usually  cultivated,  has  longer  leaves  and  cones. 
(PI.  XV.) 

170.  Bald  Cypress.     (Taxodium  distichum.) 

Leaf :  %'-%£',  narrow,  flat,  thin,  2-ranked,  late  in  May,  decid- 
uous, as  are  also  some  of  the  branchlets.  CONE  :  globular,  i'  di- 
ameter. Delaware  to  southern  Illinois,  and  south  ;  planted 
north.  (PI.  XV.) 


238 


PLATE   XIV 


90 


94 


89.  Ohio  Buckeye.  130.  (Vio) 

90.  White  Pine.  151.  (2/s) 

91.  Pitch  Pine.   152.  (Vs) 


92.  Red  Pine.   153.  (V3) 

93.  Yellow  Pine.  154.  (V3) 

94.  Spruce.  159.  (2/3) 


239 


PLATE   XV 


95.  Hemlock.  163.  (Va 

96.  Arborvitae.  1  66.  (f/ 
97-  Larch.  169. 


(Va) 
f/2) 


98.  White  Cedar.  i67.  (V?) 

99.  Bald  Cypress.  170.  (V4) 


241 


SHRUBS 

Native  and  naturalized,  found  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States  (Maine  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  the 
Mississippi),  classified  by  their  BLOSSOMS. 

ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Shrubs  not  "evergreen"  nor  cone-bearing  (those 
are  194-197  ;  see  below). 

Shrubs  whose  blossoms  are  not  in  the  form  of  catkins, 
or  catkin-like  spikes,  as  in  the  chestnut,  oak,  etc.  (those 
are  167-193 ;  see  below). 

GROUP  I. — BLOSSOMS  WHITE  OR  CREAM-WHITE 

SECTION   I. — Blossoms  polypetalous,  i.e.,  with  petals -  entirely 
distinct  from  each  other. 

Shrubs  not  thorny  nor  prickly  (those  are  39-48  ;  see  below) ; 

widely  distributed   in  territory  (at  least  not  limited  to  the 

frontier  States  of  our  prescribed  area)  : 
blossoms  before  or  with  the  leaves :  1-3 

("Trees,"  42) 
blossoms  after  the  leaves : 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 

ALTERNATE ! 

Entire :  4,  5,  26,  94  ("Trees,"  I,  10) 
Serrate  (but  not  lobed) :  5-17,  105  ("  Trees,"  39,  49) 
Serrate  and  Lobed  :  18-21 
OPPOSITE  : 

Entire  :  22-26  ("  Trees,"  92,  93) 
Serrate  :  27,  28 

243 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  (or  trifoliate):  29,  165,  166  ("Trees,"  116-118, 
134)  ("  Vines,"  2) 

found  only  on  frontier : 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 

ALTERNATE  :  30-34  ("  Trees,"  69,  71) 
OPPOSITE:  35-38 

SHRUBS  THORNY  OR  PRICKLY  (throughout  area)  : 
thorny:  39-42,  3,  ("Trees,"  135-142,  148) 
prickly  :  43-48 

SECTION  II.— Blossoms  (white)  monopetalous,  i.e.,  with  petals 

more  or  less  united  in  one  piece  : 
widely  distributed  in  territory  : 

LEAVES  SIMPLE  : 

ALTERNATE  : 

Entire  :  49-56,  92,  93,  97,  99-102 

Serrate  :  50,  51,  56,  57,  13-17  ("Trees,"  49) 

OPPOSITE  (or  whorled) : 

Entire  :  58-61,  65,  93,  112,  135  ("  Trees,"  93) 
Serrate  (but  not  lobed)  :  58,  62-66  ("  Trees,"  96) 
Serrate  and  Lobed  :  67,  6& 

LEAVES   COMPOUND: 
PINNATE  :  69,  70 

found  only  on  frontier  : 

in  Virginia  :  30,  30*,  32-34,  71-82  ('•*  Trees,"  72) 
on  northern  edge  :  83-89 

SECTION  III. — Blossoms  (white  or  reddish)  apetalous,  i.e.,  with 

no  corolla  :  90,  91,  102,  164 

244 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

GROUP   II.  —  BLOSSOMS    ROSY -WHITE   TO  RED  AND 

CRIMSON 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE : 

Entire  :  92-103,  49-51,  53  ("  Trees,"  9) 

Serrate  or  Lobed :    100,    104-107,    7,    8,    10,    50,    51 

(4<  Trees,"  47,  136,  140) 
OPPOSITE  (or  whorled)  : 

Entire:     93,     103,    108-112    (89,    White    Mountains) 

("Trees,"  92) 

Serrate  or  Lobed  :  108-110,28 
LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE    (or    trifoliate) :      113-117,    47,    48,    165,    166 

("  Trees,"  105,  116) 
PALMATE  :  ("  Trees,"  133) 

GROUP  III. — BLOSSOMS  YELLOW  (OR  YELLOWISH) 

LEAVES  SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE  : 

Entire  :  118-124,  56  (76,  Virginia) 

Serrate  or   -wavy   edged:    125-127,   56   (76,    Virginia), 

0'  Trees,"  73) 
OPPOSITE  : 
Entire  : 

leaves  black-dotted :  128-132 

leaves  not  dotted  :  118,  119,  133-138  ("Trees,"  92) 
Serrate:  138,  139 
LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  (or  trifoliate) :  140,  141  ("  Trees,"  108) 
PALMATE  :  ("  Trees,"  131) 

GROUP  IV. — BLOSSOMS  PURPLISH,  BLUE  OR  DARK 

LEAVES    SIMPLE  : 
ALTERNATE  : 

Entire  :  142-147,  97,  99-102  ("  Trees,"  8,  9) 
Serrate  :  10,  100,  101,  107 
245 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


LEAVES    SIMPLE  -.—Continued 
OPPOSITE  (or  whorled) : 
Entire  :  148-150,  61 
Serrate  :  151,  152 

LEAVES  COMPOUND: 
PINNATE  :  153-155 
PALMATE  :  ("  Trees,"  132) 

GROUP   V.  —  BLOSSOMS   GREENISH,    OR   GREENISH- 
WHITE,  ALWAYS  DIMINUTIVE 

LEAVES  SIMPLE  : 
ALTERNATE  : 

Entire:  5,  146,  147,  156 

Serrate  (but  not  lobed)  :  5,  13-17,  157-159  (32-34,  Vir- 
ginia) ("  Trees,"  70) 
Serrate  and  Lobed  :  1 9-2 1 ,  1 60-163 
OPPOSITE  : 

Entire:  65,  90,  164 

Serrate  :  65,  152,  164  ("  Trees,"  101,  102) 

LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  (or  trifoliate) :  165,  166  ("  Trees,"  108,  116,  134, 
149,  150)  ("  Vines,"  2) 

SHRUBS  WITH   BLOSSOMS  IN   CATKINS  OR   CATKIN-LIKE 

SPIKES: 

leaves  fragrant  when  crushed  :  167-169 
leaves  not  fragrant  when  crushed  : 
widely  distributed  : 

leaves  roundish  to  elliptical,  not  willow- 
like  :  170-178  ("  Trees,"  27,  30,  35) 
leaves  willow-like  :    179-187   ("  Trees," 

53,  57,  63,  64) 
only  on  northern  frontier  :  188-193 

"  EVERGREEN  "  SHRUBS  :  194-197  ("  Trees,"  157,  168) 

246 


SHRUBS 

Native   and    naturalized,    within    prescribed   territory, 

classified  by  their  LEAVES. 
Shrubs  not  ' '  evergreen ' '  nor  cone-bearing  (for  those, 

see  below). 

Shrubs  not  thorny  nor  prickly  (for  those,  see  below), 
widely  distributed — at  least  not  limited  to  the 
frontier  States  of  our  area. 

ANALYTICAL   KEY 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 

ALTERNATE  (or  close-clustered) : 

Entire  :  4,  5,  26,  49-56,92-102,  118-121,  123,  144,  146, 
147,  156,  168  (willows,  181-183,  186)  ("  Trees,"  i, 
8,  9,  10,  63) 

Serrate  or  wavy-edged  (not  lobed)  :  1-3,  S""1?,  5°»  51, 
56,  57,  loo,  105,  107,  127,  158,  159,  167,  168,  170- 
176,  178  (willows,  179-181,  184,  185, 187) (''Trees," 
27,  30,  35,  39,  42,  47,  49,  53,  57,  63,  64) 

Lobed  (not  serrate)  :  169,  176,  177  ("  Trees,"  49) 

Serrate  and  Lobed  :  18-21,  104,  106  (4<  Trees,"  27,  47) 

OPPOSITE  (or  whorled)  : 

Entire:   22-26,  58-61,  65,  90,  93,  102,  108,  109,  in, 
112,    118,    119,    128-131,  133,   134,  137,  148,  149 
("  Trees,"  92,  93) 
Serrate  (not   lobed)  :    27,  28,  58,  62-66,   139,  151,  152 

("Trees,"  96) 

Lobed  (not  serrate)  :  108,  109 
Serrate  and  Lobed :  67,  68  ("  Trees,"  101,  102) 
247 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  (or  trifoliate)  : 
ALTERNATE  : 

leaflets    entire  :    141,    153,    166    ("Trees,"    108, 

134)  ("  Vines,"  2) 
leaflets   serrate    (or   lobed) :    140,    155,  165,   166 

("  Trees,"  116-118)  ("Vines,"  2) 
OPPOSITE  : 

leaflets  serrate  :  29,  69,  70 

PALMATE:  ("Trees,"  131) 

found  only  on  frontier  of  prescribed  area  : 
LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE : 

Entire :  (on  northern  frontier :  84,  88,  98,  142,  145, 
189,  193)  (in  Virginia,  33,  76,  103,  122,  124,  143) 
(Southern  Illinois,  75) 

Serrate :  (on  northern  frontier  :  85-87,  188-192)  (in 
Virginia,  30,  32-34,  72-74,  76-81,  91)  (Michigan, 
31)  (Southern  Illinois,  75)  ("  Trees,"  69-73) 

OPPOSITE  : 

Entire  :  (on  northern  frontier  :  89,  132,  135,  136)  (in 
Virginia,  35,  36,  38,  71,  103,  138,  150)  (in  Illinois, 
37,  no,  164) 

Serrate  or  Lobed  :  (on  northern  edge  :  83)  (in  Virginia, 
35,  3°,  7i,  82,  138)  (in  Illinois,  no,  164) 

LEAVES  COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  :  (in  Virginia,  117)  (in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 
154)  ("Trees,"  105) 

PALMATE  :  ("  Trees,"  132,  133) 
248 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 
SHRUBS  THORNY  OR  PRICKLY: 

widely  distributed  in  area  : 
thorny  : 

leaves  simple,  alternate  (or  closely  clustered)  :  3, 

39,  40,  125,  157  ("  Trees,"  135-138,  140) 
leaves  compound:   ("Trees,"  148,  149) 

prickly  : 

leaves  simple,  alternate  :  160-163 
leaves  compound,  pinnate,  or  trifoliate  :   43-47, 
113-116 

found  only  on  frontier  : 
thorny  : 

leaves  simple,  alternate  (or  closely  clustered)  :  41, 

42,  126  ("Trees,"  139,  141,  142) 
leaves  compound,  pinnate  :  ("Trees,"  105,  150) 
prickly  : 

leaves  compound,  pinnate  or  trifoliate,  48 

SHRUBS  "EVERGREEN"  OR  CONE-BEARING: 

194-197  ("  Trees,"  157,  168) 


249 


DESCRIPTION    OF   NATIVE 
SHRUBS 

Native  and  naturalized,  found  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States  (Maine  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  the 
Mississippi). 

For  definition  of  terms  see  pp.  411-424. 

1.  Beach  Plum.     (Prunus  maritima.) 

LEAF  :  i'-3',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  ovate  to  oval, 
downy  beneath.  FLOWER:  p.,  white  (petals  5),  in  small  lateral 
umbels,  before  or  with  the  leaves.  FRUIT  :  globular,  }4'-i'  in  di- 
ameter, crimson  or  purple,  with  bloom.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Vir- 
ginia, near  coast  ;  2°-5°  high.  (PI.  I.) 

2.  Dwarf  Cherry.     (Prunus  pumila.) 

LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  near  apex,  narrow-obo- 
vate,  base  tapering.  FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals  5),  in  small 
lateral  umbels,  before  or  with  leaves.  FRUIT  :  ovoid,  dark  red. 
RANGE:  Massachusetts,  west  and  south;  ^°-3°  high.  (PL  I.) 

3.  Chickasaw  Plum.     (Prunus  Chicasa.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',   simple,  alternate,    finely  serrate,   lance-shaped. 

FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals  5),  in  small  lateral  umbels,  before  or 

with  leaves.    FRUIT  :  globular,  red,  Yz-^/z  m  diameter.    RANGE  : 

Maryland  to  Illinois,  and  southwest ;  6°-i2°  high,  rarely  thorny. 

4.  Labrador  Tea.    (Ledum  latifolium.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2f,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong  to  elliptical,  rusty- 
woolly  beneath,  edge  rolled  under.     FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals 
5),  small,  in  terminal  clusters  of  about  12  ;  June.     RANGE  :  New 
England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  northwest ;  2°-5°  high.     (PI.  I.) 

250 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

5.  Mountain  Holly.     (Nemopanthes  mucronata.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  ob- 
long, smooth,  stem  slender.     FLOWER:  p.,  white  or  greenish- 
white,  small  (petals  4-5,  spreading,  narrow),  commonly  single,  on 
long  stems  ;  May,  June.    FRUIT  :  red,  large  as  peas.     Commoner 
northward  ;  4°-8°  high. 

6.  New   Jersey   Tea.     (Ceanothus  Americanus.) 
LEAF  :  ^'-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate,  base  often  cor- 
date.    FLOWER:   p.,   white   (petals   5   and  hooded),  calyx  and 
flower-stem  white,  in  long,  dense  clusters.    July  ;  root  dark  red  ; 
i°-3°  high.     (PI.  I.) 

7.  Common  Meadow-sweet.     (Spiraea  salicifolia.) 
LEAF:    i>£'-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  lance-shaped/ base 
tapering,  almost  smooth.     FLOWER  :   p.,  white  or  rosy,  minute, 
in  erect  dense  clusters  ;  July  ;  low  shrub.     (PI.  I.) 

8.  Birch-leaved  Spiraea.     (S.  corymbosa.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  near  apex,  oval  to  ovate, 
smoothish.     FLOWER  :  as  in  7,  but  in  large  flat  clusters  ;  June. 
Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  and  west ;  low.    (PI.  I.) 

9.  Choke-cherry.     (Prunus  virginiana.) 
LEAF  :  2r~3',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  oval  or  obovate, 
apex  abruptly  pointed,  thin.     FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals  5,  round- 
ish), crowded  in  rather  long  terminal  clusters ;  May ;  fruit  dark 
red  ;  commoner  northward  ;  tall.     (PI.  I.) 

10.  Choke-berry.     (Pyrus  arbutifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2'~3;,  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  obovate  or  ob- 
long. FLOWER:  p.,  white,  reddish,  or  purplish  (petals  5),  usu- 
ally io-12-clustered  ;  May,  June  ;  fruit  red,  purple,  or  black  ; 
damp  places  ;  2°-io°  high. 

ii.  White  Alder.     Sweet  Pepperbush.     (Clethra  alnifolia.) 
LEAF:   2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  (entire   toward  base), 
wedge-obovate,  both  sides  green.     FLOWER  :  p.  ,  white,  fragrant 
251 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


(petals  5),  in  erect  spike-like  clusters,  rather  showy,  10  stamens  ; 
July,  August.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Virginia,  wet  places  near 
coast  ;  3°-io°  high. 

12.  Itea.     (I.  virginica.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  oblong  or  oval, 
apex  sharp,  short-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals  5,  lance- 
shaped,  much  longer  than  calyx),  small,  in  spike-like  clusters  ; 
June.  New  Jersey  and  south  ;  wet  places  near  coast ;  6°  high. 

13.  Mountain  Ilex.     (I.  montana.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate  to  elliptical,  apex 
tapering,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  p.  and  m.,  white  or  greenish- 
white,  small  (petals  and  stamens  4-6,  sepals  hairy-fringed), 
single  or  /<?w-clustered  ;  May.  FRUIT:  red  or  purple.  RANGE: 
Pennsylvania  and  south  along  mountains,  locally  in  New  York. 

14.  Soft  Ilex.     (I.  mollis.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  13,  but  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as  in  13,  but 
the  staminate  in  large  clusters  ;  May.  Locally  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  south  in  mountains. 

15.  Winterberry.     Black  Alder.     (Ilex  verticillata.) 
LEAF  :    2 '-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  obovate   to   wedge — 
lance-shaped,    base   and   apex   pointed,    veins    beneath    downy. 
FLOWER  :  as   in    13,  and   almost   stemless ;    May,    June ;   fruit 
bright  red.     (PI.  II.) 

1 6.  Smooth  Winterberry.     (I.  laevigata.) 
LEAF  :  as   in    13,    but   rather  glossy  above,  smooth  beneath. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  13,  but  the  staminate  on  long  stems  ;  fruit  bright 
red  ;  near  water. 

17.  Inkberry.     (Ilex  glabra.) 

LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  toward  apex,  oblong, 
base  wedge-shaped,  glossy  above \  leathery.  FLOWER  :  as  in  13, 
but  stems  ^'  long  ;  June.  FRUIT  :  black,  shining.  Massachu- 
setts to  Virginia,  near  coast;  2°-3°  high.  (PI.  II.) 

252 


PLATE    I 


1.  Cherry  and  Plum  Type.  I,  etc. 

2.  New  Jersey  Tea.  6.  (av.  size) 

3.  Labrador  Tea.  4.  (av.  size) 

4.  American  Holly.  (Trees,  49.)  (Va) 

253 


5.  Meadow  Sweet.  7.  (2/s) 

6.  Birch-leaved  Spiraea.  8.  (2/3) 

7.  Snowberry.   I  Op.  (2/3) 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

18.  Ninebark.  (Physocarpus  opulifolius.) 
LEAF:  i^'-s',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  and  three-lobed, 
roundish,  base  cordate.  FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals  5),  small,  in 
roundish  clusters  ;  June  ;  bark  peeling  in  long  strips  of  many 
thin  layers.  Var.  aurea  (cultivated)  has  yellow  variegation  in 
foliage.  (PI.  II.) 

19.  Wild  Black  Currant.  (Ribes  floridum.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2;,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  3-5-sharply-lobed,  base 
slightly  cordate,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots.  FLOWER  :  p., 
whitish  or  greenish,  rather  large  (petals  and  stamens  5)  in  droop- 
ing many-flowered  clusters  ;  calyx  long-bell-shaped.  May  ;  fruit 
black.  (PI.  II.) 

20.  Wild  Red  Currant.     (Ribes  rubrum.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  3-5-bluntly-lobed,  base 
cordate  ;  veins  whitish  beneath.     FLOWER  :  as  in  19,  but  from 
buds  distinct  from  leaf -buds  ;  calyx  flat.     May,  June  ;  fruit  red  ; 
New  Hampshire,  and  west ;   straggling.     (PI.  II.) 

21.  Fetid  Currant.  (Ribes  prostratum.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  19,  but  base  deeply  cordate,  and  not  resinous- 
dotted.  FLOWER  :  as  in  19,  but  clusters  erect,  calyx  flattish  ; 
May.  FRUIT:  pale  red  and  (with  the  stems)  bristly;  bruised 
herbage  and  berries  malodorous.  New  England,  New  York, 
and  Pennsylvania. 

22.  Round-leaved  Dogwood.     (Cornus  circinata.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  roundish  to  oval,  apex 
pointed,  woolly  beneath.     FLOWER  :  p.,  white,  small  (petals  4),  in 
large  flat  clusters.     June ;  fruit  light  blue ;  branch  greenish  with 
warty  spots  ;  6°-io°  high.     (PI.  II.) 

23.  Silky  Dogwood.  Kinnikinnik.  (Cornus  sericea.) 
LEAF  :  2'-4/,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  narrow  ovate  to  ellipti- 
cal, apex  pointed,  dull  green,  downy  beneath,  as  also  branchlets 
and  flower-stalks ;  branches  purplish.  FLOWER  :  as  in  22,  but 
clusters  smaller.  June ;  fruit  pale  blue ;  near  water ;  3°^io° 
high.  (PI.  III.) 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


24.  Red-osier   Dogwood.     (Cornus  stolonifera.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  broad-ovate,  base  rounded, 
apex  pointed,  roughish,  whitish  beneath,  branches  red-purple 
in  winter.  FLOWER  :  p.,  white,  small  (petals  4),  in  small  flat 
clusters.  June  ;  fruit  white  or  leaden  ;  commonest  north  ;  3°-6* 
high. 

25.  Panicled  Dogwood.     (Cornus  paniculata.) 

LEAF  :  I'-s',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  long-ovate,  apex  taper- 
ing, base  pointed,  whitish  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as  in  24,  but  in 
numerous  small  panicles  ;  June  ;  fruit  white,  branches  gray ;  near 
water;  4°-8°  high.  (PL  III.) 

26.  Sand  Myrtle.     (Leiophyllum  buxifolium.) 

LEAF:  X'~^'»  simple,  opposite  (sometimes  alternate),  entire, 
crowded,  oval  or  oblong,  glossy,  leathery.  FLOWER:  p.,  white 
(petals  5,  spreading,  stamens  10),  small,  in  terminal  umbels  ;  May. 
New  Jersey,  and  south  ;  low  evergreen. 

27.  Syringa.     Mock  Orange.     (Philadelphus  coronarius.) 

LEAF  :  s'-4',  simple,  opposite,  remotely  serrate,  ovate,  apex 
pointed.  FLOWER  :  p.,  cream-white  (petals  4),  fragrant,  in 
abundant  clusters  ;  June  ;  introduced,  but  becoming  spontane- 
ous. (PI.  II.) 

28.  Wild   Hydrangea.     (H.  arborescens.) 

LEAF:  4'-$',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate,  apex  pointed, 
green  both  sides,  smooth.  FLOWER:  p.,  white,  becoming  rosy, 
small  (the  marginal  ones  large  with  white  calyx,  but  no  petals, 
stamens  nor  pistil),  in  large  flat  clusters ;  July ;  New  Jersey  to 
Illinois,  and  south.  (Often  without  enlarged  flowers.) 

29.  Bladder-nut.     (Staphylea  trifolia.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  opposite;  leaflets,  3-5,  serrate,  ovate,  apex 
pointed,  $'-4'  long.  FLOWER  :  p. ,  white  (petals  5),  in  terminal 
drooping  clusters,  showy ;  May  ;  pod  large,  3-sided,  3-parted  at 
top;  6°-io°  high.  (PI.  III.) 

256 


PLATE   II 


8.  Winterberry. 

9.  Inkberry.  17. 

10.  Ninebark.  18.  (2/3) 


IT.  Wild  Currant.  20.  (av.  size) 

12.  Syringa.  27.  (V3) 

13.  Round-leaved  Dogwood.  22. 


257 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

30.  Stuartia.     (S.  virginica.) 

LEAF  :  2'-^',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  long-ovate,  soft 
hairy  beneath.  FLOWER:  p.  or  m.,  white  (petals  5,  i'  long), 
single,  short-stemmed,  showy.  Virginia. 

30*.  Stuartia.     (S.  pentagyna.) 

LEAF:  as  in  30,  but  smoother.  FLOWER:  p.  or  m.,  cream- 
tinted,  larger  than  in  30  (petals  5  or  more,  crimped  on  edge,  nu- 
merous stamens,  5  styles),  single,  very  showy,  cultivated  ;  July, 
August.  South  Virginia.  6°-i2°  high. 

31.  White  Flowering  Raspberry.     (Rubus  nutkanus.) 

LEAF  :  4'-8',  simple,  alternate,  5-lobed,  coarsely  serrate. 
FLOWER  :  p.,  white,  large  (petals  5,  stamens  numerous)  in  small 
clusters.  Michigan. 

32.  Cassena.     Yaupon.    (Ilex  Cassine.) 

LEAF:  i'-i}£',  simple,  alternate,  round- toothed,  lance-ovate 
to  elliptical,  leathery.  FLOWER:  p.  and  m.,  white  or  greenish- 
white  (petals  and  stamens  4-6),  small,  single  and  almost  stemless- 
clustered  ;  calyx  teeth  blunt ;  May.  Virginia. 

33.  Dahoon.     Holly.     (Ilex  Dahoon.) 

LEAF  :  2' -3' ,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  or  serrate  toward  apex, 
oblong  or  reverse  lance-shaped,  edge  rolled  under,  leathery. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  32,  but  calyx  teeth  sharp  ;  May,  June.  Virginia, 
swamps  near  coast. 

34.  Ilex.     (I.  decidua.) 

LEAF  :  2 '-4',  simple,  alternate,  blunt-toothed,  glossy  above , 
thickish  when  old.  FLOWER  :  as  in  32,  but  calyx  teeth  sharp  ; 
May.  Virginia,  Illinois,  near  water. 

35.  Odorless  Syringa.     (Philadelphus  inodorus.) 

LEAF  :   3'-4',  simple,   opposite,  entire  or  somewhat  serrate ; 
ovate,  apex  pointed,  smooth.     FLOWER:  p.,  white  (petals  5,  sta- 
mens numerous),  not  fragrant,  single  or  few-clustered,  showy 
mountains  of  Virginia. 

259 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


36.  Large-flowered  Syringa.     (Philadelphus  inodorus,  var. 
grandiflorus.) 

LEAF:  s'-4',  as  in  35,  but  somewhat  hairy.  FLOWER:  as  in 
35,  but  larger,  and  calyx-lobes  longer  and  tapering.  Virginia  ; 
cultivated. 

37.  Rough-leaved  Dogwood.     (Cornus  asperifolia.) 
LEAF  :  2f-4',  simple,   opposite,    entire,    ovate,    apex   pointed, 
quite  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  branchlets  rough.     FLOWER  : 
p.,  white,  small  (petals  4),  in   broad  flat  clusters;  May,  June. 
Illinois,  dry  soil. 

38.  Stiff  Cornel.     (Cornus  stricta.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate  or  long-ovate, 
apex  quite  tapering,  base  pointed,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  p.,  white, 
small  (petals  4),  in  loose  flat  clusters.  Virginia,  swamps  ;  8°-i5° 
high. 

39.  Dwarf  Thorn.     (Crataegus  parvifolia.) 

LEAF  :  J^'-i^',  simple,  alternate,  round-toothed,  obovate  with 
long,  narrow  base,  thick,  glossy  above  when  mature.  FLOWER  : 
p.,  white,  i-3-clustered  ;  May  ;  fruit  yellowish.  New  Jersey  and 
south  ;  3°-6°  high  ;  thorny.  (PI.  III.) 

40.  Sloe.     Black  Thorn.     (Prunus  spinosa.) 
LEAF  :  i'— 3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  long-ovate  or  elliptical. 
FLOWER  :  p.,  white  (petals  5,  stamens  rather  numerous),  few- 
clustered,  before  or  with  leaves  ;  fruit  small,  black,  with  a  bloom. 
Maine  to  Pennsylvania  ;  thorny. 

41.  White  Thorn.     (Cratsegus  spathulata.) 
LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  round-toothed  toward  apex,  oc- 
casionally lobed,   long-obovate,   base  tapering,  thickish,  glossy. 
FLOWER:    p.,  white,  in   large  clusters;    May;  fruit   red.     Vir- 
ginia ;  io°-i5°  high  ;  thorny. 

42.  White  Thorn.      (Cratsegus  apiifolia.) 
LEAF  :     2'-3',    simple,    alternate,    serrate,    5-7-dkr//j>-lobed, 
roundish.    FLOWER:  as  in  41;  March,  April.    Virginia  ;  thorny. 

260 


PLATE   III 


14.  Silky  Dogwood.  33.  (6/6) 

15.  Pamcled  Dogwood.  25.  (2/3) 

16.  Bladder-nut.  29.  (V3) 


17.  Dwarf  Thorn.       . 

18.  Raspberry  and  Black 

43 »  etc. 


rType. 


26l 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

43.  Wild  Red  Raspberry.     (Rubus  strigosus.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  3-5,  long-ovate,  apex  pointed,  irreg- 
ularly serrate  (lateral  ones  -without  stems),  whitened  beneath. 
FLOWER:  p.,  white  (petals  5,  stamens  numerous);  June,  July; 
fruit  red,  hemispherical  ;  stalks  with  bloom,  and  bristly  rather 
than  prickly.  (PI.  III.) 

44.  Black  Raspberry.    Thimbleberry.    (Rubus  occidentalis.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  3  (seldom  5),  ovate,  coarsely  serrate, 
apex  pointed,  whitened  beneath,  lateral  ones  short-stemmed ; 
stalks  and  leaf-stems  with  bloom  and  prickly.  FLOWER  :  as  in 
43  ;  fruit  purple-black,  hemispherical.  (PI.  III.) 

45.  High  Blackberry.     Common  Blackberry.    (Rubus 

villosus.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  3  (or  lateral  ones  in  pairs),  ovate,  ser- 
rate, apex  pointed,  green  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as  in  43,  but  in 
lengthened  leafless  clusters  ;  May,  June  ;  stalks  grooved,  prickly 
and  without  bloom  ;  i°-6°  high.  (PL  III.) 

46.  Low  Blackberry.     Dewberry.    (Rubus  canadensis.) 

LEAF  :  about  as  in  45,  FLOWER  :  as  in  45  ;  stalk  but  little 
prickly,  not  grooved,  with  no  bloom,  considerably  trailing.  (PI. 
III.) 

47.  Sand  Blackberry.     (Rubus  cuneifolius.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  3-5,  wedge-obovate,  serrate  toward 
apex,  thickish,  whitened  below.  FLOWER  :  p.,  white  or  rose- 
tinted  (petals  large,  three  times  length  of  sepals),  2-4-clustered ; 
May-July.  Southern  New  York  and  south  ;  i°-3°  high  ;  prickly. 

48.  Low  Bush-blackberry.     (Rubus  trivialis.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate ;  leaflets,  3  (or  lateral  ones  paired),  long-ovate 
to  lance-shaped,  serrate,  evergreen,  leathery.  FLOWER  :  as  in 
47  ;  March-May  ;  stalks  prickly,  and  almost  trailing.  Virginia. 

263 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


49.  White  Swamp  Azalea.    Clammy  Azalea.    (Rhododen- 

dron  viscosum.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  often  crowded  at  end  of  branch, 
entire,  long-obovate,  apex  often  bristle-tipped,  smooth.  FLOWER  : 
m.,  white  or  rosy,  fragrant  (corolla  funnel-form,  with  5  spreading 
lobes),  sticky,  stamens  and  style  protruding  from  corolla-tube, 
6-i2-clustered  ;  June,  July  ;  branchlets  bristly.  A  variety  glauca 
has  leaves  with  bloom  on  one  or  both  sides,  often  rough  hairy  ; 
another,  nitida^  is  dwarf,  leaf  green  both  sides.  RANGE  :  Maine 
to  Virginia,  swamps  near  coast ;  4°-io°  high.  (PI.  IV.) 

50.  Common  High  Blueberry.     Swamp  Blueberry.    (Vac- 

cinium  corymbosum.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2r,  simple,  alternate,  entire  (in  some  varieties  ser- 
rate), ovate  to  lance-shaped,  glossy  to  pale.  FLOWER  :  m.  (co- 
rolla white  or  rosy-tinted,  oblong-cylindrical,  5-toothed),  clustered, 
before  or  with  the  leaves  ;  5°-io°  high.  (PL  IV.) 

51.  Low  Blueberry.     (Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum.) 

LEAF  :  l^f'-i',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  finely  serrate,  oval  or 
obovate,  thickish,  dull  green,  with  bloom  beneath.  FLOWER  : 
m.,  white  or  reddish-white  (corolla  bell-shaped),  clustered  ; 
May.  New  England  and  south  ;  i°-2^°  high. 

52.  Leather-leaf.     (Cassandra  calyculata.) 

LEAF  :  i',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong,  leathery,  scurfy 
beneath.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white  (corolla  cylindrical,  5-toothed), 
small,  in  one-sided  leafy  racemes  in  early  spring  ;  near  water  ; 
low  shrub.  (PL  IV.) 

53.  Andromeda.     Stagger-bush.     ( Andromeda  mariana.) 

LEAF  :  i'-s',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  or  oblong,  rather 
leathery.  FLOWER:  m.,  white  or  pale  red  (corolla  long-ovoid, 
5-toothed),  drooping,  in  clusters  ;  May,  June.  Rhode  Island  to 
Virginia,  in  sand,  near  coast ;  2°-4°  high.  (PL  IV.) 

264 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

54.  Privet  Andromeda.     (A.  ligustrina.) 
LEAF  :  i'-3\  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate  to  lance-shape, 
FLOWER:    m.,    white,    small    (corolla    somewhat    globular,    5- 
toothed),  thickly  clustered,  with  last  year's  pods  often  still  cling- 
ing ;  June,  July.    Near  water  ;  3°-io°  high.     (PL  IV.) 

55.  Marsh  Andromeda.  Wild  Rosemary.  (A.  polifolia.) 
LEAF  :  about  i',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-shaped  or 
narrow-oblong,  thick,  evergreen,  edge  rolled  under,  white  beneath. 
FLOWER:  m.,  white,  small  (corolla  rather  globular,  5-toothed), 
in  terminal  clusters ;  May  ;  plant  smooth,  with  bloom.  Penn- 
sylvania, west  and  north,  in  bogs  ;  6'-i8'  high. 

56.  Groundsel-tree.  (Baccharis  halimifolia.) 
LEAF  :  2f-4',  simple,  alternate,  upper  leaves  often  entire,  lower 
coarse-toothed,  obovate,  base  wedge-shaped.  FLOWER:  m., 
whitish  or  yellow,  in  "heads,"  each  a  cluster  of  many  small 
tubular  blossoms  (corolla  of  pistillate  flowers  thread-like  ;  of  stam- 
inate,  larger  and  5-lobed)  ;  "heads"  single  and  clustered  ;  Sep- 
tember. Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  on  sea-shore  ;  6°-i2°  high. 

57.  Leucothoe.     (L.  racemosa.) 

LEAF:  i'-2j£',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  oblong  or 
oval,  apex  sharp,  thickish.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white,  fragrant  (corolla 
cylindrical,  5-toothed),  in  long,  one-sided  spikes ;  May,  June, 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  near  coast ;  4°-6°  high. 

58.  Withe-rod.  (Viburnum  nudum  and  cassinoides.) 
LEAF:  2-4',  simple,  opposite,  entire  or  round-toothed,  oval  to 
lance-shaped,  thickish.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white,  all  small  (corolla 
spreading,  5-lobed),  in  large,  flat,  showy  clusters  ;  in  two  varieties, 
as  leaf  is  more  entire  (south)  or  more  toothed  (north) ;  May,  June. 
5*-io°  high.  (PL  IV.) 

59.  Button-bush.     (Cephalanthus  occidentalis.) 
LEAF  :  3'-5',  simple,  opposite  or  3- whorled, entire,  long-stemmed, 
ovate  to  obovate,  apex  sharp.     FLOWER:  m.,  white,  very  small, 
clusters  in  balls  (corolla  tubular,  4-toothed)  ;  July,  August.     Near 
water.     (PL  IV.) 

265 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


60.  Common  Privet.     (Ligustrum  vulgare.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2f,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  lance-shape  to  obovate, 
thickish,  smooth,  dark  green.  FLOWER  ;  m.,  white,  small  (corolla 
funnel-shaped,  4-lobed),  in  erect  clusters  ;  June.  Introduced  for 
hedges,  but  locally  spontaneous  in  New  England  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

61.  Tartarian  Honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  tartarica.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate,  base  cordate, 
somewhat  glossy.  FLOWER:  m.,  white  to  purplish,  small,  fra- 
grant, in  pairs  on  a  single  stem  (corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed) ; 
April-June.  Introduced,  cultivated,  locally  spontaneous. 

62.  Arrow-wood.     (Viburnum  dentatum.) 

LEAF  :  2'~3',  simple,  opposite,  coarsely  serrate,  ovate  to  round- 
ish, base  cordate,  stem  slender.  FLOWER:  m.,  white,  all  small 
(corolla  5-lobed),  in  flat  clusters  ;  June  ;  fruit  ovoid,  blue  ;  5°-io° 
high.  (PI.  V.) 

63.  Soft  Viburnum.     (V.  molle.) 

LEAF  :  much  as  in  62,  but  downy  beneath,  as  also  leaf-  and 
flower-stem  and  branchlets.  FLOWER  :  as  in  62,  of  which  it  may 
be  only  a  variety.  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  south. 

64.  Downy  Arrow-wood.    (Viburnum  pubescens.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  62,  but  less  serrate,  apex  sharp  or  tapering,  downy 
beneath,  and  very  short-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  as  in  62  ;  fruit 
dark  purple.  RANGE  :  Vermont  to  New  York,  Kentucky  and 
Wisconsin  ;  low,  straggling. 

65.  Marsh  Elder.     Highwater  Shrub.    (Iva  frutescens.) 

LEAF  :  2f-4',  simple,  opposite ;  lower  coarsely  serrate,  oval  to 
lance-shaped,  thickish  (upper  narrow,  entire,  or  mere  bracts). 
FLOWER  :  m.,  white  or  greenish-white,  small  (corolla  tubular  or 
funnel-shaped),  massed  in  small,  flat  "heads,"  pistillate  and 
staminate  in  each ;  July-September.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  ; 
salt  marshes  near  coast ;  3°-8°  high. 

266 


PLATE  IV 


22 


19.  Clammy  Azalea.  49.  (Va) 

20.  Leather- leaf.  52.  (7/8) 

21.  Common  Blueberry.  50.  (Va) 


22.  Andromeda.  53.  (2/3) 

23.  Withe-rod.  58.  (2/3 ) 

24.  Button-bush.  59.  (Va) 


267 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

66.  Hobble-bush.     Am.  Wayfaring-tree.     (Viburnum  lan- 

tanoides.) 

LEAF  :  4'-8',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  roundish,  base  cordate, 
apex  pointed,  rusty-scurfy  beneath  and  on  stalks  and  branchlets. 
FLOWER:  m.,  white  (corolla  5-lobed),  in  flat  clusters  (no  common 
flower-stalk),  the  marginal  of  each  cluster  much  larger  and  showy, 
without  stamens  and  pistils ;  May ;  fruit  ovoid,  dark  red. 
RANGE  :  New  England,  to  Pennsylvania,  and  south  in  mountains. 
(PI.  V.) 

67.  Cranberry-tree.     High  Cranberry  Bush.     (Viburnum 

opulus.) 

LEAF:  3'-$',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  3-lobed,  lobes  serrate 
only  toward  their  apex.  FLOWER  :  as  in  66,  but  on  a  common 
flower-stalk ;  June,  July ;  fruit  globular,  bright  red.  RANGE  : 
northerly,  and  in  Alleghanies,  near  water  ;  5°-io°  high  ;  in  cul- 
tivation it  is  the  "  snow-ball  "or  "  Guelder  rose,"  with  all  the 
flowers  large.  (PI.  V.) 

68.  Maple-leaved  Arrow-wood.     Dockmackie.     (Viburnum 

acerifolium.) 

LEAF  :  2' '-4',  simple,  opposite,  coarsely  serrate,  3-lobed,  round- 
ish, downy  beneath,  3-ribbed.  FLOWER:  m.,  white,  all  small 
(corolla  5-lobed,  stamens  longer  than  corolla),  in  small  flat  clus- 
ters ;  May,  June ;  fruit  blackish  ;  2°-6°  high.  (PI.  V.) 

69.  Common  Elder.     (Sambucus  canadensis.) 
LEAF:  pinnate,  opposite;  leaflets,  5-11  (usually  7),  2' -4'  long, 

serrate,  oblong,  apex  sharp,  lower  often  deeply  2-3-lobed. 
FLOWER:  m.,  white,  small  (corolla  spreading,  5-lobed),  in  large 
flat  clusters  ;  June,  July  ;  fruit  blackish  ;  pith  white  or  pinkish- 
white  ;  5°-io°  high.  (PI.  V.) 

70.  Red-berried  Elder.     (Sambucus  pubens.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  serrate,   short   lance- 
shaped,  downy  beneath.    FLOWER  :  as  in  69,  but  in  convex  or  py- 
ramidal clusters  ;  May  ;  fruit  red,  occasionally  white  ;  June  ;  pith 
red  or  brown  ;  northerly,  and  south  in  mountains  ;   2°-io°  high. 
269 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


71.  Arrow-wood.     (Viburnum  obovatum.) 
LEAF:  i'-i^',  simple,  opposite,  entire  or  finely  serrate,  ot> 
ovate  (base  often  long-tapering),  thickish,  glossy.     FLOWER  :  m., 
white,  small  (corolla  spreading,  5-lobed),  in  small,  flat  clusters ; 
May.     Virginia,  2°-8°  high. 

72.  Storax.     (Styrax  grandifolia.) 

LEAF:  s'-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  minutely  serrate,  ob- 
ovate,  apex  pointed,  white-cottony  beneath.  FLOWER:  m., 
white  (corolla  4-8-deeply-lobed,  lobes  mostly  downy),  showy,  ^ 
long,  in  long  racemes.  Virginia,  in  woods. 

73.  Storax.     (Styrax  pulverulenta.) 

LEAF  :  i'-i^',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  minutely  serrate, 
oval  or  obovate,  scurfy-woolly  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as  in  72,  but 
i -3 -clustered,  fragrant,  ^'  long.  Virginia  ;  i°-4°  high. 

74.  Storax.     (Styrax  americana.) 

LEAF  :  i'-s',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  minutely  serrate,  ob- 
long, both  ends  sharp,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  as  in  72,  but  single 
or  3-4-clustered.  Virginia  ;  4°-8°  high. 

75.  Farkle-berry.  (Vaccinium  arboreum.) 
LEAF:  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  finely  serrate,  oval  to 
obovate,  bright  green  and  glossy  above.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white 
(corolla  bell-shaped,  5 -toothed,  size  of  blueberry  blossom),  single 
along  stem,  or  clustered ;  June  ;  berry  black.  Virginia  (?),  and 
South  Illinois  ;  8°-i5°  high. 

76.  Groundsel-tree.     (Baccharis  glomeruliflora.) 
LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  alternate,  upper  entire,  lower  serrate,  ob- 
ovate-oblong.     FLOWER  :  as  in  56,  but  the  "heads"  larger,  and 
the  leafy  scales  beneath  each  head  broader  and  blunt ;  Septem- 
ber.    East  Virginia  ;  6°-i2°  high. 

77.  Blueberry.     (Vaccinium  erythrocarpon.) 
LEAF  :    i'-2',  simple,   alternate,  bristly  serrate,  oblong,  apex 
tapering,  thin,  smooth.     FLOWER:   m.,  white  (corolla  4-lobed, 
lobes  rolled  back),  small,  single  ;  July  ;  berry  purple,  tasteless. 
Mountains  of  Virginia  ;  i°— 4°  high. 

270 


PLATE   V 


25.  Arrow-wood.  62.  (V-j) 

26.  Hobble-bush.  66.  (Va) 

27.  High  Cranberry -bush.  67.  i 


28.  Maple-leaved  Arrow-wood.     68. 

29.  Common  Elder.  69.  (V&) 


271 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

78.  Leucothoe.     (L.  axillaris.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  oval  to  short-lance- 
shaped,  glossy,  leathery,  very  short-stemmed.  FLOWER:  m., 
white  (corolla  rather  ovoid,  5-toothed),  stemless,  in  dense  racemes 
(sepals  broad  ovate)  ;  February- April.  Virginia,  near  water  ;  2°- 
4°  high. 

79.  Leucothoe.     (L.  Catesbaei.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  much  as  in  78,  but  longer-stemmed.  FLOWER  : 
as  in  78,  but  sepals  narrower,  apex  often  sharp  ;  May.  Moun- 
tains of  Virginia,  near  water  ;  2°-4°  high. 

80.  Leucothoe.     (L.  recurva.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  78,  but  not  glossy  nor  leathery.  FLOWER  :  as  in 
78,  but  short-stemmed,  in  one-sided  racemes  ;  April.  Mountains 
of  Virginia  ;  branches  recurved. 

81.  Andromeda.     (A.  floribunda.) 

LEAF  :  i'-3',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  short-lance- 
shaped,  thick,  evergreen,  with  stem.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white  (co- 
rolla rather  ovoid,  5-toothed,  5-angled),  in  dense  panicled  ra- 
cemes ;  April.  Virginia,  in  mountains  ;  2°-io°  high ;  young 
branches  bristly. 

82.  Callicarpa.     French  Mulberry.     (C.  Americana.) 

LEAF  :  i'-3',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  long-ovate,  base  taper- 
ing, whitish  beneath.  FLOWER:  m.,  whitish  (corolla  long-bell- 
shaped,  4-5-lobed,  stamens  4),  small,  in  small  clusters  along 
branch  ;  May-July.  Virginia. 

83.  Few-flowered  Arrow-wood.     (Viburnum  pauciflorum.) 

LEAF  :  2^-3',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  3-lobed  near  apex, 
roundish,  ^-ribbed  at  base.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white,  small  (corolla 
spreading,  5-lobed,  stamens  shorter  than  corolla),  in  small,  fiat 
clusters ;  June  ;  fruit  globular,  red  ;  northern  part  of  New 
Hampshire,  New  York,  and  Wisconsin  ;  low  shrub. 
273 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


84.  Bog  Bilberry.  (Vaccinium  uliginosum.) 
LEAF  :  X'~K'»  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong  to  obovate, 
dull  green,  lighter  beneath.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white  (corolla  almost 
globular,  4-toothed),  i-3-clustered,  drooping  ;  June,  July  ;  berry 
black,  sweet.  Alpine  tops  of  mountains  in  New  England  and 
New  York  ;  4'-! 8'  high. 

85.  Bilberry.     (Vaccinium  csespitosum.) 

LEAF  :  ^'  or  less,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  obovate,  glossy. 
FLOWER  :  m.,  white  (corolla  oblong,  5-toothed),  single,  droop- 
ing ;  June  ;  berry  blue.  Alpine  tops  of  White  Mountains  ;  dwarf. 

86.  Bilberry.     (Vaccinium  ovalifolium.) 

LEAF  :  */%  or  less,  simple,  alternate,  hardly  serrate,  elliptical, 
apex  blunt,  pale  green,  with  bloom.  FLOWER  :  much  as  in  85  ; 
May  ;  berries  blue.  Near  Lake  Superior  ;  3'-io'  high,  straggling. 

87.  Bilberry.     (Vaccinium  myrtilloides.) 

LEAF  :  ]£  or  less,  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  ovate,  apex 
sharp,  bright  green.  FLOWER:  as  in  85,  but  corolla  larger  and 
almost  globular  ;  May,  June  ;  berry  black,  large.  Near  Lake  Su- 
perior ;  i°-4°  high. 

88.  Canada  Blueberry.     (Vaccinium  canadense.) 
LEAF  :  about  i',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-shaped  to  ellip- 
tical, both  sides  downy,  as  also  branchlets.     FLOWER:  m.,  white 
(corolla  bell-shaped,  5-toothed),  clustered,  before  leaves  in  spring. 
Maine  to  Wisconsin  ;  i°-2°  high. 

89.  Alpine  Azalea.     (Loiseleuria  procumbens.) 
LEAF  :   ^'  or  less,  simple,  opposite,  entire  (edge  rolled  back), 
elliptical,   leathery,   evergreen.     FLOWER:  m.,   small,    white    or 
rosy   (corolla   bell-shaped,    5-lobed,    5    stamens),    2-5-clustered ; 
June.    Alpine  tops  of  White  Mountains  ;  low,  much  branched. 

90.  American  Mistletoe.     (Phoradendron  flavescens.) 
LEAF:   ^"-i>£',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oval  to  obovate,  yel- 
lowish, thick*     FLOWER  :   whitish  or  greenish-white  (no  petals, 

274 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

calyx  corolla-like,  globular,  generally  3-lobed),  staminate  and 
pistillate,  in  spike-like  clusters.  FRUIT  :  white,  size  of  small  pea. 
Parasitic  on  various  trees.  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  south. 
(PI.  VI.) 

91.  Fothergilla.     (F.  alnifolia.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2f,  simple,  alternate,  serrate  near  apex,  obovate  or 
oval.  FLOWER  :  no  corolla,  calyx  bell-shaped,  slightly  5-7- 
toothed,  long  white  stamens  about  24,  on  edge  of  calyx,  develop- 
ing somewhat  before  the  leaves ;  April,  May.  Virginia  ;  low 
shrub. 

92.  Rhododendron.     Great   Laurel.     Rose   Bay.     (Rhodo- 
dendron maximum.) 

LEAF  :  4/-io',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  to  elliptical,  apex 
sharp,  base  tapering,  edge  slightly  revolute,  thick*  evergreen. 
FLOWER  :  m.,  pale  rose  to  whitish,  greenish  in  throat,  yellow-  or 
red-spotted  (corolla  i'— 2'  broad,  5-lobed),  in  large  terminal  clus- 
ters ;  July,  August.  RANGE  :  Maine  to  Ohio  (damp  woods),  in 
mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  south  ;  shrub,  rarely  low  tree  in 
Pennsylvania.  (PI.  VI.) 

93.  Mountain  Laurel.     Calico-bush.     (Kalmia  latifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2 '-4',  simple,  alternate,  sometimes  opposite  or  whorled, 
entire,  lance-shaped  or  elliptical,  both  ends  pointed,  glossy^  ever- 
green, leathery.  FLOWER:  m.,  rosy  to  white,  large,  showy, 
sticky  (corolla  broad  bell-shaped,  stamens  10,  ends  sunk  in  de- 
pression of  corolla),  in  large  terminal  clusters  ;  May,  June  ;  north- 
erly a  shrub,  in  Pennsylvania  a  low  tree. 

94.  Rhodora.     (R.  Canadense.) 

LEAF  :  i'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong  to  obovate,  whit- 
ish beneath,  pale.  FLOWER  :  rose-purple,  rarely  white  (corolla 
in  2  parts,  one  with  three  lobes,  the  other  very  deeply  lobed  or  of 
two  distinct  petals,  10  stamens),  in  small  clusters  before  the  leaves  ; 
May.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  mountains  or  damp  woods  \ 
low  shrub. 

275 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


95.  Smooth  Azalea.     (Rhododendron  arborescens.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate,  smooth,  glossy 
above,  a  bloom  beneath,  edge  bristly  hairy,  thickish.  FLOWER  : 
m.,  rose-color,  fragrant,  slightly  sticky  (corolla  funnel-form  with 
5  spreading  lobes  shorter  than  tube  ;  stamens  and  style  much 
longer  than  corolla  tube),  in  terminal  clusters  ;  June.  Mountains 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  south  ;  3°-i2°  high. 

96.  Flame-colored  Azalea.     (Rhododendron  calendulaceum.) 

LEAF:  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate  to  oblong,  hairy 
(as  also  branchlets).  FLOWER:  m.,  orange  to  flame-color,  not 
odorous  nor  sticky  (corolla  as  in  95,  but  its  tube  shorter  than  the 
lobes),  in  terminal  clusters,  profuse,  before  the  leaves ;  May. 
Pennsylvania  and  south  ;  3°-io°  high  ;  cultivated. 

97.  Pinxter-flower.     Purple  Azalea.     (Rhododendron 
nudiflorum.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  much  as  in  96,  branchlets  hairy.  FLOWER:  m., 
pink,  purple,  buff,  mottled  or  white,  often  fragrant  (corolla  fun- 
nel-form with  5  large  spreading  lobes  ;  stamens  and  style  much 
longer  than  tube),  clustered,  with  or  before  leaves  ;  April,  May ; 
2°-6°  high. 

98.  Black  Crowberry.     (Empetrum  nigrum.) 

LEAF  :  ^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  crowded,  narrow,  ever- 
green. FLOWER  :  reddish  (no  corolla,  3  spreading  sepals,  3  sta- 
mens), very  small,  along  branch  ;  May,  June.  FRUIT  :  black, 
berry-like.  Alpine  tops  of  mountains  in  New  England  and  New 
York,  and  along  Maine  coast  and  Lake  Superior  ;  low,  spread- 
ing. 

99.  Common  Black  Huckleberry.     (Gaylussacia  resinosa.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  to  long- ovate, 
thickly  covered  with  shining  resinous  dots.  FLOWER  :  m.,  white, 
red-  or  purple-tinged,  corolla  cylindrical,  5-lobed,  a  reddish  bract, 
falling  early,  with  each  flower  and  cluster  ;  May,  June,  FRUIT : 
black,  rarely  white,  without  bloom  ;  i°-3°  high, 

276 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

100.  Dwarf  Huckleberry.     (Gaylussacia  dumosa.) 

LEAF:  I'-i*^',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  finely  serrate,  ob- 
ovate,  bristle-tipped,  somewhat  thick  and  glossy.  FLOWER:  m., 
white,  red-  or  purple-tinged  (corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed),  with 
leaf-like  bract  as  long  as  flower-stem,  longish-clustered  ;  June. 
FRUIT  :  black,  tasteless.  Maine  to  Virginia,  near  coast ;  i°-5° 
high. 
101.  Dangleberry.  Blue  Tangle.  (Gaylussacia  frondosa.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate,  dull  green, 
bloom  beneath.  FLOWER:  as  in  100,  but  corolla  more  glob- 
ular, with  slender  bract  shorter  than  flower-stem  ;  May,  June. 
FRUIT  :  blue,  sweet,  with  bloom.  New  England  (coast)  to 
Kentucky  ;  i°-5°  high. 

1 02.  Mezereum.     Daphne.     (D.  mezereum.) 

LEAF  :  $'-4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-shaped.     FLOWER  : 

purplish  rose,  rarely  white  (no  corolla,  calyx  4-lobed,  spreading, 

8  stamens),  few-clustered,  before  the  leaves  ;  April.     Introduced, 

and  now  somewhat  spontaneous  in  Massachusetts  and  New  York. 

103.  Hairy  Laurel.     (Kalmia  hirsuta.) 

LEAF:  y$  ,  simple,  alternate  and  opposite,  entire,  oblong  or 
lance-shaped,  stiff-hairy  (as  also  branches),  at  length  smooth  ; 
leathery,  evergreen.  FLOWER:  m.,  rose-color  (corolla  open 
bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  ends  of  stamens  sunk  in  10  depressions), 
single  along  branches  ;  May-September.  Virginia  ;  i°  high. 

104.  Shrubby  Althaea.  Rose  of  Sharon.  (Hibiscus  Syriacus.) 
LEAF  :  2'-3f,  simple,  alternate,  3-lobed  (middle  one  long),  coarse- 
serrate,  base  wedge-shaped,  apex  sharp.  FLOWER  :  5-petaled, 
rose-colored,  large,  many  stamens  in  a  column;  September.  In- 
troduced, and  locally  spontaneous  ;  tall.  (PI.  VI.) 

105.  Hardback.     Steeple-bush.     (Spiraea  tomentosa.) 

LEAF  :    i'-2^',   simple,    alternate,    serrate,  ovate   to  oblong, 

•woolly  beneath,  as  also   stems  (thick   and  rusty  on   new  shoots). 

FLOWER  :  p.,  rose-colored,  rarely  white,  very  small,  in  erect  dense 

clusters  ;  July.  Commonest  in  New  England  ;  2°-4°  high.  (PI.  VI.) 

277 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


106.  Purple-flowering  Raspberry.  (Rubus  odoratus.) 
LEAF  :  s'-io'  across,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  3-5-lobed, 
roundish,  large.  FLOWER  :  5-petaled,  rose-purple,  often  2' 
broad  (often  200  stamens),  clustered  ;  June-August ;  stalk, 
branches  and  calyx  clammy-hairy  ;  not  prickly  ;  commoner  north- 
ward ;  3°-5°  high.  (PI.  VI.) 

107.  Box-huckleberry.     (Gaylussacia  brachycera.) 
LEAF:   i',  simple,  alternate,  finely  round-toothed,  oval,  smooth, 
evergreen,     thick.      FLOWER  :    m.,    white,    red-or-purple-tinged 
(corolla  long-bell-shaped,  5-lobed),  clustered ;    May.      Pennsyl- 
vania and  Virginia  ;   i°  high. 

108.  Coral-berry.     Indian   Currant.     (Symphoricarpus  orbic- 

ularis. ) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  opposite,  entire  (often  lobed  or  wavy- 
toothed  on  young  shoots),  oval.  FLOWER  :  m.,  rosy-white  (corolla 
bell-shaped,  4~5-lobed,  hairy  within,  4-5  stamens),  crowded  in 
clusters  along  branch  ;  July  ;  berry  small,  dark  red.  West  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  westward  ;  cultivated  ;  2°-3°  high. 

109.  Snowberry.     (Symphoricarpus  racemosus.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  108.     FLOWER  :  as  in  108,  but  in  clusters  at  end 
of  branch  ;    June-September  ;    berry  large^  white.      Virginia  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin;  cultivated;  2°-4°  high.     (PI.  I.) 

IIO.  Wolfberry.     (Symphoricarpus  occidentalis.) 
LEAF:  as  in   108.     FLOWER:  as   in    108,  but  larger  and   in 
dense  clusters  both  terminal  and  lateral,  and  stamens  projecting 
beyond    corolla-tube ;     July ;    berry   white.     Illinois,    Michigan ; 
2°-4°  high. 

in.  Sheep  Laurel.  Lambkill.  (Kalmia  angustifolia.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  opposite  or  3-whorled,  entire,  oval  to 
elliptical,  leathery,  evergreen,  lighter  beneath.  FLOWER  :  m., 
crimson  (corolla  broad  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  10  stamens,  their  tips 
inserted  in  depressions  of  corolla),  in  lateral  clusters  ;  May,  June  ; 
hill-sides  ;  2° -3°  high. 

278 


PLATE  VI 


30.  American  Mistletoe. 

31.  Rhododendron.  92.  ( 

32.  Rose  of  Sharon.   104.  ( 

33.  Hardback.   105.  (2/6) 


0.  (2/a) 

2/5) 
) 


34.  Purple-flowering  Raspberry.  106. 

35.  Heatner  (Calluna).  ua.  (Via) 


279 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

112.  Heather.     (Calluna  vulgaris.) 

LEAF  :  }£  or  less,  simple,  opposite,  entire  (with  2  sharp  pro- 
jections at  base),  minute,  crowded,  evergreen.  FLOWER:  m., 
rose-colored  or  white  (corolla  bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  much  shorter 
than  calyx,  8  stamens),  in  short  spike-like  racemes  chiefly  one- 
sided ;  July,  August.  Locally  in  Maine  and  Massachusetts. 
(PI.  VI.) 

113.  Swamp  Rose.  Carolina  Rose.  (Rosa  Carolina.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  serrate,  elliptical,  apex 
often  sharp,  dull  green  above,  lighter  below,  stipules  narrow. 
FLOWER  :  p.,  rose-colored  (5  petals,  pistils  and  stamens  numer- 
ous), several-clustered  ;  June-September  ;  flower-stems  and  calyx 
bristly  ;  stalks  with  hooked  prickles  ;  low  ground ;  4°-7°  high. 
(PI.  VII.) 

114.  Dwarf  Wild-rose.     (R.  lucida.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;   leaflets,  5-9,  serrate,  elliptical  to 

lance-shaped,  glossy,  stipules  broad.     FLOWER  :  as  in  113,  but  i- 

3-clustered  ;  May-July;  prickles  fewer  than  in  113,  and  nearly 

straight  ;  dry  ground  ;   i°-2°  high.     (PI.  VII.) 

A  variety  (nitidd)  has  narrow  leaflets,  both  ends  sharp,  and 

flowers  usually  single. 

115.  Early  Wild-rose.     (R.  blanda.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  serrate,  oval  to  ob- 
long, apex  bhmt,  dull  green  both  sides,  large  stipules.  FLOWER  : 
as  in  113,  but  light  rose-color;  May,  June;  flower-stems  and 
calyx-tube  smooth,  and  with  bloom;  few  prickles.  Virginia  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  west ;  i°-3°  high.  (PL  VII.) 

116.  Sweet-brier.     (Rosa  rubiginosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  serrate,  j£—$f  long, 
base  rounded,  resinous -dotted  beneath,  fragrant  when  crushed, 
stems  hairy.  FLOWER:  p.,  light  rose-color,  mostly  single,  with 
bristly  stems,  sepals  serrate  and  hairy  ;  June-August ;  prickles 
numerous  ;  often  climbing.  (PI.  VII.) 

281 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


117.  Bristly   Locust.     Rose-acacia.     (Robinia  hispida.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  13-19,  i'-i^' long,  entire, 
oval  to  oblong,  apex  bristle  -  pointed  ;  stems  and  branch  lets 
bristly.  FLOWER  :  deep  rose-colored,  pea-shaped,  large,  scent- 
less, clustered  ;  May,  June.  Mountains  of  Virginia  ;  cultivated  ; 
3°-8°  high.  (PI.  VII.) 

118.  Hudsonia.     (H.  ericoides.) 

LEAF  :  ^'-/^',  simple,  alternate  and  opposite,  crowded,  entire, 
slender,  awl-shaped,  downy,  spreading  from  branch.  FLOWER  : 
p.,  bright  yellow  (petals  5,  stamens  rather  numerous),  small  and 
showy,  on  leafless  stalks  ;  May.  Maine  to  Virginia,  near  coast ; 
scarcely  i°  high  ;  greenish,  downy.  (PI.  VII.) 

119.  Hudsonia.     (H.  tomentosa.) 

LEAF  :  much  as  in  118,  but  smaller,  appressed  to  branch. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  118,  but  usually  on  leafy  branches  ;  May,  June. 
On  coast  from  Maine  to  Maryland,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  ; 
scarcely  i°  high;  whitish,  downy.  (PI.  VII.) 

I2O.  Woad-waxen.     Whin.     (Genista  tinctoria.) 
LEAF  :   i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-shaped,  branches 
angled.    FLOWER  :  yellow,  small,  pea-shaped,  in  spiked  racemes  ; 
June.     Introduced,  now  spontaneous   in   Massachusetts  (Essex 
County)  and  New  York  ;  low  shrub. 

121.  Spice-bush.  Wild  Allspice.  (Lindera  benzoin.) 
LEAF  :  2'— 5',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate-oblong,  both 
ends  pointed,  pale  beneath.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  small  (no  corolla, 
yellow  calyx  6-parted,  spreading),  almost  stemless,  in  numerous 
compound  clusters  along  branch,  before  the  leaves ;  March, 
April  ;  somewhat  fragrant  ;  damp  woods  ;  5°-i5°  high  ;  branches 
smooth  ;  fruit ;  red  berry.  (PI.  VII.) 

122.  Wild   Allspice.     (Lindera  melissaefolia.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  121,  but  base  blunt  or  cordate.     FLOWER  :  as  in 
I2i,  but  clusters  few  ;  April.     Virginia  ;  branches  fine-hairy. 

282 


PLATE   VII 


36.  Rose  Type.   113,  etc. 

37.  Bristly  Locust.   117.  (V 

38.  Hudsonia.   118.  (V5) 

39.  Spice-bush.   121.  (Va) 


40.  Barberry.   125.   (V6) 

41.  Witch-hazel.  127.  (i/a) 

42.  Fragrant  Sumach.  140* 


283 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

123.  Leatherwood.  Moose-wood.  (Dirca  palustris.) 
LEAF  :  3' '-4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  to  obovate,  short- 
stemmed.  FLOWER  :  light  yellow  (no  corolla,  yellow  calyx  tubu- 
lar, its  edge  wavy  or  slightly  4-toothed,  8  long  stamens),  3-4- 
clustered  along  branches  before  the  leaves  ;  April.  New  England 
to  Pennsylvania  and  Kentucky,  and  north  ;  2°-5°  high. 

124.  Pond   Spice.     (Tetranthera  geniculata.) 
LEAF:  3'— 4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong,  hairy  on  mid- 
rib beneath.     FLOWER  :  almost  identical  with  121,  but  in  simple, 
2-4-flowered  clusters,  before  the  leaves  ;  April.     Virginia. 

125.  Common  Barberry.  (Berberis  vulgaris.) 
LEAF:  i'-2',  simple,  alternate  or  fascicled,  serrate  (teeth 
bristle-pointed),  oval  ;  often  replaced  on  branchlets  by  small 
forked  spines.  FLOWER  :  p.,  yellow  (petals  6,  obovate,  not 
notched  at  apex,  stamens  6),  in  drooping  many-flowered  clusters  ; 
May,  June  ;  berries  oblong,  scarlet.  Introduced,  and  now  spon.. 
taneous,  chiefly  in  Eastern  New  England ;  3°-8°  high  ;  thorny. 
(PI.  VII.) 

126.  American  Barberry.     (Berberis  canadensis.) 
LEAF  :     i'-2',    simple,    alternate,    broad-round-toothed    (less 
bristly-pointed   than   in    125),    oval.     FLOWER  :    as  in    125,  but 
petals  notched  at  apex,  and  clusters  few-flowered  ;  June  ;  berries 
oval,  scarlet.     Mountains  of  Virginia  ;  i°-3°  high  ;  thorny. 

127.  Witch-hazel.     (Hamamelis  virginica.) 

LEAF:  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  wavy-edged  or  broad- toothed, 

obovate  to  oval,  oblique  at  base,  a  little  one-sided.     FLOWER  :  p., 

yellow  (petals  4,  long  and  narrow,  stamens  8),  instemless  clusters 

along  branch  ;  November  ;  damp  woods  ;  5°-i2°  high.   (PI.  VII.) 

128.  St.   Peter 's-wort.     (Ascyrum  stans.) 
LEAF  :  about    i',    simple,    opposite,    entire,   oval   to    oblong, 

thickish,  black-dotted,  slightly  surrounding  branch  at  base. 
FLOWER:  p.,  yellow  (petals  4,  obovate,  stamens  many),  mostly 
single,  showy,  almost  stemless ;  July,  August.  Long  Island  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  south  ;  i°-2°  high, 

285 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


129.  St.  Andrew's  Cross.     (Ascyrum  Crux-Andreae.) 
LEAF  :   i'  or  less,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  narrow,  long-obovate, 
black-dotted,  thin.     FLOWER  :  as  in  128,  but  petals  narrow-oblong, 
scarcely  longer  than  sepals  ;  July-September  ;  New  Jersey  to  Illi- 
nois, and  south  ;   i°-2°  high. 

130.  Shrubby  St.  John's-wort.     (Hypericum  prolificum.) 
LEAF:    i'-2j4't  simple,    opposite,    entire,    lance-oblong,  apex 

usually  blunt,  base  narrower,  black-dotted ;  branchlets  2-edged. 
FLOWER  :  p.,  yellow  (petals  5,  stamens  many),  $  across,  numer- 
ous, in  thick  clusters ;  July-September.  New  Jersey,  west  and 
south ;  i°-6°  high. 

131.  Shrubby  St.  John's-wort.     (Hypericum  densiflorum.) 
LEAF  :  about  i',  as  in  130,  but  smaller  and  crowded.     FLOWER  : 

as  in  130,  but  smaller  (^'-/^'  across),  more  abundant  in  com- 
pound clusters.  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky,  and  west ;  much 
branched  ;  i°-6°  high. 

132.  Kalm's  St.  John's-wort.     (Hypericum  Kalmianum.) 
LEAF  :   i'-2',    simple,    opposite,    entire,    oblanceolate,   with   a 

bloom,  crowded,  black-dotted.  FLOWER  :  as  in  130,  but  i'  across, 
few-clustered  ;  August  ;  branches  4-angled,  branchlets  2-edged. 
Niagara  Falls  and  along  Northern  Lakes ;  i  °-6°  high. 

133.  Fly-honeysuckle.  (Lonicera  ciliata.) 
LEAF  :  2^-3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oblong-ovate  to  oval, 
base  often  cordate,  with  a  stem,  thin,  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  : 
m.,  yellowish,  |^'  long  (corolla  tubular,  apex  5-lobed,  very  slightly 
spurred  at  base),  paired  on  a  single  stem  ;  May  ;  berries  red,  sep- 
arate. Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania,  and  west ;  3°-5°  high  ; 
straggling. 

134.  Mountain  Fly-honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  cerulea.) 
LEAF  :   l'-2f,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oval,  very  short-stemmed. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  133,  but  common  stem  very  short ;  berries  blue, 
united.     Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin,  and  north  ;  i°-3°  high. 

286 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

135.  Swamp  Fly-honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  oblongifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oblong,  almost  stemless. 
FLOWER:  m.,  yellowish- white,  ]/^  long  (corolla  tubular,  5-lobed, 
and  deeply  2-lipped),  paired  on  long  stem  ;  June  ;  berries  purple, 
united  or  nearly  separate.  Northern  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  in 
bogs  ;  2°-5°  high. 

136.  Honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  involucrata.) 

LEAF  :  3'-6',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate-oblong,  apex  usu- 
ally sharp,  with  a  stem;  branches  4-angled.  FLOWER  :  m.,  yel- 
lowish (corolla  tubular,  5-lobed,  sticky-hairy),  paired  on  single 
stem  ;  June  ;  berries  purple,  separate.  Lake  Superior  and  west. 

137.  Shepherdia.     (S.   canadensis.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2f,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  elliptical  to  ovate,  silvery- 
downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  yellowish,  very  small  (no  corolla, 
yellow  calyx  4-lobed,  8  stamens),  staminate  clustered,  pistillate 
often  single,  almost  stemless ;  May ;  fruit  yellow-red,  round, 
size  of  small  pea  ;  rusty  scales  on  leaves,  branchlets  and  flowers. 
New  York,  and  west. 

138.   Sea  Ox-eye.     (Borrichia  frutescens.) 

LEAF  :  i'  or  less,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  or  serrate  toward 
base,  rather  lance-shaped,  leathery  or  fleshy.  FLOWER  :  yellow 
(anthers  blackish),  in  single,  terminal,  many-flowered  "heads." 
Virginia  ;  6' -12'  high  ;  plant  whitish-fine-hairy. 

139.  Bush  Honeysuckle.     (Diervilla  trifida.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4/,  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  long-ovate,  apex  taper- 
ing, with  stem.  FLOWER:  m.,  light  yellow  (corolla  funnel- 
form,  5-lobed,  5  stamens),  mostly  ^-clustered  on  single  stem  ; 
June-August ;  pod  surmounted  by  a  slender  beak,  on  which  the 
sepals  are  still  seen  ;  i°-2°  high. 

140.  Fragrant  Sumach.     (Rhus  aromatica.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  broad-ovate,  i'»3'  long, 
irregularly  and  coarsely  serrate,  the  middle  one  with  wedge- 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


shaped  base,  thickish  when  old,  fragrant  when  bruised.  FLOWER  : 
p.,  light  yellow,  small  (petals  and  stamens  5),  crowded  in  clusters 
before  the  leaves;  April,  May  ;  2°-6°  high.  (PI.  VII.) 

141.  Shrubby  Cinque-foil.     (Potentilla  fruticosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  entire,  about  i'  long, 
lance-oblong,  silky  (especially  beneath),  crowded.  FLOWER  :  p., 
yellow  (petals  5,  stamens  many),  abundant,  at  ends  of  branchlets  ; 
June-September  ;  damp  places  ;  2°-4°  high.  (PI.  VIII.) 

142.  Lapland  Rose-bay.     (Rhododendron  lapponicum.) 

LEAF  :  %,' ,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  elliptical,  apex  blunt,  ever- 
green, dotted  with  rusty  scales.  FLOWER:  m.,  purplish  (corolla 
broad  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  5-10  stamens),  about  z/^  across,  few- 
clustered,  terminal ;  July.  Alpine  tops  of  mountains  in  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  and  New  York  ;  very  low  shrub. 

143.  Rhododendron.     (R.  catawbiense.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  to  oblong,  base  and 
apex  rounded,  lighter  beneath,  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  m.,  lilac- 
purple  (corolla  broad  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  10  stamens),  in  ter- 
minal clusters  ;  June.  High  mountains  of  Virginia  ;  3°-6°  high. 

144.  Broom-crowberry.     (Corema  conradii.) 

LEAF  :  ^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  narrow,  scattered  or 
crowded  ;  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  with  no  corolla  nor  calyx  :  3-4 
long  purple  stamens ;  in  terminal  "  heads,"  each  io-15-blos- 
somed  ;  March,  April.  Maine  to  New  Jersey,  along  coast ;  low 
shrub. 

145.  Phyllodoce.     (P.  taxifolia.) 

LEAF  :  y% ',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  linear,  apex  blunt,  rough- 
edged.  FLOWER:  m.,  purplish  (corolla  long-urn-shaped,  5- 
toothed,  10  stamens),  single  or  few-clustered  at  top  of  branch  ; 
July.  Alpine  tops  of  mountains  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  ; 
'low  evergreen  shrub. 

288     • 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

146.  Squaw  Huckleberry.     Deerberry.     (Vaccinium 
stamineum.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  or  ovate,  whitish 
beneath.  FLOWER  :  m. ,  purplish  or  greenish-white  (corolla  bell- 
shaped,  5-lobed,  10  stamens),  in  long,  leafy,  terminal  clusters  ; 
May,  June ;  berries  large,  greenish.  Chiefly  eastward ;  2°-3° 
high. 

147.  Menziesia.     (M.  globella  and  globularis.) 

LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  long-obovate,  hairy. 
FLOWER  :  m.,  purplish,  or  greenish- white,  small  (corolla  nearly 
bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  8  stamens),  drooping,  in  terminal  clusters  ; 
June;  branches  hairy.  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia; 
low  shrub. 

148.  Pale  Laurel.     (Kalmia  glauca.) 

LEAF  :  i',  simple,  opposite  or  whorled,  entire,  oblong,  edge 
rolled  under,  white  bloom  beneath,  leathery,  almost  stemless  ; 
branchlets  2-edged.  FLOWER  :  m.,  lilac-purple,  ^'  across  (corolla 
open  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  ends  of  10  stamens  sunk  in  depressions 
of  corolla),  in  terminal,  few-flowered  clusters  ;  May,  June.  Penn- 
sylvania to  Kentucky,  and  north,  in  bogs  and  mountains  ;  i°-2° 
high. 

149.  Sweet-scented  Shrub.     Carolina  Allspice.    (Calycan- 
thus  nanus.) 

LEAF  :  3 '-5',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oblong,  bright-green 
above,  quite  smooth.  FLOWER  :  dark  purple  (petals  and  sepals 
colored  alike,  in  many  rows,  thickish,  stamens  about  12),  with 
strawberry-scent  when  bruised ;  single  along  branch  ;  May- 
August.  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  mountains. 

150.  Sweet-scented  Shrub.     (Calycanthus  floridus.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  149,  but  oval,  and  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as 
in  149,  but  larger;  April- August.  Perhaps  in  Virginia  moun- 
tains ;  cultivated. 

289 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


151.  Burning-bush.  Waahoo.  (Euonymus  atropurpureus.) 
LEAF:  2'-s',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  long-oval,  variable, 
rather  long  stem.  FLOWER:  p.,  dark  purple,  small  (petals  and 
stamens  usually  4),  3-6-clustered,  lateral,  on  long  stems  ;  June  ; 
showy  in  fall,  with  crimson  seeds  exposed.  New  York  to  Wis- 
consin, and  south  ;  6°-i4°  high  ;  cultivated. 

152.  Strawberry  Bush,  (Euonymus  americanus.) 
LEAF:  i'-2',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  oval,  very  short  stem, 
bright  green,  thickish.  FLOWER  :  p.,  greenish-purple  or  green- 
ish, small  (petals  and  stamens  commonly  5),  in  small,  lateral  clus- 
ters ;  June  ;  fruit  crimson.  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  south, 
near  water  ;  2°-$°  high. 

153.  False  Indigo.     (Amorpha  fruticosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  15-25,  i'  long,  entire,  oval, 
small-dotted.  FLOWER  :  purple  or  violet  (one  petal  only,  sur- 
rounding 10  stamens),  in  crowded,  erect,  spike-like  racemes  ;  June. 
South  Pennsylvania,  south  and  west ;  6°-i6°  high.  (PI.  VIII.) 

154.  Lead-plant.     (Amorpha  canescens.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  153,  but  leaflets,  31-51,  small ;  whole  plant  whitish- 
hairy.  FLOWER  :  as  in  153,  but  blue ;  July.  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin ;  i°-4°  high. 

155.  Shrub  Yellow-root.  (Xanthorhiza  apiifolia.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate  or  twice  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3-5,  2'~3' 
long,  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  ovate  with  wedge-shaped  base, 
stemless.  FLOWER:  p.,  brownish-purple  (petals  5,  smaller  than 
the  sepals,  stamens  5-10),  in  drooping  panicles  or  racemes,  in  early 
spring  with  the  leaves  ;  roots  and  bark  yellow.  In  Southwestern 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  moun- 
tains ;  i°-3°  high.  (PI.  VIII.) 

156.  Oil-nut.     Buffalo-nut.     (Pyrularia  pubera.) 
LEAF  :  2^-3',   simple,   alternate,  entire,  elliptical,  very  veiny. 
FLOWER  :  greenish,  small  (no  corolla,  calyx  5-lobed,  stamens  5), 
in    small    terminal  spikes  ;    May  ;    fruit    pear-shaped,    i'    long. 
Pennsylvania  and  south,  in  mountains  ;  3°-i2°  high. 

290 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

157.  Common  Buckthorn.  (Rhamnus  cathartica.) 
LEAF  :  i'-s',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  ovate.  FLOWER: 
p. ,  greenish  (petals  4,  notched  at  apex,  the  4  stamens  standing 
opposite  (directly  before)  them  ;  sometimes  no  petals),  clustered 
along  branch  ;  May,  June ;  branchlets  thorny.  Introduced,  but 
now  slightly  spontaneous  in  Eastern  States  ;  used  for  hedges. 

158.  Lance-leaved  Buckthorn.     (Rhamnus  lanceolata.) 
LEAF  :  i'-s',  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  lance-shaped  (or 
oblong  on  flowering  branches).     FLOWER  :  much  as  in  157,  but 
petals   deeply  notched  ;    May.      Pennsylvania   to    Illinois ;    not 
thorny. 

159.  Alder-leaved  Buckthorn.  (Rhamnus  alnifolia.) 
LEAF  :  i'— 3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oval,  apex  sharp. 
FLOWER  :  greenish,  small  (no  corolla,  calyx  5-lobed,  5  stamens 
alternating  with  calyx-lobes),  in  clusters  along  branch,  staminate 
and  pistillate  commonly  on  different  plants  ;  June.  Maine  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  ;  2°-4°  high  ;  thornless. 

1 60.  Prickly  Gooseberry.  (Ribes  cynosbati.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2;,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  3~5-lobed,  roundish- 
heart-shaped.  FLOWER  :  p.,  greenish,  small  (petals  and  stamens 
5,  style  undivided),  i-3-clustered  on  slender  stem  ;  stamens  not 
longer  than  broad  calyx  ;  May  ;  1-3  prickles  on  branch  near  base 
of  leaf-stem  ;  berry  large,  brownish-purple,  long-prickly  (rarely 
none).  Commonest  northward  ;  2°-4°  high.  (PI.  VIII.) 

161.  Common  Wild  Gooseberry.  (Ribes  oxyacanthoides.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2f,  as  in  160.  FLOWER  :  as  in  160,  but  stamens 
scarcely  longer  than  bell-shaped  calyx  ;  style  2-lobed  at  apex  ;  1-2 
on  very  short  stems ;  May  ;  branches  smooth  or  prickly  ;  fruit 
smooth,  purple,  small.  New  England  to  Illinois ;  moist  ground. 
(PI.  VIII.) 

162.  Round-leaved  Gooseberry.     (Ribes  rotundifolium.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  160,  but  more  roundish,  and  commonly  not  cordate. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  160,  but  stamens  longer  than  cylindrical  calyx ; 

291 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


style  2-lobed  at  apex ;  i-3-clustered ;  June ;  fruit  smooth ; 
branches  usually  prickly.  Western  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin, 
and  south  in  mountains  to  Virginia. 

163.  Swamp  Gooseberry.  (Ribes  lacustre.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  160,  deeply  lobed  ;  young  shoots  with  abundant, 
weak,  reddish  prickles  ;  old  stems  somewhat  thorny.  FLOWER  : 
as  in  160,  but  style  2-lobed  at  apex ;  4-g-clustered,  drooping  ; 
June  ;  fruit,  small,  bristly,  purple.  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
and  in  Pennsylvania. 

164.  Forestiera.     (F.  acuminata.) 

LEAF  :  i'-3',  simple,  opposite,  finely  serrate  or  entire,  long- 
ovate,  base  and  apex  sharp.  FLOWER  :  greenish,  or  whitish  (no 
corolla,  calyx  of  4  small,  soon-falling  sepals,  2-4  stamens) ;  1-3- 
clustered  ;  April.  West  Illinois. 

165.  Smooth  Sumach.     (Rhus  glabra,  with  var.  laciniata.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  11-31,  2'-4'  long,  lance- 
shaped,  serrate,  whitish  beneath,  smooth,  with  some  bloom. 
FLOWER  :  p.,  whitish,  greenish,  or  greenish-red,  small  (petals  and 
stamens  5),  in  erect,  dense,  pyramidal  clusters,  which  in  fruit  are 
crimson;  June,  July  ;  3°-i5°  high.  (PI.  VIII.) 

The  ornamental  cut-leaved  sumach  is  a  variety  of  this  species. 
(PI.  VIII.) 

1 66.  Dwarf  Sumach.     (Rhus  copallina.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  9-21,  i'-3'  long,  ovate  to 
lance-shaped,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  somewhat  glossy  above  ; 
the  stem  broadly  margined  between  the  pairs  of  leaflets. 
FLOWER:  as  in  165  ;  July,  August  ;  i°-7°  high  ;  rarely  arboreal, 
i5°-20°.  (PI.  IX.) 

167.  Sweet  Gale.     (Myrica  Gale.) 

LEAF  :  i'-i^',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  toward  apex,  long- 
obovate,  base  tapering,  fragrant  when  bruised.  FLOWER  :  the 
staminate  catkins  if  or  more  in  length,  terminal ;  the  pistillate  j^' 
long,  oval,  lateral  ;  no  corolla  nor  calyx  ;  April,  before  the  leaves. 
New  England,  south  and  west ;  on  edge  of  fresh  water ;  2°~5* 
high.  (PL  IX.) 

292 


PLATE  VIII 


43.  Shrubby  Cinquefoil.  141.  (Y4) 

44.  False  Indigo.  153.  (V3) 

45.  Shrub  Yellow-root.   155.  (V6) 


46.  Gooseberry.  161.  (%) 
Smooth  Sumach.  165. 


Cut-leaved  Sumach.  165.  (V«) 


2Q3 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

1 68.  Bayberry.     Wax-myrtle.     (Myrica  cerifera.) 

LEAF  :  1^-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate  tow- 
ard apex,  oblong-elliptical,  base  narrowed,  glossy,  fragrant  when 
bruised.  FLOWER  :  much  as  in  167,  but  after  the  leaves  ;  May  ; 
seeds  in  globular,  berry-like  cones,  abundant,  coated  with  white 
wax,  remaining  through  winter.  Sandy  soil  near  sea-coast,  and 
on  Lake  Erie.  (PI.  IX.) 

169.  Sweet-fern.     (Myrica  asplenifolia.) 

•  LEAF  :  3'-6',  simple,  alternate,  many-lobed,  very  ncrrow, 
fragrant  when  bruised.  FLOWER  :  staminate  in  cylindrical, 
pistillate  in  globular,  catkins  ;  no  calyx  nor  corolla  ;  April,  May, 
before  leaves.  In  poor  soil,  often  in  large  masses  ;  i°-2°  high. 
(PI.  IX.) 

170.  Low  Birch.     (Betula  pumila.) 

LEAF:  >^'-i)^',  simple,  alternate,  roundish- toothed,  broad- 
oval  or  obovate,  thickish,  young  branches  and  leaves  beneath  soft, 
hairy.  FLOWER  :  staminate  in  pendent,  pistillate  in  erect,  catkins, 
both  Yz  to  ^"  long,  2-3  blossoms  under  each  bract ;  in  early 
spring,  before  or  with  leaves.  Mountains  of  New  England,  also 
in  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  and  west ;  2°-8°  high.  (PI.  IX.) 

171.  Speckled  Alder.     Hoary  Alder.    (Alnus  incana.) 

LEAF  :  2;— 4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  (finely,  and  often  also 
coarsely),  roundish  or  ovate,  base  rounded,  slightly  cordate,  or 
pointed,  whitish  and  downy  beneath,  a  little  thickish.  FLOWER  : 
staminate  in  slender  pendent  catkins,  2'-3'  long,  pistillate  in  thick, 
oval  catkins,  about  */j'  long,  catkins  of  both  sorts  3-5  clustered  ; 
March,  April,  before  leaves ;  fruit  in  short  cones.  Massachu- 
setts, west  and  north,  in  damp  soil ;  8°-2O°  high. 

172.  Smooth  Alder.     (Alnus  serulata.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  171,  but  green  both  sides,  base  sharp,  generally 
smooth.  FLOWER  :  as  in  171.  Massachusetts,  west  and  south  ; 
5°-i5°high.  (PI.  IX.) 

295 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


173.  Green  Alder.     Mountain  Alder.     (Alnus  viridis.) 

LEAF  :  much  as  in  171.  FLOWER  :  as  in  171,  but  the  pistillate 
formed  in  spring  (not  late  in  previous  year,  as  is  the  case  with 
both  pistillate  and  staminate  catkins  of  171,  172),  and  the  flowers 
appear  with,  not  before,  the  leaves  ;  seeds  winged /  in  171,  172 
they  are  wingless.  Western  Massachusetts,  west  and  north,  and 
in  Alleghany  Mountains. 

174.  Hazel-nut.     (Corylus  americana.) 

LEAF  :  3'-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  roundish,  base  slightly 
cordate,  apex  slightly  tapering.  FLOWER  :  staminate  (8  stamens 
in  each)  in  long  pendent  catkins ;  pistillate  (one  style  with  2  stig- 
mas in  each),  several  in  a  short  ovoid  catkin  ;  April  before  leaves  ; 
fruit,  a  hard  oval  nut,  enclosed  in  a  leafy  cup  of  2  separate, 
broad,  deeply  serrate  or  lobed  bracts.  (PI.  X.) 

175.  Beaked  Hazel-nut.     (Corylus  rostrata.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  174,  but  often  smaller.  FLOWER  :  as  in  174,  but 
the  leafy  bracts  around  fruit  extended  in  a  long  bristly  tube  above 
the  nut.  Commoner  north  ;  2°-6°  high. 

176.  Scrub  Oak.    Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak.    (Quercus  Muhlen- 
bergii.) 

LEAF  :  3' '-4',  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  round-toothed  or 
slightly  lobed,  long-obovate,  base  sharp,  glossy  above,  whitish  or 
bluish  and  slightly  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  yellowish  green  ; 
staminate  in  slender  pendent  catkins  (calyx  2-8-lobed)  ;  pistillate 
(with  3-lobed  stigma)  single  or  few-clustered  ;  in  spring.  Massa- 
chusetts, west  and  south  ;  2°-4°  high.  (PL  X.) 

177.  Bear  Oak.     Black  Scrub  Oak.     (Quercus  ilicifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4\  simple,  alternate,  about  5-lobed  (lobes  rounded 
and  bristle-pointed),  long-obovate,  base  wedge-shaped,  whitish 
downy  beneath,  thickish.  FLOWER  :  as  in  176.  New  England 
to  Ohio,  and  south  ;  on  sandy  or  rocky  ground  ;  3°-8°  high. 
(PI.  X.) 

296 


PLATE  IX 


40.  Dwarf  Sumach.  166.  (Vs) 

50.  Sweet  Gale.   167.  (2/3) 

51.  Bayberry.  168.  (6/«) 


52.  Sweet  Fern.  169.  (2/3) 

53.  Low  Birch.  170.  (V2) 

54.  Smooth  Alder.  172.  (V 


297 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

178.  Dwarf  Chestnut.  Chinquapin.  (Castanea  pumila.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  elliptical,  sharply  serrate,  whit- 
ish-downy beneath.  FLOWER  :  staminate  (8-20  stamens,  calyx 
about  6-lobed)  in  slender,  pendent  catkins,  2' -3'  long  ;  pistillate 
about  3-clustered,  forming  ovoid  prickly  mass  ;  flowering  after 
leaves  ;  nut  single,  hardly  half  as  large  as  common  chestnut. 
New  Jersey,  south  and  west ;  shrub  or  low  tree. 

179.  Long-leaved  Willow.     (Salix  longifolia.) 
LEAF  :  2' -4',  simple,  alternate,  very  sparingly  serrate,  very  nar- 
row, base  and  apex  tapering  ;  near  water  ;  2°-2O°  high.     (PI.  X.) 

1 80.  Glaucous  Willow.     (Salix  discolor.) 
LEAF  :  2'-$',  simple,   alternate,   serrate   except  near   base  and 
apex,  long-obovate  or  oblong,  apex  pointed,  with  a  bloom  beneath 
when  mature  ;  7°-i5°  high  ;  shrub  or  low  tree. 

181.  Hoary  Willow.     Sage  Willow.     (Salix  Candida.) 
LEAF  :  2'-4/,   simple,  alternate,   entire,   or  slightly  serrate   at 
apex,  narrow,   apex  tapering,   very  white-downy  beneath;  older 
shoots  red ;  newer   whitened  ;  2°-6°  high.    New  Jersey,  west  and 
south. 

182.  Prairie  Willow.     (Salix  humilis.) 

LEAF:  2'-4/,  simple,  alternate,  entire  (edge  sometimes  rolled 
under),  long-obovate,  apex  sharp,  or  obovate,  apex  blunt,  downy 
beneath  ;  leaf -stem  distinct ;  open  ground,  poor  soil ;  3°-8°  high. 
(PI.  X.) 

183.  Dwarf  Gray  Willow.     (Salix  tristis.) 
LEAF  :    i'-2',    simple,    alternate,    entire,    narrow,    broader  at 
top,  apex  pointed,  whitish-woolly  beneath,  and  also  above  when 
young,  thick,  almost  stemless  ;  stipules  very  small,  falling  early  ; 
i°-iK°  high.     (PI.  X.) 

184.  Silky  Willow.     Gray  Willow.     (Salix  sericea.) 
LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  lance- 
shaped,  narrow,  grayish-silky  beneath  when  young,  black  when 
dry  ;  6°-8°  high. 

299 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


185.   Long-stalked  Willow.     (Salix  petiolaris.) 
LEAF  :  as  in  184,  but  not  so  silky  beneath,  and  when  mature 
with  a  bloom  ;  not  as  black  when  dry  ;  4°-i5°  high. 

1 86.  Myrtle  Willow.     (Salix  myrtilloides.) 
LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  edge  rolled  under,  ellip- 
tical to  oblong,  very  smooth,    lighter  or  with  bloom  beneath, 
rather  thick.     New  England,  westward,  and  New  Jersey  ;  i°-3°. 

187.  Livid  Willow.     (Salix  livida.) 

LEAF  :  2^-3',  simple,  alternate,  oblong  or  long-obovate,  apex 
sharp,  scarcely  toothed,  downy  above,  beneath  veiny,  soft-hairy 
and  with  bloom.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  west. 

188.  Dwarf  Birch.  (Betula  glandulosa.) 
LEAF  :  %'-$ ',  simple,  alternate,  round-toothed,  obovate  with 
wedge-shaped  base,  or  quite  roundish,  thickish,  both  sides  green  ; 
branchlets  strongly  marked  with  wart-like  dots.  FLOWER  :  stam- 
inate  in  long  and  pendent,  pistillate  in  short,  catkins ;  early 
spring,  before  or  with  leaves.  High  mountains  of  northern 
frontier,  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior  ;  i°-4°  high. 

189.  Green  Willow.     Mountain  Willow.     (Salix  chloro- 
phylla.) 

LEAF  :  i'— 3',  oblong  to  reverse-lance-shaped,  mostly  entire, 
glossy,  very  smooth,  leathery  when  mature.  Alpine  tops  of  White 
Mountains  ;  low,  spreading. 

190.  Herb  Willow.     (Salix  herbacea.) 

LEAF  :  i',  simple,  alternate,  roundish,  serrate,  base  cordate, 
apex  notched,  glossy.  Alpine  tops  of  mountains  in  New  Eng- 
land ;  smallest  willow,  branches  only  one  or  two  inches  high 
from  creeping  stem. 

191.  Bear-berry  Willow.     (Salix  Uva-ursi.) 
LEAF:    ^',   simple,   alternate,  slightly   serrate,   elliptical  with 
apex  sharp,  or  obovate  and  blunt,  glossy,  a  little  bloom  beneath. 
Alpine  tops  of  mountains  in  New  England  and  New  York  ;  very 
low  shrub. 

300 


PLATE   X 


55.  Hazel-i 

56.  Scrub  Oak, 

57.  Bear  Oak, 


•nut.  174.  (Va) 
Oak.  176.  A) 
)ak.  177.  (Vs) 


58.  Willow  Types. 


i.  Long-leaved.  179.  (%) 
~    ?         182.  (V8) 


(  i.  Long-le: 

is.  •<  2.  Prairie. 

I  3.  Dwarf  Gray.  183.  (V3) 

59.  Common  Juniper.   194.  0/4) 

60.  American  Yew.  197.  (Va) 


301 


Description  of  Native  Shrubs 

192.  Silver-fruited  Willow.     (Salix  argyrocarpa.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  irregularly  round- toothed,  lance- 
shaped,  base  tapering,  beneath  long-shining-hairy  when  young ; 
44  whole  plant  when  young  with  a  glossy  satiny  lustre."     Alpine 
ravines  of  White  Mountains  ;  i°-2°  high. 

193.  Balsam  Willow.     (Salix  balsamifera.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,    somewhat   ovate,    base   com- 
monly cordate  and  broadly  rounded  ;  leaf-stem  about  ^'  long. 
Maine,  and  west. 

194.  Common  Juniper.  (Juniperus  communis.) 
LEAF  :  K'~/^'»  prickly,  stiff,  3-whorled,  spreading,  whitened 
above^  green  below.  FLOWER  :  staminate  and  pistillate  usually 
on  different  plants,  in  very  short  or  ovoid  catkins  ;  no  calyx  nor 
corolla  ;  fruit  berry-like,  blackish,  #'  or  more  in  diameter;  "ev- 
ergreen," usually  in  low  broad  clumps  (2°-3°),  sometimes  in  py- 
ramidal form  (6°-8°).  New  Jersey,  north  and  west.  (PI.  X.) 

195.  Alpine  Juniper.     (Juniperus  communis,  var.  alpina.) 
Much  like  194,  but  with  leaves  much  shorter  and  less  spreading  ; 
plant  prostrate.     Maine,  and  shores  of  Great  Lakes. 

196.  Prostrate  Juniper.  (Juniperus  Sabina,  var.  procumbens.) 
Much  like  194,  but  leaves  chiefly  opposite,  and  of  two  forms  : 
sharp-pointed,  as  in  194,  and  flat,  scale-like  and  appressed  to 
stem,  as  in  arborvitse  ;  fruit  as  in  red  cedar,  but  larger  and  droop- 
ing ;  plant  prostrate  or  creeping.  Maine,  and  west  along  Great 
Lakes. 

197.  American  Yew.    Ground  Hemlock.    (Taxus  cana- 
densis.) 

LEAF:  %'-%',  narrow,  flat,  stiff,  evergreen,  green  both  sides, 
2-ranked  on  branch  (as  in  hemlock,  but  larger).  FLOWER  :  stam- 
inate in  small  globular  catkins ;  pistillate,  single  ;  no  calyx  nor 
corolla  ;  April,  May  ;  fruit  red,  like  a  pea.  New  Jersey,  west 
and  north  ;  straggling  bush,  often  in  large  clumps  ;  2°  -3°  high. 
(PI.  X.) 

303 


VINES 

Native  and  naturalized,  found  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States  (Maine  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi). 

ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Vines  widely  distributed  in  above  territory,  at  least 
not  found  exclusively  on  frontier. 
not  prickly  nor  rough-bristly  (those  are  84-102). 
not  "evergreen/'   i.e.,  with  needles  as  in  hemlock  or 

spruce  (those  are  103). 
not  leafless,  parasitic  (those  are  104). 
climbing  by  minute  rootlets  along  the  stems;   if  with 
tendrils,  they  terminate,  like  the  rootlets,  in  sucker- 
like  disks  :  1-4. 

climbing  by  twining  tendrils   (no  sucker-like  disks  at 
their  ends)  : 

tendrils  growing  from  the  stalk,  not  from  leaf- 
stems  : 
leaves    simple,     serrate    (often    lobed)  : 

5-10. 
leaves  simple,  lobed  (not  serrate)  :    n, 

12. 

tendrils  growing  only  from  near  the  base  of  leaf- 
stems:    13-15. 
304 


Vines 

climbing  by  tendrils  from  upper  end  of  pinnate  leaves  : 
style  thread-like,  hairy  only  at  apex  :    16 

(Vetches), 
style  flattened,  hairy  along  one  side  :    1 7 

(Vetchlings). 

without    tendrils ;    trailing,    or  climbing   by   twining 
stalks  or  twisted  leaf-stems  : 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 

ALTERNATE  (or  clustered)  : 
Entire  : 

trailing  :  18-26,  29,  30,  32,  41,  44,  98 
twining  : 

flowers  ^£'-3'  long  :  26-31,  41 
flowers  less  than   ^'  long  :    32-35, 

44,  93-98 

Serrate  (not  lobed)  :  36-38 

Lobed  (or  angled),  not  serrate  :  26,  28,  29,  39-44 
OPPOSITE  (or  whorled)  : 
Entire  : 

without  milky  juice : 

twining  or  climbing  :  45-50,  35,  59,  91 
trailing:   50-54,  24,  91 
with  milky  juice  :  55-58 
Serrate  :  59-61,  53 

LEAVES  COMPOUND  : 
PINNATE  (or  trifoliate)  : 
Alternate  or  clustered : 

leaflets   3,   not   serrate ;   calyx-teeth   5   or  more  : 

62-70 

leaflets  3,  not  serrate  :   calyx-teeth  4 :  70-72 
leaflets  more  than  3  (or  if  3,  serrate)  :  73-76,  81-83 

Opposite:  77~79 
PALMATE  :  leaflets  5 :  80 

305 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


VINES   PRICKLY   OR   ROUGH-BRISTLY: 

stems  densely  covered  with  minute  reversed  prickles  or 

rough  bristles  : 

leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire:  84,  85 
leaves  simple,  opposite,  serrate  :  86 
leaves  4-8-whorled :   87-91 

stems  with  scattered,  larger  prickles : 

leaves  simple,  entire  or  lobed  :  92-98 
leaves  pinnate  or  trifoliate  :  99-102 

"  EVERGREEN  "  VINES  :  103 
LEAFLESS,  PARASITIC  VINES  :  104 

Vines  found  only  on  frontier : 

In  Virginia  (and  thence  westerly  more  or  less)  : 
leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire  :   105-107 
leaves  simple,  alternate,  serrate  or  lobed  :  107-111 
leaves  simple,  opposite  :  112-114 
leaves  pinnate  :  115-119 

In  Illinois:   120-125 

In  Kentucky  :  126,  127 


306 


DESCRIPTION    OF    NATIVE 
VINES 

Native  and  naturalized,  found  in  the  Northeastern 
United  States  (Maine  to  Virginia,  and  west  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi). 

For  definition  of  terms  see  pp.  411-424. 

i.  American  Ivy.     Woodbine.     Virginia  Creeper.     (Am- 
pelopsis  quinquefolia.) 

LEAF  :  palmate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3-7  (commonly  5),  serrate, 
(except  lower  half),  elliptical,  both  ends  pointed.  FLOWER  :  green- 
ish, small  (petals  5),  clustered  ;  July  ;  fruit  small  berries,  dark 
blue  ;  climbing  by  short  rootlets  ending  in  flat  disks.  (PL  I.) 

2.  Poison  Ivy.     Poison  Oak.     (Rhus  toxicodendron.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  entire,  or  irregularly  and 
coarsely  notched  or  lobed,  long-ovate,  apex  pointed.  FLOWER  : 
greenish-white,  small  (petals  5),  clustered ;  June,  July ;  fruit 
light-brown  or  white,  berry-like  ;  climbing  by  short  rootlets  end- 
ing \n.flat  disks  •  sometimes  a  low,  erect  shrub.  (PL  I.) 

3.  English  Ivy.     (Hedera  helix.) 

LEAF:  simple,  alternate,  5-lobed  or  angled  (entire  near  the 
flowers),  thick,  leathery,  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  greenish-yellow 
(petals,  stamens  and  styles  5),  clustered  ;  August-October.  Eu- 
rope ;  widely  cultivated,  and  now  locally  spontaneous.  (PL  I.) 

307 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


4.  Trumpet  Flower.   Trumpet  Creeper.    (Tecoma  radicans.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  opposite;  leaflets,  7-1 1,  coarsely  serrate, 
ovate  to  oval,  base  and  apex  pointed,  2'-$'  long.  FLOWER  : 
scarlet  outside,  orange  inside  (corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed),  2)4'-3 
long,  clustered  ;  June-August  ;  fruit  a  pod,  s'-6'  long,  curved. 
Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  south ;  cultivated ;  climbing  by 
short  rootlets  ending  in  fiat  disks  ;  woody  stems.  (PI.  I.) 

5.  Northern  Fox-grape.     (Vitis  labrusca.) 

LEAF  :  4'-6'  wide,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  variably  lobed, 
roundish,  base  cordate,  very  woolly  both  sides  when  young  (as 
also  branchlets),  continuing  rusty  woolly  beneath.  FLOWER  : 
greenish,  small,  clustered  ;  June  ;  berries  large,  purple  or  amber, 
with  musky  flavor  ;  with  clasping  tendrils  growing  from  branch  ; 
tendril  or  flower-cluster  opposite  every  leaf  ;  in  all  other  grapes, 
intermittent ;  eastward.  (PI.  I.) 

6.  Summer  Grape.     (Vitis  sestivalis.) 

LEAF  :  4'-;'  wide,  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  commonly 
3-5-lobed,  roundish,  base  cordate,  downy  beneath  at  first,  then 
smoothish  and  whitish.  FLOWER  :  greenish,  in  long  clusters  ; 
June  ;  berries  small,  black,  with  bloom  ;  tendrils  from  stalk. 
(PI.  I.) 

7.   Winter  Grape.     Frost  Grape.     (Vitis  cordifolia.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$'  wide,  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  often  a 
little  3-lobed,  roundish,  base  cordate,  apex  sharp,  green  both 
sides^  thin,  ribs  beneath  usually  hairy.  FLOWER  :  in  large, 
loose  clusters,  very  fragrant ;  May,  June  ;  berries  small,  black  or 
blue,  with  bloom,  very  sour  until  after  frost ;  tendrils  from  stalk. 

8.  Southern  Fox-grape.     Muscadine.    (Vitis  rotundifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2'-$'  wide,  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  rarely 
lobed  (slightly),  roundish,  base  cordate,  glossy  both  sides. 
FLOWER  :  in  small  dense  clusters  ;  May ;  berries  large,  musky, 
purplish,  no  bloom,  tough-skinned  ;  bark  not  "shreddy  '  as  in 
other  grapes.  Maryland,  west  and  south  ;  tendrils  from  stalk. 

308 


PLATE  I 


1.  Virginia  Creeper.  I. 

2.  Poison  Ivy.  2. 

3.  English  Ivy.  3. 


4.  Trumpet  Creeper.  4.  (V8) 

5.  Grape  Type.  5,  6.  < 

6.  Bur  Cucumber.  10. 


309 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

9.  River  Grape.     (Vitis  riparia.) 

LEAF  :  3—$'  wide,  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  rather 
deeply  3-lobed,  roundish,  base  cordate,  rather  glossy,  green  both 
sides,  ribs  and  stem  short-hairy ;  May,  June ;  berries  small,  with 
thick  bloom.  Western  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  west  ; 
tendrils  from  stalk. 

10.  One-seeded  Bur-cucumber.  (Sicyos  angulatus.) 
LEAF  :  3'— 5'  wide,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  5-lobed  or  angled 
(lobes  pointed),  roundish,  base  cordate,  whole  plant  hairy. 
FLOWER  :  whitish,  small  (petals  and  stamens  5),  clustered  ;  July- 
September  ;  fruit  bristly ;  tendrils  growing  from  stalk ;  her- 
baceous ;  cultivated  for  screens.  (PI.  I.) 

II.  Wild  Balsam  Apple.  (Micrampelis  lobata.) 
LEAF  :  5',  simple,  alternate,  deeply  5-lobed  (lobes  not  serrate), 
base  cordate,  thin.  FLOWER  :  greenish-white,  small  (petals  6, 
lance-shaped,  spreading,  stamens  3),  staminate  in  long  (often  i°) 
clusters ;  pistillate,  few-clustered  or  single  ;  July-October ;  fruit 
oval,  2'  long,  weak-prickly.  West  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
and  Kentucky ;  tendrils  growing  from  stalk  ;  cultivated,  herba- 
ceous. (PI.  II.) 

12.  Yellowish  Passion-flower.  (Passiflora  lutea.) 
LEAF:  2 '-3',  simple,  alternate,  3-lobed  near  apex,  lobes  entire^ 
with  stipules.  FLOWER  :  greenish-yellow,  i'  broad  (sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  5),  single  or  paired ;  July-September ;  fruit  dark 
purple,  yj  diameter.  South  Pennsylvania,  west  and  south  ;  ten- 
drils growing  from  stalk  ;  herbaceous.  (PI.  II.) 

13.  Carrion-flower.  (Smilax  herbacea.) 
LEAF  :  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  roundish-ovate,  apex 
pointed,  base  usually  cordate,  7-g-veined  beneath,  smooth  (with 
a  downy  variety),  leaf-stem  i'-3f  long.  FLOWER  :  greenish  or 
yellowish,  small,  malodorous  (sepals  and  stamens  6,  no  petals), 
clusters  often  large  (40-80) ;  May,  June  ;  berries  blackish  with 
bloom  ;  tendrils  from  leaf-stems  ;  herbaceous ;  no  prickles. 
(PI.  II.) 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


14.  Yellowish  Carrion-flower.     (Smilax  tamnifolia.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  13,  but  narrower  to  lance-shaped,  5-y-veined. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  13,  but  clusters  smaller  (io-2o-flowered).  New 
Jersey,  and  south  ;  tendrils  as  in  13  ;  no  prickles. 

15.  Laurel-leaved  Smilax.     (S.  laurifolia.) 

LEAF  :  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-shaped  to  narrow, 
thickish,  evergreen,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  as  in  13,  but  not  mal- 
odorous, 6-3O-clustered  ;  June-August  ;  berries  black.  New  Jer- 
sey, south  ;  tendrils  from  leaf-stem  ;  seldom  prickly  ;  woody  vine. 
(PI.  II.) 

16.  Vetches.     (Vicia.)     (PI.  II.) 

In  six  species,  all  with  pinnate  alternate  leaves  ;  leaflets  en- 
tire, small,  main  leaf -stem  ending  in  a  tendril ;  flower  small,  pea- 
shaped,  one-  to  many-clustered  ;  fruit  a  flat,  oblong  pod  ;  in  all 
these  points  the  vetches  are  like  the  vetchlings  (17)  ;  the  differ- 
ences are  :  in  vetches,  leaflets  are  4-i2-paired,  i'  or  less  m  length 
and  the  style  thread-like,  and  hairy  only  at  apex  ;  in  vetchlings, 
leaflets  are  i-6-paired,  usually  i'-2;  long,  and  the  style  flattened 
and  hairy  along  one  side. 

The  six  species  of  vetches  are  distinguished  as  follows : 

COMMON  VETCH  (V.  sativa)  :  leaflets  10-14,  long-obovate  to 
linear,  apex  notched  and  bristle-pointed,  %  -i'  long ;  flower  vio- 
let-purple, Yz  long,  almost  stemless,  single  or  paired  ;  June. 

FOUR-SEEDED  VETCH  (V.  tetrasperma) :  leaflets  8-12,  narrow, 
apex  blunt,  J^'-f  long  ;  flower  whitish,  very  small,  with  stem, 
single  or  paired  ;  July.  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  near  coast. 

HAIRY  VETCH  (V.  hirsuta)  :  leaflets  12-16,  apex  square, 
l/i'-%'  long  ;  flower  pale  bluish,  small,  3-6-clustered  ;  June  ;  pod 
hairy.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  ;  a  slender,  creeping,  hairy  vine. 

TUFTED  VETCH  ( V.  cracca ) :  leaflets  20-24,  rather  lance- 
shaped,  apex  bristle-pointed,  l/2-2A'  long,  downy  ;  flower  blue, 
then  purple,  }£  long,  in  long,  close,  one-sided  clusters  ;  July. 
New  England  to  Kentucky,  and  north  ;  somewhat  rare. 

CAROLINA  VETCH  (V.  caroliniana) :  leaflets  8-16,  usually  al- 
ternate, rather  oblong,  J^'-i'  long,  apex  variable  ;  flower  whitish 

312 


PLATE   II 


7.  Wild  Balsam  Apple,  n.  (V4) 

8.  Yellow  Passion  Flower.  12.  (%) 

9.  Carrion  Flower.  13.  (Va) 


10.  Laurel-leaved  Smilax.   15 

11.  Trailing  Arbutus.  18.  (*/ 

12.  Vetch  Type.  16.  (Va) 


313 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

(keel  blue-edged),  very  small,  6-i2-clustered  ;  May.     New  York, 
south  and  west. 

AMERICAN  VETCH  (V.  americana) :  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical, 
apex  blunt,  about  i'  long  ;  flower  purplish,  Yz  l°ng>  4-8-clus- 
tered  ;  May,  June.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  west. 

17.  Vetchlings.     (Lathyrus.)     (PI.  III.) 

Leaf  and  flower  essentially  as  in  the  vetch  (16),  where  the  dif- 
ferences of  the  two  genera  are  noted.  The  six  species  of  vetch- 
lings  are  distinguished  as  follows  : 

SWAMP  VETCHLING  (L.  palustris)  :  leaflets  4-8,  narrow,  apex 
pointed,  i'— 2'  long,  stipules  small,  lance-shaped,  both  ends 
pointed  ;  flower  purplish,  }£  long  or  more,  2-6-clustered  ;  June, 
July  ;  square  stem,  usually  winged  on  edges.  New  England  to 
New  Jersey,  and  west. 

VEINY  VETCHLING  (L.  venosus) :  leaflets  8-14,  long-oval, 
i ^'-2' long;  stipules  very  small,  slender,  apex  pointed,  base 
half-arrow-shaped  ;  flower  purple,  many-clustered  ;  June,  July  ; 
stem  square.  Pennsylvania,  west  and  south. 

MYRTLE-LEAVED  VETCHLING  (L.  myrtifolius) :  leaflets  4-8, 
ovate  to  oblong,  about  i'  long  ;  upper  stipules  rather  large  ; 
flower  purplish,  3~5-clustered  ;  July  ;  square  stalk  more  or  less 
winged.  West  New  England  to  Virginia. 

SPREADING  VETCHLING  (L.  pratensis) :  leaflets  two,  narrow,  apex 
sharp,  about  i'  long  ;  stipules  half  as  long  or  more,  ends  long- 
pointed  ;  flower  yellow,  few-clustered.  Massachusetts  and  New 
York ;  introduced. 

YELLOW-WHITE  VETCHLING  (L.  ochroleucus)  :  leaflets  6-10, 
oval  to  ovate,  i'-ij^'  long  ;  stipules  large,  half  cordate  ;  flower 
yellowish-white,  7-io-clustered  ;  June,  July  ;  New  Jersey,  west 
and  north ;  rare. 

BEACH-PEA  (L.  maritimus)  .  leaflets  6-12,  oval  to  ovate,  thick, 
i '-2'  long,  lowest  the  largest ;  stipules  almost  as  large  as  leaflets, 
rather  ovate,  base  cordate,  often  serrate  ;  flower  purple  or  blue, 
large,  6-io-clustered ;  June-August ;  stem  square.  New  Eng- 
land to  New  Jersey,  on  coast. 

The  Sweet  Pea  is  a  vetchling. 

315 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


1 8.  Trailing  Arbutus.     Mayflower.     (Epigaea  repens.) 

LEAF  :  2'-2^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate  to  roundish, 
base  cordate,  thick,  evergreen,  rather  coarse,  the  plant  rusty- 
hairy.  FLOWER  :  rose-colored,  fragrant  (corolla  5-lobed,  spread- 
ing, hairy  'within),  clustered,  on  short  stems  ;  April,  May;  com- 
moner eastward  ;  trailing;  woody.  (PI.  II.) 

19.  Small  Cranberry.     (Vaccinium  oxycoccus.) 

LEAF  :  %'  or  less,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  edge  rolled  under, 
ovate,  apex  sharp,  whitish  beneath,  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  rose- 
color,  on  slender  stems  (petals  4,  narrow,  rolled  back,  stamens  8)  ; 
June  ;  berry  l/$'  long,  almost  globular,  red,  hardly  edible.  New 
England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  west,  in  bogs ;  trailing,  woody. 
(PL  III.) 

20.  Large  Cranberry.     American  Cranberry.     (Vaccinium 
macrocarpon.) 

LEAF  :  X'~^'»  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  or  obovate,  apex 
blunt,  evergreen,  whitish  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as  in  19  ;  June  ; 
berry  red,  %'-i'  long,  roundish,  acid,  edible.  Eastern  States, 
swamps ;  trailing,  woody. 

21.  Bearberry.     (Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi.) 

LEAF  :  i',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate,  base  tapering, 
smooth,  thick,  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  whitish  (corolla  urn-shaped, 
5-toothed,  hairy  inside),  in  small  pendent  clusters  ;  May  ;  berry 
red,  small,  sour.  New  Jersey,  west  and  north  ;  trailing. 

22.  Cowberry.     (Vaccinium  Vitis-Idaea.) 

LEAF  :  i'  or  less,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate,  edge  rolled 
under,  evergreen,  dark,  glossy,  blackish-bristly  beneath.  FLOWER  ; 
whitish  (corolla  bell-shaped,  4-lobed),  in  short  pendent  racemes  ; 
June  ;  berry  dark  red,  acid  ;  erect  short  branches  from  trailing 
stem.  New  England  (mountains),  Maine  coast,  locally  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

316 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

23.  Creeping  Snowberry.     (Chiogenes  serpyllifolia.) 

LEAF  :  y$' ',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate  or  oval,  apex  sharp, 
edge  rolled  under,  rusty-hairy  beneath  (as  also  branches),  ever- 
green, with  flavor  of  birch.  FLOWER  :  white,  small  (corolla  bell- 
shaped,  4-lobed,  8  stamens,  2  small  bracts  under  calyx),  single  ; 
May  ;  fruit  a  white  berry  %'  diameter,  edible.  In  damp  woods  ; 
woody,  trailing.  (PL  III.) 

24.  Pyxie.     Flowering  Moss.     (Pyxidanthera  barbulata.) 

LEAF  •  %'  or  less,  simple,  alternate  or  opposite,  entire,  narrow, 
apex  sharp,  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  white  or  rosy,  bell-shaped, 
single  (corolla  5-lobed,  5  stamens,  anthers  slender-pointed  at 
base),  %'  across,  stemless  ;  numerous ;  April,  May ;  short  trail- 
ing evergreen.  New  Jersey,  ard  south.  (PI.  III.) 

25.  Breweria.     (B.  pickeringii.) 

LEAF  :  i'-i^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  very  narrow  (or  lowest 
broader  at  apex,  base  tapering).  FLOWER  :  white,  l^-%'  across 
(corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  5  stamens,  sepals  very  hairy,  sta- 
mens and  style  longer  than  corolla),  i-3-clustered  on  long  stem 
with  leaf-like  bracts ;  summer.  New  Jersey,  west  and  south  ; 
trailing,  herbaceous. 

26.  Wild  Potato- vine.     (Ipomcea  pandurata.) 

LEAF  :  2'~3',  simple,  alternate,  entire  (or  sides  contracted  more 
or  less  into  riddle- shape),  heart-shaped,  apex  sharp.  FLOWER  : 
white,  purple  inside  (corolla  funnel-form,  sepals  smooth),  3'  long, 
i-5-clustered  ;  June-August.  Connecticut,  west  and  south  ;  trail- 
ing and  twining.  (PL  III.) 

27.  Common  Morning-glory.     (Ipomcea  purpurea.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4f,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  base  cordate,  apex 
sharp.  FLOWER  :  purple,  rosy  or  white,  2'  long  (corolla  funnel- 
form,  no  bracts  at  base  of  calyx),  2-5-clustered  ;  July-September  ; 
stalk  rough-hairy  ;  twining  ;  herbaceous  ;  introduced,  but  spontane- 
ous around  houses.  (PL  III.) 

317 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


28.  Wild  Cypress-vine.     (Ipomoea  coccinea.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  slightly  lobed  or  angled, 
base  cordate,  apex  sharp.  FLOWER:  scarlet,  occasionally  yellow- 
ish, i'  long  (corolla  tubular  with  flat  border,  stamens  protruding), 
about  5-clustered  ;  twining  ;  herbaceous.  Middle  States,  Virginia, 
and  south.  (PL  IV.) 

29.  White  Star-ipomoea.     (I.  lacunosa.) 

LEAF:  2',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  lobed,  heart-shaped,  apex 
sharp.  FLOWER  :  white  (or  purple-edged),  bell-shaped  (corolla 
5-lobed,  j4'-i'  long,  sepals  pointed  and  hairy,  no  leafy  bracts  at 
base  of  calyx),  i-3-clustered  ;  August,  September.  Pennsylvania 
to  Illinois,  and  south  ;  twining  and  trailing  ;  herbaceous. 

30.  Field  Convolvulus.     (C.  arvensis.) 

LEAF  :  2f-4/,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  somewhat  arrow-shaped, 
the  projections  at  base  sharp.  FLOWER  •  white  or  reddish-tinged 
(corolla  funnel-  to  bell-shaped,  ^"  long),  mostly  single  ;  June  ,  in 
old  fields.  Maine  to  Virginia  ;  twining  or  trailing  (sometimes 
erect).  (PI.  IV.) 

31.  Pipe-vine,     Dutchman's  Pipe.     Wild  Ginger. 

(Aristolochia  sipho.) 

LEAF  :  6'-i2'  across,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  roundish,  base 
cordate.  FLOWER  :  brownish  (no  corolla,  calyx  i^'  long,  tubular, 
bent,  with  brownish-purple  flat  border),  single  or  paired  ;  May, 
June,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky,  and  south  ;  cultivated  ;  twin- 
ing, woody.  (PI.  IV.) 

32.  Black  Bindweed.     (Polygonum  convolvulus.) 

LEAF  •  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  halberd-shaped,  base 
cordate  ;  stalk  a  little  rough,  not  prickly  ;  base  of  sheathing  stip- 
ules not  bristle-fringed.  FLOWER  :  whitish,  or  greenish-rosy- 
tinted,  small  (no  corolla,  calyx  4-5-parted,  3  outer  lobes  keeled 
or  angled),  in  short  racemes  ;  July,  August ;  seed  not  glossy. 
Eastern  States  ;  climbing  and  trailing. 

318 


PLATE   III 


13.  Vetchling  Type.  17.  (V3) 

14.  Small  Cranberry.   19.  (6/6) 

15.  Creeping  Snowberry.  23.  ( 

16.  Pyxie.  24.  (Va) 


17.  Wild  Potato- vine.  26.   (%) 

18.  Morning  Glory.  27.  (2/5) 

19.  Small  Morning  Glory.  40. 


319 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

33.  Bristly-jointed  Bindweed.     (Polygonum  cilinode.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  heart-shaped,  apex  ta- 
pering ;  base  of  sheathing  stipules  bristle-fringed.  FLOWER  : 
as  in  32,  but  outer  calyx-lobes  very  slightly  keeled  ;  July  to  Sep- 
tember ;  seed  glossy  ;  twining. 

34.  Climbing  False  Buckwheat.     (Polygonum  scandens.) 

LEAF  :  2'-s',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  heart-shaped,  apex 
pointed  ;  sheathing  stipules  unf ringed.  FLOWER  :  as  in  32,  but 
the  clusters  commonly  leafy ;  seed  glossy  ;  fruit  is  margined, 
as  in  elm-seeds,  pink  and  quite  showy  ;  climbs  higher  than  33. 
{PI.  IV.) 

35.  Wild  Yam-root.     (Dioscorea  villosa.) 

LEAF  :  3',  simple,  mostly  alternate  (sometimes  nearly  opposite 
or  whorled),  entire,  heart-shaped,  strongly  pointed,  somewhat 
downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  greenish-yellow,  very  small  (no  co- 
rolla, calyx  deeply  6-lobed,  6  stamens,  3  styles),  in  pendent  ra- 
cemes and  panicles  ;  July.  Commoner  southward  ;  twining. 

36.  Wintergreen.     Checkerberry.    (Gaultheria  procumbens.) 

LEAF:  i'-ij^',  simple,  alternate,  slightly  serrate,  oval  to  obo- 
vate,  evergreen,  glossy,  thick,  aromatic.  FLOWER  :  white  (corol- 
la rather  ovoid,  apex  5-toothed),  mostly  single,  on  short  (3'~5'), 
erect,  leafy  branches  from  trailing  stem  ;  July-September ;  berry 
red,  edible.  Commoner  northward.  (PI.  IV.) 

37.  False  Violet.     (Dalibarda  repens.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate  or  clustered,  round-toothed, 
roundish,  base  cordate,  downy,  slender  stem  (if— 3').  FLOWER  : 
white  (petals  5,  obovate,  spreading,  stamens  many,  styles  5-10, 
long),  single  (or  two),  on  a  long  stem  ;  June- August.  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  north,  in  woods  ;  short,  herbaceous,  trailing. 

38.  Bitter-sweet.     Wax-work.     (Celastrus  scandens.) 

LEAF  :  2,'-$%' ,  simple,  alternate,  finely  serrate,  oval  to  long- 
ovate,  apex  pointed,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  greenish,  small  (petals 

321 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


and  stamens  5),  clustered  ;  June  ;  pods  orange  with  scarlet  seeds; 
showy  till  into  winter  ;  twining,  woody.     (PI.  V.) 

39.  Moonseed.     (Menispermum  canadense.) 
LEAF:  4'-5',  broad,  simple,  alternate,  3-y-lobed  or  angled,  not 
serrate,  roundish,  base  cordate.     FLOWER  :  white,  small  (petals 
6-8,  stamens  12—24),  in  loose  panicles  ;  June,  July ;  fruit  black, 
like  a  small  grape  ;  near  water  ;  twining,  woody.     (PI.  IV.) 

40.  Small  Morning-glory.  (Ipomoea  hederacea.) 
LEAF  :  2f-3',  simple,  alternate,  usually  3-lobed,  lobes  pointed, 
not  serrate,  broad-ovate,  base  cordate.  FLOWER  :  purple,  rosy, 
or  white  (corolla  funnel-form,  I'-iyi'  l°ng,  calyx  hairy),  1^3- 
clustered ;  July-September.  Pennsylvania,  and  south ;  culti- 
vated ;  stalk  hairy,  trailing  or  twining  herbaceous.  (PI.  III.) 

41.  Hedge  Bindweed.     Rutland  Beauty.    (Convolvulus 
sepium.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  alternate,  often  slightly  lobed  on  the  base, 
not  sharply  serrate,  often  entire,  halberd-shaped,  apex  sharp,  pro- 
jection at  base  squarish,  often  irregular.  FLOWER  :  white  or 
rosy,  i j4'-2f  long  (corolla  funnel-form,  edge  entire  or  slightly 
lobed,  2  large  leafy  bracts  at  base  of  calyx),  single  ;  June-Au- 
gust ;  near  water  ;  twining  or  trailing  ;  herbaceous. 

42.  Cypress- vine.     (Ipomoea  vulgaris.) 

LEAF  :  2f~4',  simple,  alternate,  deeply  lobed  into  linear  divis- 
ions, feathery.  FLOWER  :  scarlet,  with  a  white  variety  (corolla 
tubular,  with  a  flat,  slightly  lobed  border),  single  ;  in  summer. 
Introduced,  slightly  spontaneous,  southerly ;  cultivated  ;  twin- 
ing ;  herbaceous.  (PI.  IV.) 

43.  Climbing-Fern.  (Lygodium  palmatum.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  alternate  in  pairs,  4~7-lobed,  not  serrate, 
roundish,  base  cordate  ;  no  flowers  ;  fruit,  in  double  rows  of  dots 
on  back  of  very  small  leaves  narrowly  lobed,  at  the  ends  of 
stems.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  Kentucky ;  rare,  climb- 
ing. (PI.  V.) 

322 


PLATE  IV 


20.  Cypress  Vine.  42.  (1/8) 

21.  Wild  Cypress  Vine.  28.  (%) 

22.  Field  Convolvulus.  30.  (»/3) 

23.  Pipe  Vine.  31.  (V7) 


24.  Climbing     False     Buckwheat. 

25.  Wintergreen.  36.  (2/5) 

26.  Moonseed.  39.  (l/+) 


323 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

44.  Woody  Nightshade.     Bittersweet.     (Solanum  dul- 
camara.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  mostly  2-lobed  at  base  (lobes 
sometimes  like  distinct  leaflets),  occasionally  entire,  not  serrate, 
long-ovate,  base  cordate,  apex  sharp.  FLOWER  :  blue  or  purple 
(corolla  5-parted,  spreading,  whitish-spotted,  stamens  5),  small- 
clustered  ;  June-September  ;  fruit  berry-like,  oval,  scarlet.  Spon- 
taneous in  Pennsylvania ;  cultivated ;  woody,  climbing  or  trail- 
ing. (PI.  V.) 

45.  Trumpet  Honeysuckle.  (Lonicera  sempervirens.) 
LEAF  :  2^-3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oblong  and  variable, 
lower  with  stems,  upper  pairs  grown  together  around  stem.  FLOW- 
ER :  red  (rarely  yellowish)  outside,  yellowish  inside  (corolla  trum- 
pet-shaped, 5-lobed,  2'  long),  odorless,  in  whorled  clusters  ;  May- 
September.  Connecticut,  west  and  south  ;  cultivated,  twining. 

46.  Yellow  Honeysuckle.      American  Woodbine.      (Lon- 
icera grata.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  opposite  or  3-whorled,  entire,  obovate, 
upper  pairs  grown  together,  evergreen,  bloom  beneath.  FLOWER  : 
whitish  above,  purple  or  red  below,  finally  all  yellowish  (corolla 
funnel-shaped,  i^'  long,  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  lip  narrow), 
fragrant,  in  whorled  clusters  ;  May,  June.  New  York,  west  and 
south  ;  cultivated,  twining. 

47.  Yellow  Honeysuckle.  (Lonicera  Sullivantii.) 
LEAF  :  2f-4',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  obovate  to  oval,  bloom 
both  sides,  thickish,  dull  green,  many  pairs  grown  together. 
FLOWER:  light  yellow,  tube  Yz  long  (corolla-lips as  in  46),  fra- 
grant, about  lo-clustered  ;  May-July.  New  York,  south  and 
west ;  low  climbing. 

48.  Small   Honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  glauca,  with  var.  doug- 

lasii.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oblong,  much  bloom  be- 
neath,  many  pairs  united,  others  stemless.  FLOWER  :  greenish- 
yellow  (often  purple-  or  red-tinged),  $£'  long  corolla-lips  as  in 

325 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


46,  tube  X'»  hairy  within,  in  2  or  3  adjacent  whorls  ;  May,  June. 
Pennsylvania,  west  and  north  ;  climbing  3*-5°. 

The  Douglas  variety  has  greener  leaves,  downy  beneath  or 
hairy-edged  when  young,  and  crimson  or  purple  blossoms  ;  Ohio 
and  west. 

49.  Hairy  Honeysuckle.  (Lonicera  hirsuta.) 
LEAF  :  3'-4',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  broad-oval,  hairy  below, 
usually  so  above  and  on  edge,  higher  pairs  joined,  lower  short- 
stemmed,  branches  hairy.  FLOWER  :  orange-yellow,  sticky  (co- 
rolla-lips as  in  46,  tube  about  }£  long,  bulging  at  base),  in  ad- 
jacent whorls  ;  July.  Pennsylvania,  west  and  north  ;  coarse, 
large-leaved  climber. 

50.  Japanese  Honeysuckle.  (Lonicera  japonica.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2|£',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  never  joined,  obovate 
to  oval,  dark  green  till  into  winter  ;  branchlets  hairy.  FLOWER  : 
white,  then  light-yellow,  in  pairs,  i^'  long,  fragrant  (corolla-lips 
as  in  46,  tube  hairy  in-  and  out-side)  ;  June,  July.  Cultivated,  and 
becoming  spontaneous  ;  twining  and  trailing. 

51.  Creeping  Phlox.     (P.  reptans.) 

LEAF:  i'-2',  simple,  opposite,  entire;  roundish  and  thickish 
on  the  creeping  runners,  oblong  (%')  on  flowering  upright  stems 
(4'-8'),  latter  leaves  fine-hairy.  FLOWER  :  reddish-purple  (co- 
rolla with  long  tube  (i'),  and  flat,  5-lobed  border  (almost  i'), 
the  lobes  somewhat  roundish),  clustered  at  summit  of  stems  ; 
May,  June.  Pennsylvania  and  Kentucky,  and  south  ;  trailing, 
herbaceous. 

52.  Partridge-berry.  (Mitchella  repens.) 
LEAF  :  ]4!  or  more,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  roundish-ovate, 
base  slightly  cordate,  evergreen,  glossy,  smooth.  FLOWER  : 
white  or  purple- tinged,  %'  long,  in  pairs,  fragrant  (corolla  fun- 
nel-form, its  4  lobes  spreading,  hairy  inside,  stamens  4)  ;  June, 
July  ;  fruit,  a  red,  rather  tasteless  berry,  double,  resulting  from 
the  pair  of  flowers,  surmounted  with  2  sets  of  calyx-teeth,  lasting 
into  winter  ;  small,  woody,  trailing.  (PI.  V.) 

326 


PLATE   V 


27.  Climbing  Fern%43.  (V3) 

28.  Bittersweet     (Celastrus     scan- 

dens).  38.  (Av.  size.) 

29.  Moody  Nightshade.    44.  (Av. 

size.) 

327 


30.  Partridge-berry.  52.  (V2) 

31.  Twin-flower.  53.  (Va) 

32.  Moneywort.  54.  (V2) 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

53.  Twin-flower.     (Linnaea  borealis.) 

LEAF  :  i',  simple,  opposite,  entire  or  obscurely  round-toothed 
or  wavy-edged,  roundish  or  oval,  evergreen,  somewhat  hairy. 
FLOWER  :  rose  or  purple  to  whitish,  fragrant,  pendent  in  pairs  on 
long  stem  (corolla  rather  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  hairy  inside,  sta- 
mens 4)  ;  June.  South  to  New  Jersey  and  in  mountains  to 
Maryland,  and  west ;  herbaceous,  trailing.  (PI.  V.) 

54.  Moneywort.      Creeping-Charlie.      (Lysimachia  nummu- 

laria.) 

LEAF  :  i',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  roundish,  smooth,  short- 
stemmed,  base  often  slightly  cordate.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  large 
(i'  across),  single  (corolla  deeply  5-lobed,  spreading,  lobes  al- 
most roundish,  stamens  5)  ;  July-September.  Introduced,  becom- 
ing spontaneous  ;  trailing,  herbaceous.  (PI.  V.) 

55.  Enslenia.     (E.  albida.) 

LEAF  :  3'-5'  broad,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate,  base  cor- 
date, apex  sharp,  long-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  whitish,  small  (co- 
rolla 5 -parted,  lobes  erect),  in  lengthened  clusters  ;  July-Sep- 
tember. Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  south  ;  river-banks ;  twining, 
herbaceous  ;  milky  juice. 

56.  Black  Vincetoxicum.     Black  Milkweed.     (V.  nigrum.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate. 
FLOWER  :  dark  purple,  small  (corolla  5-parted,  lobes  spreading, 
stamens  5,  anthers  adhering  to  stigma,  a  5-io-lobed  flat,  fleshy 
disk  in  centre),  clustered.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania  ;  more 
or  less  twining,  herbaceous,  milky  juice. 

57.  Rough-fruited  Milkweed.     (Gonolobus  obliquus.) 

LEAF  :  3'-8',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  heart-shaped,  apex  sharp, 
stem  and  stalk  quite  hairy.  FLOWER  :  greenish  outside,  crim- 
son-purple inside  (corolla  5-parted,  spreading,  i'  across,  or  less, 
lobes  narrow),  many-clustered  ;  July-September  ;  pod  5'  long, 
rough-pointed.  Pennsylvania,  south  and  west,  near  streams ; 
twining  or  trailing,  herbaceous,  milky  juice. 
329 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


58.  Twining  Milkweed.  Periploca.  (P.  graeca.) 
LEAF  :  s'-4;,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate  or  long-ovate,  apex 
pointed.  FLOWER  :  dark  purple  (corolla  5 -parted,  lobes  spread- 
ing,  narrow,  very  hairy  inside^  filaments  of  stamens  distinct,  a 
5-lobed  crown  in  centre,  each  lobe  bristle-tipped),  long-clustered  ; 
August.  Locally  in  Western  New  York,  cultivated ;  twining, 
woody,  milky  juice. 

59.  Climbing  Hempweed.      Climbing  Boneset.     (Mikania 

scandens.) 

LEAF:  2'-3',  simple,  opposite,  serrate  at  base  (sometimes  en- 
tire), long-heart-shaped,  apex  pointed ;  leaf -stem  usually  i'-2! 
long.  FLOWER  :  flesh-colored  to  dull  purple,  small  (corolla 
tubular,  5-toothed,  stamens  5),  in  4-flowered  "heads"  having  4 
bracts  at  base,  many  "heads"  clustered  together;  July-Sep- 
tember. New  England,  south,  near  water ;  rather  rare ;  twin- 
ing, herbaceous.  (PI.  VI.) 

60.  Gill.  Ground-ivy.  (Nepeta  Glechoma.) 
LEAF  :  i\  simple,  opposite,  round- toothed,  roundish,  base 
heart-shaped,  with  stem.  FLOWER  :  light  blue  (corolla  tubular 
below,  an  upper  lip  erect,  notched,  a  lower  lip  spreading,  3- 
lobed,  stamens  4),  i-3-clustered  ;  May- August ;  in  damp  ground; 
trailing,  herbaceous,  stem  square.  (PI.  VI.) 

61.  Trailing  Strawberry-bush.  (Euonymus  obovatus.) 
LEAF  :  2',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  rather  obovate,  base 
pointed,  apex  usually  so.  FLOWER  :  greenish-purple,  small 
(petals,  sepals,  and  stamens  4-5,  petals  separate,  rounded),  about 
3-flowered  on  long  stem  ;  June  ;  pod  splitting  and  showing  scar- 
let seeds.  New  York,  west  and  south,  in  damp  ground  ;  branch- 
lets  4-angled  ;  usually  trailing,  woody,  rooting  at  joints. 

62.  Wild-bean.     Kidney-bean.     (Phaseolus  polystachyus.) 
LEAF  :   pinnate,   alternate ;    leaflets,   3,    ii'~3i'  long,   round- 
ovate,  apex  sharp.     FLOWER  :   purplish,  small,  sweet-pea-shaped 
(calyx  5-toothed),  in   lengthened   loose   clusters ;  July,  August ; 
pod  2'  long,  curved ;  twining  or  trailing,  herbaceous.     (PI.  VI.) 

330 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

63.  Various-leaved  Kidney-bean.  (Phaseolus  helvolus.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  ^'-3'  long,  ovate  to  long- 
ovate,  entire  or  3-lobed.  FLOWER  :  greenish-white,  red-  or  pur- 
ple-tinged, sweet-pea-shaped  (calyx  5-toothed),  few-clustered  on 
long  stem  ;  August,  September ;  pod  about  straight.  Massa- 
chusetts, and  south,  on  coast,  and  along  Great  Lakes :  twining 
and  trailing,  herbaceous. 

64.  Umbelled  Kidney-bean.  (Phaseolus  umbellatus.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  about  i'  long,  ovate  to 
lance-shaped,  rarely  lobed.  FLOWER  :  sweet-pea-shaped  (calyx 
5-toothed),  almost  stemless,  few-clustered  ;  pod  about  straight, 
nearly  2'  long,  very  narrow.  Long  Island,  south  and  west,  in 
sandy  soil ;  twining  or  trailing,  herbaceous. 

65.  Spurred  Butterfly-pea.  (Centrosema  virginianum.) 
LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  3,  i'  long  or  more,  long 
ovate  to  linear,  glossy ;  stalk  rough-hairy.  FLOWER  :  violet 
pea-shaped,  i'  long  (spur  near  base,  calyx  5-toothed),  i-4-clus- 
tered  ;  July  ;  pod  straight,  4'-5'.  Maryland,  and  south  ;  twining, 
herbaceous. 

66.  Butterfly-pea.     (Clitoria  mariana.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  ir  long,  long-ovate  to 
lance-shaped.  FLOWER  :  blue  or  purple,  with  some  whitish, 
showy,  2'  long,  pea-shaped,  not  spurred  (calyx  5-toothed),  1-3- 
clustered  ;  July,  August;  pod  1^-2',  narrow,  flat.  East  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  south  and  southwest ;  twining,  sometimes 
creeping,  woody  at  base. 

67.  Bush-trefoil.     Tick-trefoil.     (Desmodium  rotundi- 

folium.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate ;  leaflets,  3,  i'-2r  long,  roundish,  en- 
tire ,  stipules  prominent,  ovate,  pointed;  leaf  and  stalk  hairy. 
FLOWER  :  purple,  pea-shaped  (calyx  5-toothed),  few-clustered ; 
August ;  pod  2-6-jointed,  edge  deeply  lobed,  covered  with  hooked 
hairs  ;  trailing,  herbaceous.  (PI.  VI.) 

331 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


68.  Smooth  Bush-trefoil.     (Desmodium  humifusum.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  67,  but  almost  smooth,  and  leaflets  less  round, 
stipules  smaller  and  narrow.  FLOWER  :  as  in  67.  Maine,  Penn- 
sylvania, south. 

69.  Bush-clover.     (Lespedeza  procumbens.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  i'-^'  long,  roundish  to 
obovate,  smooth  above,  rest  of  plant  downy.  FLOWER  :  purplish, 
pea-shaped,  larger  and  smaller  on  some  plant  (latter  often  with- 
out petals,  calyx  5-toothed),  few-clustered  ;  August,  September  ; 
pod  roundish,  flat,  one-celled  ;  trailing,  herbaceous. 

70.  Hog-peanut.     (Amphicarpaea  commosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  ^'-3'  long,  ovate-rhom- 
bic. FLOWER  :  purplish-white,  small,  pea-shaped  (calyx  4-(rarely 
5-)toothed),  a  bract  under  each  2  or  more,  clustered  ;  August, 
September  ;  twining,  hairy,  herbaceous.  (PI.  VI.) 

71.  Milk-pea.      (Galactia  regularis.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  i'-i^}'  long,  long-ovate 
to  elliptical,  sometimes  notched  at  both  ends,  a  little  hairy  be- 
neath. FLOWER  :  rose-purple,  small,  pea-shaped  (calyx  4-toothed), 
4-8-clustered ;  pod  i^',  narrow,  flat,  hairy;  July.  New  York 
and  south  ;  trailing,  herbaceous. 

72.  Downy  Milk-pea.     (Galactia  pilosan) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  }£'—i'  long,  oval,  whitish- 
hairy  beneath,  as  also  stalk.  FLOWER  :  purplish,  small,  pea- 
shaped  (calyx  4-toothed),  in  rather  large  long  clusters  ;  July;  pod 
very  downy.  Pennsylvania,  and  south  ;  twining  or  trailing  ;  her- 
baceous. 

73.  Ground-nut.     Wild  Bean.     (Apios  tuberosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  i^'-2r,  ovate-lance- 
shaped.  FLOWER  :  brownish-purple,  odorous,  pea-shaped,  in 
dense  clusters  ;  August,  September  ;  twining,  herbaceous,  with  a 
little  milky  juice.  (PI.  VII.) 

332 


PLATE  VI 


33.  Climbing  Hempweed.  59.  (Av. 

size.) 

34.  Gill.  60.  (Av.  size.) 


35.  Wild  Bean.    62.  OA) 

36.  Bush  Trefoil.  67.  (Vs> 

37.  Hog  Peanut.  70.  CVa) 


333 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

74.  Climbing  Fumatory.     Mountain  Fringe.     (Adlumia 
fungosa.) 

LEAF  :  twice  pinnate,  alternate ;  ultimate  leaflets  mostly  in 
threes,  delicate,  usually  2-3-lobed.  FLOWER  :  white  or  purplish 
(petals  4,  joined  in  pairs,  sepals  2,  stamens  6),  pendent,  in  large 
panicles ;  June-October.  Often  cultivated,  delicate,  climbing  by 
leaf-stems,  herbaceous.  New  York,  west  and  south.  (PI.  VII.) 

75.  Dwarf  Raspberry.     (Rubus  triflorus.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate ;  leaflets,  3-5,  i'-2f  long,  serrate, 
long-  or  broad-ovate,  base  and  apex  pointed,  thin,  smooth. 
FLOWER  :  white,  small  (petals  5-7,  erect,  stamens  many),  1-3- 
clustered  ;  June  ;  fruit  small,  sour,  dark  red.  New  Jersey,  west 
and  north  ;  often  trailing,  not  prickly,  mostly  herbaceous. 

76.  Silver-weed.     Potentilla.    (P.  anserina.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  clustered  ;  leaflets,  9-19  (with  additional  mi. 
nute  pairs),  coarsely  serrate  or  lobed,  oblong,  green  above,  silvery* 
white  and  silky-hairy  beneath,  stipules  with  cut  edge.  FLOWER  : 
yellow  (petals  5,  stamens  many),  single,  on  long  stems  directly 
from  the  ground  ;  June-September.  New  England  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  west  ;  with  creeping  runners. 

77.  Clematis.     Virgin's-bower.     (C.  virginiana.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite ;  leaflets,  3,  2'-3'  long,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, often  somewhat  lobed,  ovate,  apex  long-pointed,  base  a  little 
cordate.  FLOWER  :  white,  small  (no  petals,  sepals  4,  spreading, 
stamens  many),  clustered,  abundant  ;  July,  August ;  fruit  with 
feathery  appendages  ;  climbs  by  twisted  leaf-stems.  (PI.  VII.) 

78.  Whorled  Clematis.    (C.  verticillaris.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  (often  in  pairs)  ;  leaflets,  3,  i'-2'  long, 
entire  or  slightly  serrate  or  lobed,  ovate,  base  often  cordate,  apex 
pointed.  FLOWER  :  purplish,  2'-3'  broad  (no  corolla,  sepals  4, 
colored,  spreading,  many  stamens),  single ;  May.  In  rocky  and 
mountainous  ground,  east ;  rare  ;  climbing  by  twisted  leaf-stems. 

335 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


79.  Leather-flower.     (Clematis  viorna.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  (upper  occasionally  simple),  opposite  ;  leaflets, 
3-7,  entire  or  2-3-lobed,  ovate-lance-shaped  or  oblong,  base  occa- 
sionally slightly  cordate.  FLOWER  :  purple,  large,  single  (no 
corolla,  sepals  4,  i'  long,  very  thick  and  leathery,  more  or  less 
grown  together,  pointed  at  apex,  many  stamens)  ;  May-August. 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  south  ;  climbing,  herbaceous,  stalk  a  little 
grooved  and  ridged.  (PI.  VII.) 

80.  Common  Cinque-foil.     Five-finger.    (Potentilla 
canadensis. ) 

LEAF  :  palmate  ;  leaflets,  5,  i'-2',  obovate,  base  wedge-shaped, 
coarsely  serrate  toward  apex.  FLOWER  :  yellow  (petals  5, 
roundish,  stamens  numerous),  single.  April-July  ;  plant  silky- 
hairy,  often  trailing,  herbaceous.  (PI.  VII.) 

8z.  Wild  Strawberries.     (Fragaria  vesca,  virginiana,  and 
indica.) 

LEAF  :  trifoliate,  clustered,  radical,  i.e.,  from  the  ground  ;  leaf- 
lets, i'-2'  long,  obovate,  base  wedge-shaped,  coarsely  serrate, 
stipules  growing  to  base  of  leaf-stem.  FLOWER  :  white  (petals  5, 
separate,  roundish,  stamens  many),  single  on  stem  from  ground  ; 
in  spring  ;  with  leafless  runners  ;  in  2  species  : — vesca,  with  calyx 
spreading  or  reflexed  after  blossoming,  and  the  small  seed-cases 
on  the  surface  of  a  rounded  or  conical  receptacle  ;  virginiana, 
calyx  erect  after  flowering,  seed-cases  sunk  into  pits  on  roundish 
receptacle.  Another  species  (indicd),  introduced,  and  locally 
spontaneous  near  Philadelphia,  has  the  runners  leafy,  petals  yel- 
low, leafy  bracts  larger  than  sepals  below  calyx,  fruit  tasteless. 

82.  Running  Buffalo  Clover.     (Trifolium  stoloniferum.) 

LEAF  :  trifoliate  ;  leaflets,  broad-obovate  or  reverse  heart- 
shaped,  finely  serrate ;  long  running  stems.  FLOWER  :  pur- 
plish-white, in  "heads"  (like  other  clover),  but  not  densely 
flowered.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  south  ;  trailing,  herbaceous. 

336 


PLATE  VII 


38 


38.  Ground-nut.  73.  (1/3) 

39.  Climbing  Fumatory.  74. 

40.  Clematis.  77.  (W 


41.  Leather-flower.  79.    (V6) 

42.  Fine-finger.  80.  (-/3) 

43.  Halberd-leaved  Tearthumb.  84 

(2/8) 


337 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

83.  White  Clover.     (Trifolium  repens.) 

LEAF  :  trifoliate  ;  leaflets,  obovate,  apex  deeply  or  slightly 
notched,  slightly  serrate  ;  leaf-  and  flower  -  stems  very  long. 
FLOWER  :  white  (corolla  much  longer  than  calyx),  in  small  loose 
"heads"  ;  trailing,  herbaceous. 

84.  Halberd-leaved  Tearthumb.     (Polygonum  arifolium.) 

LEAF:  2' -4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  halberd-shaped  ;  plant- 
stem  4-angled  and  grooved,  edges  covered  with  reversed  fine 
prickles.  FLOWER  :  white  or  rosy  (no  corolla,  colored  calyx  4-5- 
lobed,  stamens  6),  few-clustered  ;  June-September ;  weak,  her- 
baceous, climbing  by  prickly  stems  ;  in  damp  ground.  (PL  VII.) 

85.  Arrow-leaved  Tearthumb.     (Polygonum  sagittatum.) 

LEAF:  i'-s',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  arrow-shaped;  plant- 
stem  4-angled,  edges  covered  with  reversed  fine  prickles  for 
climbing.  FLOWER  :  as  in  84  ;  in  damp  ground.  (PI.  VIII.) 

86.  Hop.     (Humulus  lupulus.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  3~7-lobed,  roundish, 
base  cordate,  rough  above.  FLOWER  :  greenish,  small,  staminate 
and  pistillate,  clustered  ;  June-August ;  herbaceous,  climbing, 
stems  very  rough-bristly,  with  reversed  bristles  or  fine  prickles. 
(PL  VIII.) 

87.  Bedstraw.     Cleavers.     (Galium  aparine.) 

LEAF:  I '-2',  simple,  6-8-whorled,  entire,  very  narrow,  base 
tapering,  apex  sharp,  midrib  and  edge  rough.  FLOWER  :  white, 
small  (corolla  4-parted,  stamens  4),  in  small  clusters  ;  June  ;  fruit 
prickly  ;  eastward  ;  stem  weak,  4-angled,  edges  covered  with 
fine  reversed  prickles  for  climbing.  (PI.  VIII.) 

88.  Rough  Bedstraw.      Rough  Cleavers.      (Galium  asprel- 

lum.) 

LEAF  :  l^-%' ,  simple,  4-6-whorled,  entire,  narrow,  base  and 
apex  tapering,  midrib  and  edge  prickly  ;  flower  as  in  87  ;  fruit 
small  and  smooth;  northward;  stem  rough-bristly.  (PI.  VIII.) 

339 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


89.  Small  Bedstraw.     (Galium  trifidum.) 

LEAF  :  i'-}£',  simple,  4-7-whorled,  entire,  narrow,  apex  blunt, 
edge  and  midrib  rough.  FLOWER  :  white,  very  small  (corol- 
la-lobes and  stamens  3-4),  i-7-clustered ;  fruit  smooth ;  in 
swamps  ;  dries  black  ;  stem  rough-bristly.  (PI.  VIII.) 

90.  Sweet-scented  Bedstraw.     (Galium  triflorum.) 

LEAF  :  i'-2',  simple,  4-6-whorled,  entire,  oval  to  elliptical, 
edge  rough,  apex  bristle-pointed.  FLOWER  :  greenish  or  green- 
ish-white (corolla  4-parted,  stamens  4),  mostly  3-clustered  ;  fruit 
covered  with  hooked  prickles  ;  plant  sweet-scented  when  dried  ; 
swamps  ;  stem  rough-bristly.  (PI.  VIII.) 

91.  Hairy  Bedstraw.     (Galium  pilosum.) 

LEAF:  i'  or  less,  simple,  4-whorled,  entire,  oval,  apex  not 
bristle-pointed,  hairy.  FLOWER  :  purplish,  brown  or  whitish ; 
otherwise  as  in  foregoing ;  July-September  ;  fruit  with  hooked 
bristles  ;  stem  square,  edge  roughish  or  hairy.  (PI.  VIII.) 

92.  Cat-brier.     Green-brier.     (Smilax  rotundifolia.) 

LEAF:  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  roundish  to  ovate,  often 
broader  than  long,  base  slightly  cordate,  apex  abruptly  pointed, 
smooth,  thickish,  rather  evergreen  southerly,  5~7-veined  ;  tendrils 
from  leaf-stem.  FLOWER  :  greenish  or  yellowish  (no  corolla,  6 
sepals  and  stamens),  few-clustered,  cluster-stem  ^'  long  or  less  ; 
May-July  ;  fruit,  blue-black  berries,  with  a  bloom  ;  stalk  and 
branches  often  yellow-green  ;  with  stout  prickles.  (PI.  VIII.) 

93.  False  Sarsaparilla.     (Smilax  glauca.) 

LEAF  :  2 '-4',  much  as  in  92,  but  with  a  whitish  bloom  beneath, 
and  occasionally  above.  FLOWER  :  as  in  92,  cluster-stem  i'  long 
or  less  ;  fruit,  black  with  a  bloom.  Massachusetts,  south  and 
west  ;  with  and  without  prickles. 

94.  Stretch-berry.     (Smilax  bona-nox.) 

LEAF:  2;-4;,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  roundish  heart-shaped, 
slightly  narrowed  above  broad  base,  to  deeply  lobed  and  fiddle- 

340 


PLATE   VIII 


44.  Arrow  leaved  Tearthumb.    85. 

45.  Hop.*  86,  (Vi) 


46.  BedstrawType.  87,  etc. 

47.  Cat-brier.  92.  (2/3) 

48.  Rose  Type.  99,  IOO. 


341 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

shaped,  edge  often  bristly  ;  glossy  green.  FLOWER  :  as  in  92, 
cluster-stem  i'  or  less  ;  fruit,  black  berries  ;  stalk  and  branches 
green.  New  Jersey,  west  and  south  ;  sparingly  prickly. 

95.  False  China-brier.     (Smilax  pseudo-China.) 

LEAF:  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate,  base  cordate  or 
rounded,  apex  bristle-pointed,  often  bristly  on  edge.  FLOWER  : 
as  in  92,  but  the  stem  of  cluster  2'-$'  long ;  July  ;  fruit,  black 
berries.  New  Jersey,  west  and  south  ;  with  few  weak  prickles 
or  none. 

96.  Rough  Smilax.     (S.  hispida.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate  (the  larger  with 
base  cordate),  apex  bristle-pointed,  edge  sometimes  rough,  green 
both  sides.  FLOWER  :  as  in  92,  but  larger,  and  the  cluster-stem 
i'-2'  long  ;  June  ;  fruit  black.  Connecticut,  south  and  west ; 
base  of  stalk  thickly  covered  with  long,  blackish,  needle-shaped, 
weak  prickles. 

97.  Walter's  Smilax.     (S.  Walteri.) 

LEAF  :  3'-4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate  or  slightly  lance- 
shaped,  base  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  apex  bristle-pointed, 
thickish,  smooth,  green  both  sides,  distinctly  3-veined.  FLOWER  : 
brownish,  otherwise  as  in  92  ;  cluster-stem  >£'  long  or  less  ; 
April-July  ;  fruit,  red  berries.  New  Jersey  >  and  south ;  few 
prickles  near  base  ;  stalk  somewhat  angled. 

98.  Matrimony-vine.     (Lycium  vulgare.) 

LEAF  :  2'~4',  simple,  alternate  (or  clustered),  entire,  oval  to 
lance-shaped,  or  broader  toward  apex,  base  tapering.  FLOWER  : 
purplish  (corolla  5-lobed,  spreading,  calyx  usually  3-lobed, 
stamens  5),  rather  small,  single  or  paired  ;  June-August.  Culti- 
vated, and  spontaneous  in  Pennsylvania  ;  trailing  or  drooping, 
the  angled  stems  often  spiny.  Southern  Europe. 

99.  Climbing  Rose.     Prairie  Rose.     (Rosa  setigera.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,    alternate,    with    stipules ;  leaflets,  3-5,   i'-2f 
long,   ovate,   serrate,    apex  pointed.     FLOWER  :    rose-color  to 
343 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


white  (petals  5,  obovate,  many  stamens,  styles  in  a  column),  2f~3' 
across,  a  little  fragrant,  clustered ;  July  ;  fruit  spherical,  red. 
New  York,  west  and  south  ;  cultivated  ;  climbing,  with  large 
prickles.  A  favorite  variety  of  this  almost  the  only  native  climber 
is  the  Baltimore  Belle.  (PI.  VIII.) 

100.  Sweet-brier.  Eglantine.  (Rose  rubiginosa.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate,  with  stipules ;  leaflets,  5-7,  %'-%' 
long,  serrate,  oval,  downy,  with  many  resinous  dots  beneath, 
fragrant  when  bruised.  FLOWER  :  light  rose,  fragrant  (petals  5, 
calyx-lobes  hairy  and  deeply  cut  on  edges),  mostly  single  on 
bristly  stems ;  June-August  ;  fruit  oblong  or  obovate,  orange- 
red.  Eastern  States  ;  vine  and  shrub  ;  stalks  with  both  hooked 
and  oval-shaped  prickles.  A  variety  has  smaller  flowers,  calyx- 
lobes  not  remaining  on  fruit,  and  fruit  elliptical.  (PI.  VIII.) 

xoi.  Running  Swamp  Blackberry.  (Rubus  hispidus.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3-5,  i'-2;  long,  serrate  (en- 
tire toward  the  base),  obovate,  smooth,  thickish.  FLOWER  :  white 
or  reddish,  small  (petals  5,  stamens  many),  few-  or  many-clus- 
tered, cluster-stem  often  bristly  ;  June ;  fruit  small,  sour ;  trail- 
ing, branches  somewhat  erect  (8 '-12') ;  with  reversed  prickles. 

102.  Low  Blackberry.  Dewberry.  (Rubus  canadensis.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3-7,  coarsely  serrate, 
i '-I  *£  long,  oval  to  ovate-lance-shaped,  nearly  smooth,  mostly 
pointed,  thin.  FLOWER  :  white  (petals  5,  large,  stamens  many), 
in  leafy-bracted  racemes  ;  May ;  fruit  juicy,  %'-!.'  in  diameter  ; 
July,  August ;  shrubby  and  trailing ;  somewhat  prickly. 

103.  Club-mosses.     (Lycopodium.) 

Four  species  of  '*  evergreen  "  vines  :  stems  creeping,  branches 
(except  in  the  Carolina)  erect,  short  (3'-8'),  stem  and  branch 
thickly  covered  with  minute,  stiff,  awl-shaped,  pointed  leaves, 
spreading  or  appressed  to  stem.  Fruit  in  catkin-like  "spikes," 
i'—2r  long,  from  summit  of  branches  (except  in  the  Carolina). 
These  are  the  characteristics  in  common  ;  the  special  features  of 
the  species  are  as  follows  : 

344 


PLATE   IX 


49.  White  Passion-flower,   no.  (2/6) 

50.  Wistaria.  115.  (%) 


51.  Common  Club  Moss.  103. 

52.  Northern  Club  Moss.  103. 


345 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

NORTHERN  CLUB-MOSS  ;  GROUND  PINE.  (L.  complanatum)  : 
leaves  4-ranked,  of  2  forms,  on  flattened \  fan-like  spreading 
branches  ;  lateral  leaves  somewhat  spreading,  with  projecting 
sharp  points,  saw-like  ;  leaves  above  and  below  smaller,  nar- 
rower, closely  appressed  to  stem, — the  whole  appearance  some- 
what like  arborvitae  ;  "spike"  cylindrical  (i'  long  or  more),  2-6 
borne  on  a  slender  leafless  or  minutely  bracted  stalk  growing  at 
summit  of  leafy  branch  ;  July  ;  less  fan-like  far  north.  (PI.  IX.) 

CAROLINA  CLUB-MOSS.  (L.  Carolinianum) :  stem  and  branches 
trailing,  flattened,  leafless  on  under  side,  leaves  on  3  other  sides  ; 
the  lateral  broad-lance-shaped  and  widely  spreading ;  the  upper 
shorter  and  closely  appressed  to  stem  ;  "  spike  "  cylindrical  (about 
i'),  single  on  a  minutely  bracted  slender  stalk  (2' '-4')  ;  July  ; 
wet  pine-barrens.  New  Jersey  and  south. 

COMMON  CLUB-MOSS.  (L.  clavatum)  :  leaf  of  one  form,  linear 
awl-shaped,  finely  bristle-pointed,  spreading  ;  branches  erect 
(2'-$'),  very  leafy  ;  "  spike  "  slender,  cylindrical,  bristly  (i'-2'),  2-3 
(rarely  I  or  4)  borne  on  a  slender  leafless  or  minutely  bracted 
stalk  (4'-6')  that  terminates  a  leafy  branch ;  July ;  used  for 
Christmas  decoration.  (PI.  IX.) 

INTERRUPTED  CLUB-MOSS.  (L.  annotinum)  :  leaf  of  one  form, 
lance-shaped,  very  finely  serrate  near  apex,  spreading ;  spike 
single,  thick-cylindrical  (i'),  borne  direct  from  summit  of  leafy 
2-3-forked  branch  (4'-8'),  without  intervening  leafless  stalk; 
July  ;  in  woods  of  New  England ;  a  smaller  variety  found  in 
White  Mountains. 

104.  Dodder.    (Cuscuta.) 

Leafless  parasitic  vines  generically  called  dodder,  in  n  species 
(the  last  found  only  on  frontier),  all  with  thread-like  stems  bear- 
ing a  few  minute  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  the  whole  plant  yellow- 
ish or  reddish,  and  supported  by  the  juices  of  the  plants  around 
which  they  twine  ;  the  species  are  chiefly  distinguishable  by  dif- 
ferences in  the  minute  blossoms  (£'  long  or  less),  as  follows  : 

(N.B. — All  but  Flax-dodder  and  Thyme-dodder  have  stigmas 
capitate?) 

347 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


GRONOVIUS  DODDER.  (C.  Gronovii)  :  corolla  bell-shaped, 
mostly  5-parted,  its  tube  as  long  or  longer  than  its  ovate  blunt 
lobes  ;  flowers  with  stems,  closely  or  loosely  clustered  ;  common 
throughout,  the  chief  species  in  the  Northeastern  States. 

FLAX-DODDER.  (C.  epilinum) :  stigma  elongated ;  flower  globu- 
lar (corolla  5-parted,  stamens  not  exserted),  stemless,  in  dense 
scattered  heads  ;  in  flax  fields,  introduced  from  Europe. 

THYME-DODDER.  (C.  epithymum)  :  stigma  elongated,  stamens 
exserted ;  introduced  ;  occasionally  in  clover-beds. 

FIELD-DODDER.  (C.  arvensis)  :  corolla  bell-shaped,  5-parted, 
its  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  broad-lobed  calyx,  and  shorter 
than  its  own  lance-shaped  lobes  ;  flower  on  stem  in  clusters  ; 
June,  July ;  earlier  and  smaller  than  the  others.  New  York, 
south  and  west. 

COMPACT  DODDER.  (C.  compacta) :  corolla  with  cylindrical 
tube,  sepals  5,  separate,  roundish,  slightly  toothed,  with  3-5 
bracts  below  like  sepals  ;  flower  stemless,  clustered.  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  south,  and  along  southern  frontier. 

BENDING  DODDER.  (C.  inflexa)  :  corolla  fleshy,  4-lobed,  its 
tube  as  long  as  the  keeled  and  pointed  calyx-lobes  ;  its  lobes 
ovate,  erect  and  finely  serrate ;  flowers  with  stems.  Southern 
New  England,  west. 

GREEN-FRUITED  DODDER.  (C.  chlorocarpa) :  corolla  open-bell- 
shape,  mostly  4-parted,  lobes  often  longer  than  tube,  short- 
stemmed  ;  coarse  plant-stem  orange-colored.  Pennsylvania  and 
Delaware. 

SLENDER-FLOWERED  DODDER.  (C.  tenuiflora) :  corolla  4- 
parted,  its  tube  twice  the  length  of  calyx-lobes  ;  lobes  of  calyx 
and  corolla  oblong  and  blunt  ;  coarse  stems  yellow.  Pennsyl- 
vania, west  and  south,  in  damp  ground. 

BEAKED  DODDER.  (C.  rostrata)  :  corolla  bell-shaped,  5-parted, 
its  tube  twice  the  length  of  its  ovate  blunt  lobes  ;  flower  nearly  or 
quite  %'  long,  larger  than  in  any  other  of  our  species.  Allegha- 
nies  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

COILED  DODDER.  (C.  glomerata) :  flowers  in  very  large,  close 
clusters,  each  flower  with  numerous  bracts  at  base,  the  matted 

348 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

coils  like  ropes,  often  y%   or  more  in  thickness  ;  corolla  5-parted, 
5  separate  sepals.     Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  south. 

HANDSOME  DODDER.  (C.  decora) :  flower  broad-bell-shaped, 
fleshy,  corolla  5-lobed,  pointed  tips  of  lobes  turned  in,  edge 
slightly  serrate;  calyx-lobes  pointed,  triangular,  "the  handsom- 
est of  our  species."  Illinois. 

105.  Lance-leaved  Smilax.     (S.  lanceolata.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  short-lance-shaped,  thin- 
nish,  rather  glossy  above.  FLOWER  :  greenish  or  yellowish, 
small  (no  corolla,  6  sepals  and  stamens),  clustered  ;  June  ;  ber- 
ries red  ;  tendrils  from  some  of  the  leaf-stems.  Virginia. 

106.  Dichondra.     (D.  repens.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,  entire,  round-kidney-shaped,  fine- 
hairy,  green  both  sides.  FLOWER  :  white  or  yellowish,  small 
(corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  2  distinct  styles  and  pods),  single  ; 
trailing,  herbaceous.  Virginia. 

107.  Cocculus.     (C.  carolinus.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  lobed,  ovate  or  cor- 
date, variable,  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  p. ,  greenish  (petals 
and  stamens  6),  small,  clustered ;  July,  August ;  climbing. 
Virginia  and  Southern  Illinois. 

108.  Heart-leaved  Grape.     (Vitis  indivisa.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  not  lobed,  roundish, 
base  cordate  or  square,  apex  sharp,  almost  entirely  smooth. 
FLOWER  :  greenish,  small  (petals  and  stamens  5),  in  small  loose 
clusters  ;  June  ;  berry  size  of  pea  ;  tendrils.  Virginia  and  Ohio. 

109.  Supple-jack.     (Berchemia  volubilis.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  only  slightly  serrate,  long-ovate, 
apex  sharp.  FLOWER  :  p.,  greenish-white,  small  petals  5,  ob- 
long, pointed,  short  as  calyx-lobes,  stamens  standing  in  front  of 
petals,  not  alternating  ;  June  ;  high-climbing.  Virginia. 

349 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


110.  White  Passion-flower.     (Passiflora  incarnata.) 

LEAF:  2'-$',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  3-lobed.  FLOWER: 
whitish,  with  triple  purple  and  flesh-colored  crown,  2'  across 
(petals  and  stamens  5),  single,  3  leafy  bracts  at  base  ;  May- July  ; 
fruit  oval,  large  as  hen's  egg,  called  Maypops ;  tendrils.  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky.  (PI.  IX.) 

III.  Melothria.     (M.  pendula.) 

LEAF:  simple,  alternate,  5-lobed  or  angled,  small,  roundish, 
base  cordate,  roughish.  FLOWER  :  greenish  or  yellowish,  very 
small,  pistillate  and  staminate  (5  stamens  with  bell-shaped,  5- 
lobed  corolla),  the  latter  in  small  racemes,  pistillate  single  ;  June- 
August  ;  tendrils.  Virginia. 

112.  Yellow  Jessamine.     (Gelsemium  sempervirens.) 

LEAF  :  i^'-2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate  to  lance-shaped, 
glossy,  with  minute  stipules.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  handsome,  nearly 
\Yz  long,  fragrant  (corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  stamens  5,  style 
long),  clustered  ;  March,  April ;  twining.  Virginia. 

113.  Fosteronia.     (F.  difformis.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  opposite,  entire,  short-lance-shaped,  thin. 
FLOWER  :  pale  yellow,  small  (corolla  funnel-form,  border  5- 
lobed,  stamens  5),  clustered ;  April ;  twining.  Virginia  and 
Southern  Illinois. 

114.  Smooth  Gonolobus.     (G.  laevis.) 

LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  heart-shaped,  smooth. 
FLOWER  :  yellowish-green  corolla  5-lobed,  spreading,  with  a 
small  crown  in  centre,  stamens  5,  10  pollen  masses  adhering  to 
stigma,  calyx  and  corolla  smooth,  clustered  on  one  common  stem 
growing  between  opposite  leaf-stems ;  July ;  twining ;  milky 
juice.  Virginia,  and  west. 

115.  Wistaria.     (W.  frutescens.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate,  with  minute  stipules;  leaflets,  9-13, 
i',  ovate-lance-shaped.  FLOWER:  purple,  showy,  pea-shaped,  in 

350 


Description  of  Native  Vines 

dense  racemes ;  May  ;  not  as  fine  as  the  Chinese  species,  though 
cultivated  ;  twining.     Virginia  to  Illinois.     (PI.  IX.) 

116.  Clematis.      (C.  cylindrica.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite ;  leaflets,  5-9,  long-ovate  to  lance- 
shaped,  entire  or  3~5-lobed.  FLOWER  :  purplish  (no  corolla,  ca- 
lyx somewhat  cylindrical  below,  lobes  broad,  wide-spreading,  with 
wavy,  thin  margin),  single,  large ;  May-August  ;  climbing  by 
twisted  leaf-stems.  Virginia. 

117.  Grape.     (Vitis  bipinnata.) 

LEAF  :  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  leaflets  deeply  serrate  or  lobed. 
FLOWER  :  greenish,  small  (petals  and  stamens  5),  clustered ; 
berry  black,  obovate  ;  tendrils.  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

118.  Rhynchosia.     (R.  tomentosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  three  or  one  !  roundish,  somewhat 
downy.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  somewhat  pea-shaped  (calyx  about 
as  long  as  corolla,  4-lobed,  upper  lobe  notched),  clustered  ;  twin- 
ing or  trailing,  herbaceous.  Virginia. 

119.  Bignonia.     (B.  capreolata.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  2,  ovate  or  oblong  (often  with 
another  small  pair  close  to  stalk  like  stipules),  leaf-stem  ending  in 
a  tendril.  FLOWER  :  orange,  2'  long  (coroHa  rather  bell-shaped, 
5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped,  4  stamens),  few-clustered  ;  April ; 
pod  6'  long.  Virginia. 

I2O.  Birthwort.     (Aristolochia  tomentosa.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',   simple,   alternate,    entire,    round-heart-shaped ; 
stalk  downy.      FLOWER  (no  corolla,  calyx  tubular,  curved  like 
pipe,  yellowish,  purple  at  apex,  wrinkled  border  at  top):  single  or 
paired  ;  June  ;  twining.     Southern  Illinois. 

121.  Brunnichia.     (B.  cirrhosa.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,  entire,  heart-shaped  or  ovate,  apex 
pointed  ;  stalk  grooved,  leaf-stem  broader  at  base.  FLOWER  : 
greenish  (no  corolla,  calyx  5-parted,  lobes  oblong,  stamens  8), 

351 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


2-5-clustered  above  a  bract,  these  clusters  numerous  in  a  raceme  ; 
tendrils.     Southwest  Illinois. 

122.  Pitcher's  Clematis.     (C.  Pitcheri.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  3-9,  ovate  or  base  cor- 
date, entire  or  3-lobed  ;  highest  leaves  often  simple.  FLOWER  : 
purplish  (no  corolla,  calyx  bell-shaped,  its  4  sepals  with  narrow 
recurved  points),  large,  single  ;  climbing  by  twisted  leaf-stems, 
mostly  herbaceous.  Illinois. 

123.  Few-flowered  Kidney-bean.    (Phaseolus  pauciflorus.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  i'-2r  long,  long-ovate  to 
linear.  FLOWER  :  purple,  ^'  long,  like  pea-blossom,  single  or 
few-clustered  ;  July-September  ;  pod  i'  or  more,  straight,  nar- 
row; twining.  Illinois. 

124.  Downy  Grape.     (Vitis  cinerea.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  downy  beneath  (and 
above  when  young)  ;  branchlets  thickly  downy  ;  fruit  black,  small, 
no  bloom  ;  tendrils.  Illinois. 

125.  Red  Grape.     (Vitis  palmata.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,  lobed,  lobes  tapering,  smooth  ;  fruit 
black,  shining,  no  bloom  ;  tendrils.  Illinois. 

126.  Cupseed.     (Calycocarpum  Lyoni.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,  3~5-deeply-lobed,  large,  base  cor- 
date, lobes  pointed.  FLOWER  :  greenish-white  (no  petals,  sepals 
6,  stamens  12  or  more),  in  long  panicles  ;  May ;  fruit  spherical, 
i'  diameter,  greenish  ;  high-climbing.  Kentucky. 

127.  Tragia.     (T.  macrocarpa.) 

LEAF:  3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate,  base  deeply  cordate, 
mostly  long-stemmed,  stalk  hairy.  FLOWER  :  small  (no  corolla, 
calyx  3-8-parted,  stamens  2-3),  in  racemes  ;  twining,  herbaceous. 
Kentucky. 

352 


FOREIGN  TREES  IN  CENTRAL 
PARK 

(comprising  the  principal  foreign  hardy  trees  cultivated 
in  the  Northeastern  United  States.) 

ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Not  evergreen,  nor  cone-bearing,  nor  thorny. 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE : 

Entire :  1-4,  10,  51  ("Foreign  Shrubs,"  n,  50,  52) 
Serrate  (not  lobed)  :  5-27  ("  Native  Trees,"  23,  59-61, 

68) 
Lobed  (lobes  entire,  not  serrate  nor  spiny-pointed) :  28- 

3i 

Lobed  (lobes  spiny-pointed)  :  32 
Serrate  and  Lobed :  33,  7,  n,  19,  27  ("Native  Trees," 

89,  91,   103) 

OPPOSITE  : 

Entire :  34,  35  ("Foreign  Shrubs,"  5) 
Serrate  (not  lobed)  :  36 
Lobed  (not  serrate) :  35,  37 
Serrate  and  Lobed  :  38-41 

LEAVES  COMPOUND: 
PINNATE  : 

ALTERNATE : 

edge  of    leaflets    entire :    42,    43    ("  Foreign 
Shrubs,"  56,  57)  ("Native  Trees,"  115) 
353 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


LEAVES  COMPOUND: 
PINNATE : 

ALTERNATE : 

edge  of  leaflets  serrate  or  lobed  :  44-46  ("  Na- 
tive Trees,"  115,  118) 
OPPOSITE  :  46-48 
PALMATE  :  49  ("  Native  Trees,"  129) 

TREES   THORNY: 

leaves  simple :  50,  51,  3  ("  Native  Trees,"  140) 
leaves  compound  (pinnate  or  trifoliate) :  52,  53 

EVERGREENS  AND    CONE-BEARING   TREES: 

strictly  evergreen : 

leaves   2-5 -clustered,    slender,    needle-like,    i'-io'   long : 

54-58 

leaves  many  in  a  whorl,  short,  slender,  stiff :  59,  60 
leaves  not  clustered  nor  whorled,  each  growing  from  a  sep- 
arate point,  very  short  (^'-2'),  except  in  62 
slender,  but  flat  :  61-66,  73 
awl-shaped,    not    flat,    usually  stiff:    67-70    ("Native 

Trees,"  162) 

leaves  4-whorled,  % ',  prickly  :  71,  72 

leaves  extremely  small  (iV~X')»  scarcely  recognizable  as 
leaves,  flat  and  roundish,  or  slender  and  often  prickly, 
the  branches  with  the  closely  appressed  (when  not 
prickly)  leaves  forming  more  or  less  flat  sprays  :  74- 

76 

Trees  not  evergreen,  but  deciduous  ;  cone-bearing  ;  leaf  }4'-i' 
or  more,  needle-like,  pliant,  whorled  :  77,  78 


354 


Foreign  Trees  in  Central  Park 
ANALYTICAL  KEY 

( Of  foreign  trees  in  Park  with  ornamental  blossoms.) 

blossoming    before    leaves    appear:     i,     2     (" Foreign 

Shrubs, "  2,  5) 
blossoming  with  or  after  leaves  : 

leaves  simple,  alternate,   entire :     3  ("  Foreign 

Shrubs,"  n,  50,  52) 

leaves  simple,  alternate,  serrate :    12-20,  32 
leaves  pinnate  or  trifoliate :  42,  43,  45,  52,  53 

("Foreign  Shrubs/'  56,  57) 
leaves  palmate:  49 


355 


DESCRIPTION  OF  FOREIGN  TREES 
IN  CENTRAL  PARK 

I.  Yulan.     (Magnolia  conspicua.) 

LEAF  :  6'-8',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate,  apex  pointed, 
downy  when  young.  FLOWER  :  white,  very  large,  fragrant  (pet- 
als 6-9,  sepals  3),  single,  very  profuse,  before  leaves  ;  low  tree. 
China.  (PI.  I.) 

2.  Chinese  Judas-tree.  (Cercis  japonica.) 
LEAF  :  2'-s',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  somewhat  roundish, 
base  only  slightly  cordate,  apex  somewhat  pointed,  smooth,  5- 
veined.  FLOWER  :  rich  reddish-purple,  pea-shaped  covering 
tree  before  leaves,  larger  than  in  American  species  ;  low  tree  and 
shrub. 

3.  Oleastir.     (Elaeagnus  angustifolia.) 

LEAF:  2f-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  elliptical,  both  ends 
pointed,  both  sides  silvery,  as  also  young  shoots.  FLOWER  : 
yellow,  fragrant  (calyx  bell-shaped,  4-8-lobed,  stamens  as  many 
as  lobes,  I  style),  i-3-clustered,  lateral ;  midsummer ;  often 
thorny  ;  low  tree  and  shrub  ;  from  the  Orient.  (PI.  I.) 

4.  Small-leaved  Willow.     (Salix  rosmarinifolia.) 
LEAF  :  2'-4\  simple,  alternate,  entire,  elliptical,  above  smooth, 
beneath  silky-shiny  ;  blossoms  in  May.     Sweden. 

5.  European  Alder.  (Alnus  glutinosa.) 
LEAF  :  2'-3f,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  roundish  to  obovate, 
apex  blunt  or  emarginate,  base  wedge-shaped,  bright  green  be- 
neath, hairy  in  angles  of  veins,  sticky  when  young  (as  also  branch- 
lets)  ;  long  yellowish  catkins  in  March  ;  bark  blackish  ;  native 
alders  are  shrubs.  ("  Native  Shrubs,"  PL  IX.) 

356 


Description  of  Foreign  Trees 

6.  European  Alder.     (Alnus  cordata.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate,  base  cordate, 
apex  considerably  pointed  ;  young  branches  mostly  hairy,  but  not 
sticky  ;  catkins  in  April.  Italy. 

7.  Paper  Mulberry.     (Broussonettia  papyrifera.) 

LEAF  :  4/-6',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  often  lobed,  ovate, 
very  rough-hairy  above,  thick  soft-downy  beneath,  base  some- 
times cordate.  Japan.  (PI.  III.) 

8.  European  Hornbeam.     (Carpinus  betulus.) 

LEAF  and  bark  as  in  American  species  ("Native  Trees,"  35)  ; 
most  evident  difference  in  the  fruit-bract,  which  has  a  very  long, 
serrate  middle  lobe  in  the  European,  but  a  much  shorter  one  with 
entire  edge  in  the  American. 

9.  European  Chestnut.     (Castanea  sativa.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  American  species  ("  Native  Trees,"  41),  but  blunt 
at  base,  not  pointed  ;  flower  in  catkins  ;  nut  larger  and  less  sweet. 

10.  European  Beech.     (Fagus  sylvatica.) 

LEAF:  2'-3f,  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  wavy-toothed,  more 
hairy,  smaller  and  rounder  than  the  American  beech.  Var.  pur- 
pur  ea  (copper  or  bronzed  beech)  has  very  dark  foliage  ;  var.  pen- 
dula  has  long  pendent  branches  ;  var.  asplenifolia,  cut-leaved 
beech,  has  longer  leaves  deeply  cut.  (PI.  I.) 

11.  Black  Mulberry.     (Morus  nigra.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  often  2-3-lobed,  ovate 
to  roundish  ;  fruit  ovate,  violet-black.  Europe. 

12.  Asiatic  Cherry.     (Prunus  cerasus.) 

LEAF  :  simple,  alternate,   serrate,  elliptical,  not   hairy,   stiffly 
divergent  from  stem.     FLOWER  :  white  (5  petals^  many  stamens, 
i  style),  in  lateral  umbels  ;  early  May. 
357 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


13.  Japanese  Plum.     (Prunus  pissardii.) 
LEAF:  I '-2',  simple,  alternate,    serrate,   oval   to  ovate,  small, 
purplish.     FLOWER  :  white  (petals  5,  many  stamens),  in  umbels  ; 
spring  ;  low  tree  or  shrub. 

14.  Grape-cherry.     (Prunus  padus.) 

LEAF  :  i'-s',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oval  to  elliptical,  smooth, 
slightly  wrinkled  ;  leaf-buds  long,  pointed.  FLOWER  :  white 
(petals  5,  many  stamens),  in  abundant,  showy  racemes,  about 
first  of  May  ;  fruit  cherry-shaped,  black  ;  ornamental  tree  in 
bloom.  Europe,  Asia. 

15.  European  Cherry.     (Prunus  Mahaleb.) 
LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate,  base  sometimes 
cordate,  of  agreeable  odor,  not  hairy,  often  2  glands  on  stem. 
FLOWER  :    p.   white   (details  as  in  native   cherry)  in  stemmed 
corymbs  ;  May  ;  I2°-2O°. 

1 6.  Apple-tree.    (Pirus  malus.) 

LEAF:  i'-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oval,  woolly  beneath. 
FLOWER  :  white  to  rosy  (petals,  sepals  and  styles,  5,  many 
stamens),  in  lateral  umbels  ;  May. 

17.  Japanese  Flowering  Apple.    (Pirus  floribunda.) 
LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  obovate,  small.  FLOWER  ; 
rose-red,  abundant  (of  apple-type),  in  early  spring ;  fruit  small  ; 
very  low  tree  or  shrub,  very  ornamental. 

1 8.  Chinese  Crab-apple.     (Pirus  spectabilis.) 
LEAF:    2',   simple,  alternate,  serrate,    oblong -lance -shaped, 
smooth.     FLOWER  :  red  or  rose-color,  semi-double,  in  umbels  (of 
apple-type)  ;  April  and  May  ;  fruit  reddish-green  ;  2O°-3O°. 

19.  Toringo  Apple-tree.  (Pirus  Toringo.) 
LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate  (on  new  shoots  often  3-5- 
lobed),  oval  to  oblong,  hairy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  white  (petals, 
sepals  and  styles  5,  latter  woolly  at  base,  stamens  many),  in  small 
clusters  ;  May  ;  fruit  small,  globular,  yellow,  astringent ;  low  tree 
or  shrub.  Japan. 

358 


PLATE   I 


1.  Yulan.   i.  (i/6) 

2.  Oleaster.  3.  (V2) 

3.  European  Beech.   IO.  (Yg) 

4.  Cut-leaved    Beech.    ("Native 

Trees,"  91.)  (i/,) 


5.  Southern  Over-cup  Oak.  28.  (Va) 

6.  Turkey  Oak.  39.  (i/2) 

7.  English  Oak.  30.  0/4 ) 


359 


Description  of  Foreign  Trees 

20.  European  Linden.      (Tilia  europsea.) 

LEAF  :  3'-4',  as  in  American  species  (**  Native  Trees,"  20),  but 
not  so  cordate  and  oblique  at  base.  FLOWER  :  as  in  American 
species,  but  with  no  petal-like  scale  in  front  of  petal  as  in  our  own 
species. 

21.  English  Elm.     (Ulmus  campestris.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4/,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oval  to  obovate,  pointed, 
mostly  smooth  ;  fruit  deeply  notched  at  apex  ;  branches  horizontal 
or  upward  slanting. 

22.  Scotch  or  Wych  Elm.     (Ulmus  montana.) 

LEAF  :  2'-s',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  roughish,  buds  not 
downy  ;  calyx,  lobes  and  stamens  about  5  ;  fruit  i'  long,  smooth. 

23.  Small-leaved  Elm.     (Ulmus  parvifolia.) 

LEAF  :  less  than  i',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  elliptical,  al- 
most leathery  ;  blossoms  in  May  and  June  with  leaves ;  fruit 
ovate,  not  hairy,  apex  notched  ;  bark  loosening  in  thick  layers. 
China. 

24.  Long-stemmed  Mountain  Elm.     (Ulmus  effusa.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  elliptical,  base  tapering, 
very  one-sided,  pointed,  smooth  above,  long-stemmed ;  blossoms 
early,  before  leaves  ;  fruit  hairy-edged. 

25.  Willow.     (Salix  pentandra.) 

LEAF  :  s'-4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate-elliptical,  short- 
pointed,  bright  green  beneath,  many  glands  on  stem  ;  like  laurel 
leaf  ;  flowers  in  May.  Europe. 

26.  Lance- leaved  Willow.    (Salix  lancifolia.) 

LEAF  :  3'-4',  simple,  alternate,  finely  but  sharply  serrate,  oblong- 
lance-shaped,  hairy  both  sides  when  mature ;  flowers  before 
leaves.  Germany. 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


27.  Purple-leaved  Birch.     (Betula  alba,  var.  atropurpurea.) 

Essentially  like  our  white  birch  ("  Native  Trees,"  65),  but  with 
purple  foliage. 

28.  Southern  Over-cup  Oak.    (Quercus  lyrata.) 

LEAF:  5'-8',  simple,  alternate,  y-g-lobed  (lobes  triangular, 
acute,  not  serrate),  obovate-oblong,  glossy  above,  whitish  be- 
neath, crowded  at  end  of  branch  ;  nut  globular,  almost  enclosed 
in  rough  globular  cup.  Southern  and  Western  States.  (PI.  I.) 

29.  Turkey  Oak.     (Quercus  cerris.) 

LEAF  :  4'~5',  simple,  alternate,  pinnately  lobed,  not  serrate, 
long-oblong,  broadest  in  middle,  dark  green  above,  hairy  when 
young,  short-stemmed ;  acorn-cup  with  long  divergent  scales. 
Southern  Europe.  (PL  I.) 

30.  English  Oak.     (Quercus  robur.) 

LEAF  •  4/-6',  simple,  alternate,  lobed  (not  as  deeply  as  in  our 
white  oak,  which  it  resembles,  but  not  as  large,  nor  whitish  be- 
neath), no  teeth  or  bristles.  Va.r.pendula  with  drooping  branches. 
Var.  asp  lent  folia  with  cut-leaved  foliage.  (PL  I.) 

31.  Ginkgo.     (Salisburia  adianti folia.) 

LEAF  :  2',  on  long  stem,  simple,  alternate,  fan-shaped,  fern- 
like,  deeply  notched  at  apex,  lobes  again  lobed  or  wavy-edged, 
base  wedge-shaped  ;  flowering  minute  as  in  yew ;  tree  of  peculiar 
figure,  with  few  large  branches.  Japan.  (PL  III.) 

32.  European  Holly.     (Ilex  aquifolium.) 

Much  like  American  species  ("  Native  Trees,"  49)  ;  evergreen, 
leathery,  more  glossy,  and  berries  brighter  red  ;  flowers  about  the 
same  ;  tree  and  shrub.  Var.  macrophyllum,  with  large  leaves. 

33.  Oriental  Plane.     Sycamore.     (Platanus  orientalis.) 

LEAF:  3'-$',  as  in  our  buttonwood  (*'  Native  Trees."  88),  but 
more  cut  and  becoming  smooth,  and  fruit-heads  larger. 

362 


PLATE   II 


8.  Paulownia  imperaiis.  34. 

9.  Field  Maple.  37-  (V4) 
10.  Japanese  Maple.  38.  (V3) 


363 


xi.  Cut-leaved  Japanese  Maple.  38. 

12.  Norway  Maple.  39.  (i/4) 

13.  Sycamore  Maple.  40.  (V4) 


Description  of  Foreign  Trees 

34.  Paulownia  imperialis. 

LEAF  :  6'-i2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  roundish,  pointed,  base 
cordate  ;  much  as  in  catalpa,  but  more  downy.  FLOWER  :  violet, 
nearly  2'  long  (corolla  funnel-shaped,  lobed),  in  large,  erect  pani- 
cles ;  June  ;  bark  smooth,  dark.  Japan.  (PI.  II.) 

35.  Japanese  Catalpa.     (C.  bungei.) 

LEAF:  6'-io',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  often  3-lobed  or  angled, 
roundish,  pointed,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  half  the  size  of  native 
species  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 

36.  Cercidophyllum  japonicum. 

LEAF:  i^£'-2',  simple,  opposite,  minutely  serrate,  round,  apex 
slightly  pointed,  paler  beneath  ;  flower  inconspicuous ;  low  tree. 
Japan. 

37.  Field  Maple.     (Acer  campestre.) 

LEAF  :  3' '-4',  simple,  opposite,  3-5 -lobed  (lobes  blunt,  entire  or 
lobed,  not  serrate),  rather  roundish,  some  hairy  beneath,  as  also 
stem,  both  sides  same  color.  FLOWER  :  greenish,  in  corymbs ; 
May  ;  fruit  with  divergent  wings,  broadest  at  ends ;  tree  and 
shrub.  Europe.  (PI.  II.) 

38.  Japanese  Maple.     (Acer  polymorphum,  with  var.) 

LEAF  :  2 '-3',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  about  $-palmately- 
lobed,  rather  small.  Flowers  in  corymbs  ;  May  ;  fruit  with  short, 
blunt,  divergent  wings.  Var.  palmatum  is  7-Q-lobed,  and  in  var. 
dissectum  atropurpureum  the  lobes  are  finely  cut,  almost  feath- 
ery, of  rich  rose-color,  later  purple  ;  very  handsome.  (PI.  II.) 

39.  Norway  Maple.     (Acer  platanoides.) 

LEAF:    5^-7',  simple,   opposite,   5-lobed,  with  large  but  very 
sharply  pointed  teeth,  deep  green,   large.     FLOWER  :  yellowish- 
green  in  profuse  clusters,   latter  part  of  April ;  fruit  with  large, 
very  divergent  wings  ;  juice  milky.     Europe.     (PI.  II.) 
365 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


40.  Sycamore  Maple.     (Acer  pseudo-platanus.) 

LEAF  :  5'-6',  simple,  opposite,  rather  closely  and  evenly  ser- 
rate, 3-5-lobed,  large,  on  long  reddish  stems.  FLOWER  :  green- 
ish, in  large  pendent  panicles ;  May.  Europe.  Var.  folius  atro- 
purpureus  has  leaf  deeply  colored  on  both  sides.  (PI.  II.) 

41.  Tartarian  Maple.     (Acer  tartaricum.) 

LEAF  :  4'-$',  simple,  opposite,  lobed,  cut  and  serrate,  base 
slightly  cordate,  both  sides  colored  alike.  FLOWER  :  whitish,  small, 
in  short,  erect  panicles,  late  in  May,  after  the  leaves  ;  fruit-wings 
at  last  red. 

42.  Common  Laburnum.     (Laburnum  vulgare.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3,  2'— 3'  long,  entire,  oblong, 
slender-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  showy,  pea-shaped,  rather 
large,  in  long  racemes,  late  spring ;  low  tree  or  shrub.  Europe. 

43.  Sophora  Japonica. 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  11-13,  entire,  small,  oval  or 
tapering,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  cream-white,  small,  pea-shaped,  in 
loose  panicles,  late  summer  ;  low  to  medium-sized.  Japan.  (PI. 
III.) 

44.  English  Walnut.     (Juglans  regia.) 

LEAP  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  4'-$',  obscurely  ser- 
rate, oval,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  in  catkins,  or  I -to-few-clustered ; 
husk  of  fruit  friable,  nut  roundish,  thin-shelled.  Asia. 

45.  Koelreuteria.     (K.  paniculata.) 

LEAF:  pinnate,  alternate;  leaflets,  9-13,  irregularly  serrate 
and  lobed.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  small  (petals  3  or  4,  each  with  a 
2-parted  small  scale,  sepals  5,  style  i),  in  large  panicles,  late 
summer  ;  small  tree.  China.  (PI.  III.) 

46.  Cork-tree.     (Phellodendron  amurense.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  below,  opposite  above ;  leaflets,  n- 
17,  serrate,  lance-shaped.  FLOWER  :  staminate  and  pistillate 

366 


Description  of  Foreign  Trees 

(calyx  5-parted  in   latter,   5  distinct  sepals    in  former,  petals  5 
or  10) ;  June  ;  corky  bark.     Amur. 

47.  Flowering  Ash.     (Fraxinus  ornus.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  serrate,  entire  at  base, 
small,  oblong  to  lance-shaped,  downy  beneath.  FLOWER  :  small 
(petals  4  or  2,  greenish),  along  branch,  with  or  before  leaves. 
Southern  Europe. 

48.  European  or  English  Ash.     (Fraxinus  excelsior.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  serrate,  lance-oblong, 
bright  green,  almost  stemless.  FLOWER  :  no  petals,  hardly 
calyx.  Var.  weeping  ash  (in  Park)  has  pendent  branches. 
Southern  Europe. 

49.  Red  Horse-chestnut.     (Pavia  rubra.) 

LEAF  :  palmate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  bright  green.  FLOWER  : 
rose- red  (petals  4,  stamens  usually  8),  in  dense  panicles,  early 
summer  ;  fruit  prickly  ;  probably  a  hybrid  ;  low  tree  and  shrub. 
Asia. 

50.  Osage  Orange.     (Maclura  aurantica.) 

LEAF:  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  lance-ovate;  fruit 
crowded  in  spherical  head,  size  of  orange  ;  bark  rough,  yellow- 
tinged  ;  usually  spiny.  Arkansas,  etc.  (PL  III.) 

51.  Common  Sandthorn.     (Hippophae  rhamnoides.) 

LEAF:  i'-2r,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  long-elliptical,  green 
above,  silvery  beneath.  FLOWER  :  yellowish  or  greenish,  the 
staminate  with  2  small,  ovate  sepals,  4  stamens  ;  pistillate  with 
lobed,  tubular  calyx  ;  fruit  orange-color  ;  io°-2O°  ;  often  thorny. 
Europe. 

52.  Chinese  Honey-locust.     (Gleditschia  sinensis.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  or  twice-pinnate ;  leaflets  small,  entire,  oval, 
broader  than  in  native  species.  FLOWERS  same  as,  thorns 
stouter  than,  in  our  species. 

367 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


53.  Orange.     (Citrus  trifoliata.) 

LEAF:  trifoliate,  alternate;  leaflets,  2',  blunt-elliptical,  stem- 
less  ;  the  leaf-stalk  winged.  FLOWER  :  creamy-white  (petals  4- 
8,  linear-oblong,  thick,  stamens  usually  many,  their  filaments 
somewhat  united)  ;  May ;  fruit  orange-yellow,  small ;  low  tree  or 
shrub,  spiny.  Japan.  (PI.  III.) 

54.  Spanish  Pine.     (Pinus  mugho.) 

LEAF  :  2',  in  twos,  needle-like,  sharp-pointed  ;  cone,  2',  oval, 
horizontal,  often  2-3-clustered,  scales  prickly  at  apex ;  tree  and 
shrub. 

55.  Scotch  Pine.     (Pinus  sylvestris.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4/,  in  twos,  rather  flat,  bluish-white  ;  cone  tapering, 
the  scales  with  tubercle-like  tips  ;  bark  reddish  on  upper  part  of 
trunk  ;  prevalent  in  Northern  Europe. 

56.  Austrian  Pine.     (Pinus  austriaca.) 
LEAF:  4'-6',  in  twos,  rigid,  slender,  dark  green  ;  cone  conical, 
3'  or  less ;  large  tree,  with  rough  bark. 

57.  Himalayan  White  Pine.     (Pinus  excelsus.) 
LEAF  :  6'-8't  in  fives,  whitish,  slender,  in  large  pendent  tufts, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  in  native  white  pine;  cones  large,  6'-io' 
long. 

58.  Swiss,  Stone,  or  Cembra  Pine.     (Pinus  cembra.) 
LEAF  :  3'-4',    in  fives,    4-angled,   green,    crowded,   on   erect 
branches  ;  cone  somewhat   roundish,  2'  long,  erect,  with   round 
seeds  the  size  of  peas  ;  small  tree  from  the  higher  Alps. 

59.  Cedar  of  Lebanon.     (Cedrus  Libani.) 
LEAF:  i;,  much  as  in  larch  (whorled),  but  stiff,  evergreen,  and 
dark  ;  cone  large,  globular ;  branches  stiff  and  horizontal.     (PI. 
IV.) 

60.  Himalayan  Cedar.     (Cedrus  atlantica.) 
LEAF  :  less  than  i',  short  and  clustered  as  in  larch,  stiff,  ever- 
green, the  outer  ones  always  smaller  ;  flat-3-angled,  bluish  green  ; 
cone  4'  or  more. 

368 


PLATE   III 


14.  Ginkgo.  31.  (V,) 

15.  Sophora  japomca.  43.  (V4) 

1 6.  Mulberry.  7.  (V4) 


17.  Koelreuteria.  45.  (V5) 

1 8.  Osage  Orange.  50.  (Vs 

19.  Orange.  53.  (l/4) 


369 


Description  of  Foreign  Trees 

6z.  Silver  Fir  of  Colorado.     (Abies  concolor.) 
LEAF  :    2',    flat,    blunt-pointed,   somewhat    2-ranked,    bluish 
above,  whitish  beneath  ;  rare. 

62.  Cephalotaxus.    (C.  fortunei.) 

LEAF  :  3'  or  more,  flat,  gradually  sharp-pointed,  rather  long, 
2-ranked  ;  fruit  elliptical,  a  little  over  i'  long.     China. 

63.  European  Yew.  (Taxus  baccata.) 
LEAF  :  i',  flat,  green  both  sides,  rather  2-ranked ;  pistillate 
flower  developing  into  a  small,  red,  berry-like  fruit  with  blackish 
seed ;  a  tall  tree  in  Europe,  but  only  a  low  tree  or  shrubby  in 
this  country,  of  which  our  "ground  hemlock"  is  a  variety.  (PI. 
IV.) 

64.  Asiatic  Silver  Fir.     (Abies  Nordmanniana.) 
LEAF  :  i',  flat,  blunt,  curved,  rather  broad,  and  quite  thick  set 
on  branch,  green  above,  whitish  beneath  ;  cone,  ovate,  large. 

65.  Douglas  Spruce.     (Tsuga  Douglasii.) 
LEAF  :  i'  or  more,  flat,  minutely  stemmed,  light  green,  some- 
what 2-ranked  ;  cone  2'-s',  its  serrate  and  pointed  bracts  pro- 
jecting beyond  scales.     Rocky  Mountains  and  west. 

66.  Japanese  Yew.     (Taxus  cuspidata.) 
LEAF  :  i',   flat,   linear,    apex  rounded  then   suddenly  sharp, 
thickened  on  edge,  2-ranked  ;  low  tree. 

67.  Norway  Spruce.     (Abies  excelsa.) 
LEAF  :  ^',  needle-shaped,  single,  rigid,  pointed,  growing  from 
all  sides  of  branch  ;  cone  5 '-7',  rather  slender,  its  scales   thin  ; 
generally  recognized  by  pendent  branch  lets  (especially  in  old  trees) 
and  long  cones.     Europe  ;  becoming  naturalized. 

68.  Eastern  Spruce.    (Abies  orientalis.) 
LEAF  :  ^',  short,  needle-shaped,  thick,  4-angled,  blunt,  not 
2-ranked  ;  cone,  a  little  over  2'  ;  tree  much  like  "Norway,"  but 
smaller  in  all  details  ;  branches  fine-hairy.     Asia  ;  rare. 
371 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


69.  Colorado  Blue  Spruce.     (Abies  pungens.) 

LEAF  :  ^',  needle-shaped,  stiff,  pointed,  not  2-ranked  ;  foliage 
rich  blue  or  sage  color  ;  rare. 

70.  Cryptomeria.     (C.  japonica.) 

LEAF  :  }£  or  less,  awl-shaped,  very  tapering,  incurved,  rather 
appressed,  crowded  on  branch  ;  cone  globular,  peculiarly  rough, 
the  scales  large  at  summit, -surmounted  by  reflexed  bristly  points 
or  teeth.  (PI.  IV.) 

71.  Juniper.     (Juniperus  sabina.) 

LEAF  :  ]^\  slender,  stiff,  sharp-pointed,  4-whorled  ;  a  pros- 
trate shrub  with  upright  branches  ;  fruit  small,  blue-black,  berry- 
like.  Middle  Europe. 

72.  Juniper.     (Juniperus  squamata.) 

Much  like  the  last,  but  leaves  less  divergent  from  branch,  and 
a  more  prostrate  shrub. 

73.  Heath-leaved  Cypress.     (Retinospora  ericoides.) 

LEAF  :  }£' ,  awl-shaped,  small,  not  rigid,  divergent  from 
branch,  crowded  ;  cone  globular,  size  of  pea  ;  foliage  has  a 
fluffy  effect.  Japan.  (PI.  IV.) 

74.  Cypress.     Retinospora.     (R.  obtusa.) 

LEAF  :  %'  or  less,  small,  much  as  in  arborvitae,  above  and 
below  very  small  and  ovate,  the  lateral  quite  large,  blunt,  keeled ; 
foliage  with  white  bloom  beneath  ;  the  berry-like  cone  size  of  pea, 
with  8  or  10  scales,  2  seeds  under  each.  Var.  aurea  has  young 
foliage  with  yellow  or  white  variegation.  Japan.  (PI.  IV.) 

75.  Cypress.     Retinospora.     (R.  pisifera.) 

LEAF  :  }£  or  less,  small,  much  as  in  arborvitae,  but  all  of 
about  same  size,  those  above  and  below  ovate-pointed,  the  lateral 
keeled  ;  cone-berries  like  peas.  Japan.  (PI.  IV.) 

372 


PLATE  IV 


20 


20.  Cedar  of  Lebanon.  59.  (V3) 

21.  Cryptorneria.  70.  (Va) 

22.  Hearth-leaved  Cypress.  73.  (V2) 


373 


Description  of  Foreign  Trees 

76.  Giant  Arborvitse.     (Thuja  gigantea.) 

LEAF:  as  in  common  arborvitse  ("Native  Trees,"  166),  but 
all  pointed  and  flat ;  tree  9O°-I5O°.  Northwestern  America. 

77.  European  Larch.     (Larix  europsea,  with  var.  pendulata.) 

LEAF  :  about  i',  in  dense  whorled  clusters,  also  singly  along 
branch,  soft,  needle-like,  deciduous ;  cone  about  i'  long,  much 
larger  than  in  American  species  ;  the  variety  pendulata  has  long 
drooping  branchlets.  ("  Native  Trees,"  PI.  XV.) 

78.  False  Larch.     (Pseudo-Larix  Ksempheri.) 

LEAF  :  as  in  preceding,  but  longer  and  broader,  not  so  many 
in  a  cluster,  with  blue-white  lines  beneath,  golden-yellow  in  fall ; 
cone  2;-3',  oblong-ovate,  hanging.  China. 


375 


FOREIGN  SHRUBS  IN  CENTRAL 
PARK 

(Comprising  the  principal  foreign    hardy  shrubs  culti- 
vated in  the  Northeastern  United  States.) 

ANALYTICAL  KEY 

Shrubs   not  ' '  evergreen  ' '    (like  spruce    or   pine)  nor 

cone-bearing. 
Shrubs  whose  blossoms  are  not  in  the  form  of  catkins, 

as  in  chestnut. 
Shrubs  not  thorny  nor  prickly  : 

blossoms  before  or  with  the  leaves  : 

flowers  white:    1-3,    36(a,   c),   63(b,   c),   71 

(''Native  Shrubs,"  102) 

flowers  purplish  or  rosy  to  red  :  2-4,  36(b,  c), 
43*  47,  63(b,  c),   71   ("  Native  Shrubs," 
102)  ("Foreign  Trees,"  2) 
flowers  yellow  :    5-10,  54 
blossoms  after  the  leaves : 

GROUP  I. — BLOSSOMS  WHITE  OR  CREAM-WHITE 
SECTION  I. — FLOWERS  POLYPETALOUS 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE : 

Entire  :  11-14,  71 

Serrate  (not  lobed)  :  14-18,   19  (a,  d,  e,  j,  k)5   73 
("Foreign  Trees,"  13,  19) 
376 


Foreign  Shrubs  in  Central  Park 

LEAVES   SIMPLE  -.—Continued. 
ALTERNATE  : 

Serrate  and  lobed :  19  (e,  k),  46 
Lobed  (lobes  ending  in  spines) :  (**  Foreign  Trees," 
32) 

OPPOSITE  : 

Entire:  20 

Serrate  or  lobed  :  21-25,  64  ("  Native  Shrubs, "27) 

LEAVES   COMPOUND: 

PINNATE  :  26-28,  19  (f ,  g) 
PALMATE  :  29 

SECTION  II. — FLOWERS  (WHITE)  MONOPETALOUS 

LEAVES   SIMPLE  : 
ALTERNATE  : 

Serrate  :  30,  31 

OPPOSITE  (or  whorled) : 

Entire  :  32-35,  36(a,  c),  63(b-d)  ("  Native  Shrubs," 

60,  61,  112)  ("  Foreign  Trees,"  35) 
Serrate  (not  lobed)  :  37-39,  48  (c,  g),  24,  64 
Serrate  and  lobed  :  40,  41 
Lobed  (not  serrate)  :  ("  Foreign  Trees,"  35) 

GROUP   II. — BLOSSOMS    ROSE-TINTED   TO    RED,   OR 
FLESH-COLORED 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE  : 

Entire  :  42-45,  4,  12,  14 

Serrate:     46,    14,     18,     I9(a-c,    h,    i)     ("Native 
Shrubs,"  104)  (**  Foreign  Trees,"  17) 
377 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


LEAVES   SIMPLE  -.—Continued. 
OPPOSITE  (or  whorled) : 

Entire  :  47,  36  (b,  c),  63  (b,  c)  ("Native  Shrubs,'r 

112) 
Serrate  or  lobed  :  48,  64 

LEAVES  PALMATE:  ("Foreign  Trees,"  49) 

GROUP  III. — BLOSSOMS  YELLOW  (OR  YELLOWISH) 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 

ALTERNATE : 

Entire  :  49-52  ("Native  Shrubs,"  120)  ("Foreign 
Trees,"  3,  51) 

Serrate  or  lobed  :  53,  54 
OPPOSITE  : 

Entire  .-55 

LEAVES   PINNATE:  56-59  ("Foreign  Trees,"  42) 

GROUP   IV. — BLOSSOMS  BLUE,  PURPLE  (OR  PURPLISH) 

OR  DARK 
LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE : 

Entire  :  60-62,  72 
OPPOSITE  : 

Entire:  63  (a,  d)  ("Native  Shrubs,"  61)  ("For- 
eign Trees,"  34,  35) 
Serrate  :  64,  65 

GROUP  V. — BLOSSOMS    GREENISH,    OR    GREENISH- 
WHITE,  INCONSPICUOUS 

LEAVES   SIMPLE: 
ALTERNATE  :  66 

OPPOSITE:  67,  68  ("Foreign  Trees,"  36,  38) 
378 


Foreign  Shrubs  in  Central  Park 

SHRUBS    THORNY: 

LEAVES    SIMPLE:    69-73,    12    ("Native    Shrubs,"    125, 

157)  ("Foreign  Trees,"  3,  50,  51) 
LEAVES  PINNATE  :  74-77 
LEAVES  PALMATE:  78-80 

SHRUBS    WITH    FLOWERS 

in  catkins  or  heads  not  ornamental :  81 

SHRUBS   EVERGREEN  (like  spruce  or  pine)  :  see  Analytical 
Key  of  foreign  evergreen  trees. 


379 


DESCRIPTION   OF   FOREIGN 
SHRUBS 

X.  Star-flowered  Magnolia.     (Magnolia  stellata.) 
LEAF:  2'-4/,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  elliptical,  thick,  leathery. 
FLOWER:  p.  white,  3'  across  (petals  about  15,  narrow,  stamens 
many),  single,  before  leaves,  said  to  be  the  earliest  flowering  and 
smallest  magnolia  ;  4°-8°.     Japan.     (PL  I.) 

2.  Purple  Magnolia.     (M.  purpurea  and  soulangeana.) 

LEAF:  s'-7',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  to  obovate,  thick, 
deep  green.  FLOWER  :  p.  purplish-pink  and  white,  large,  3' 
long  or  more,  single  (petals  6  or  9,  stamens  many),  abundant, 
showy,  before  leaves.  Purpurea  is  more  purple  than  soulangeana, 
which  is  probably  a  hybrid.  5°-i5°.  Japan. 

2a.  Chinese  Dwarf  Cherry-tree.     (Prunus  sinensis.) 
LEAF  :  i'-3',    simple,    alternate,    serrate,    elliptical,  hairy   be- 
neath on  veins,  no  glands  on  stem.     FLOWER  :  p.  white  or  rosy- 
red   (petals   5,  stamens   many),  abundant,   2-3-clustered,  earliest 
spring  ;  only  about  3°  high. 

3.  Flowering  Almond.     (Amygdalon  communis  flore  pleno.) 
LEAF:   2r,    simple,   alternate,    serrate,    oblong -lance -shaped, 
smooth,  i  or  2  glands  on  stem.     FLOWER  :  double,  rose-color  or 
white,  before  the  leaves.     Asia. 

4.  African  Tamarix.  (Tamarix  africana.) 
LEAF  :  j^',  simple,  alternate,  awl-shaped,  minute,  appressed 
to  stem  ;  branches  very  slender,  somewhat  drooping.  FLOWER  .' 
pink,  very  small  (petals  and  sepals  4  or  5,  stamens  8  or  10),  pro- 
fuse, entirely  covering  branches  of  last  year's  growth  ;  delicate  and 
unique  ;  May  and  June.  (PI.  I.) 

380 


PLATE  I 


1.  Star-flowered  Magnolia. 

2.  Tamarix.  4.  (V4) 

3.  Early-flowering  Jessamine.  IO.  ( 


4.  Oak-leaved  Hydrangea.  25.  (2/s) 

5.  Bladder-nut.  27.  (V3) 

6.  European  Snowball.  40.  (Va) 


381 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

5.  Cornelian  Cherry.     (Cornus  mas.) 

LEAF  :  2^-3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate  or  long-ovate, 
pointed.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  small  (4  petals  and  stamens,  single 
style),  clustered,  profuse,  before  leaves ;  often  in  full  bloom  April 
ist  in  Park ;  fruit  oblong,  cherry-red ;  tall  shrub  or  low  tree. 
Europe. 

6.  Forsythia.     Golden  Bell.     (F.  viridissima.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  lance-shaped,  deep 
green.  FLOWER  :  m.  golden-yellow,  showy  (corolla  bell-shaped), 
deeply  4-lobed,  lobes  spreading,  2  stamens,  profuse  in  small 
clusters  along  last  year's  growth,  March  and  April,  before  leaves  ; 
branches  spreading  but  not  drooping.  China.  (PI.  IV.) 

7.  Forsythia.     (F.  suspensa.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate,  smaller,  duller,  and 
thinner  than  in  last ;  branches  slender,  long  and  drooping. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  last,  but  earlier  and  less  profuse,  before  leaves. 
China.  (PI.  II.) 

8.  Forsythia.     (F.  Fortune!.)    . 

LEAF  :  2f,  simple,  opposite,  entire  or  obscurely  serrate,  oblong, 
lance-shaped,  dull  green  above,  glossy  beneath.  FLOWER  : 
essentially  as  in  last ;  March,  April.  China. 

9.  Azalea.     (A.  pontica.) 

LEAF  :  2r-4',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate  or  oblong,  apex 
mucronate,  thin,  not  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  m.  orange-yellow, 
slightly  fragrant,  2'  across  or  more  (corolla  tubular-bell-shaped, 
5-lobed,  tube  sticky,  5  long  stamens,  I  long  style),  in  terminal 
clusters  ;  before  leaves  in  spring.  Native  of  the  Caucasus. 

10.  Early-flowering  Jessamine.     (Jasminum  nudiflorum.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  3  or  5,  >£'-^",  entire,  ob- 
long, pointed.  FLOWER  :  m.  yellow  (corolla  salver-shaped,  6- 
lobed,  2  stamens,  I  style),  single  ;  March,  before  leaves  ;  droop- 
ing shrub,  or  trained  as  a  vine.  China.  (PI.  I.) 

383 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


II.  Cotoneaster.     (C.  frigida.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong,  pointed,  brown- 
woolly  beneath.  FLOWER  :  p.  white  (sepals  and  spreading 
petals  5,  stamens  many,  styles  2),  clustered,  numerous;  May; 
fruit  reddish-black,  then  black  ;  I5°-2O°.  Himalaya. 

12.  Common  Quince.     (Cydonia  vulgaris.) 
LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,     ,al  to  ovate,  cottony  be- 
neath.    FLOWER  :  p.  white  or  pale  rosy  (petals  5,  stamens  many, 
calyx-lobes   leafy,    styles   2-5),    single  at   ends  of   stems ;    late 
spring  ;  often  thorny.    From  the  Levant. 

13.  Exochorda.     (E.  grandiflora.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong  or  base  tapering, 
smooth.  FLOWER:  p.  white  (5  roundish  calyx-lobes,  petals  5, 
stamens  15,  short  style),  in  lateral  clusters  ;  May.  China. 

14.  Buckthorn.     (Rhamnus  frangula.) 

LEAF  :  2f-s',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  minutely  serrate,  el- 
liptical, pointed ;  bark  white-dotted.  FLOWER  :  p.  white  or 
pinkish,  small  (petals  and  stamens  4-5,  latter  standing  on  a  fleshy 
disk,  I  style),  clustered  ;  May,  June  ;  6°-i5°.  Orient  ;  thorn- 
less. 

15.  Deutzia.     (D.  crenata.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4\  simple,  alternate,  finely  round-toothed,  ovate  to 
long-ovate,  dull  green.  FLOWER:  p.  white  (petals  5,  stamens 
10,  alternate  ones  longer,  filaments  broader  upward,  2-lobed  at 
top),  in  abundant  small  panicles  ;  May,  June.  Japan. 

1 6.  Deutzia.     (D.  gracilis.) 

LEAF  :  2f~3',  simple,  alternate,  sharply  serrate,  lance-ovate, 
bright  green,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  p.  very  white,  small,  details  as 
in  last,  but  stamen-filaments  forked  at  top  ;  May.  Japan. 

17.  Deutzia.     (D.  scabra.) 

LEAF  :  2 '-4',  as  in  crenata,  but  wrinkled,  quite  rough,  and 
minutely  sharp-serrate.  FLOWER  :  as  in  crenata,  but  stamen- 
filaments  tapering  and  not  lobed  at  top.  Japan. 

384 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

1 8.  Californian  Rose-mallow.     (Hibiscus  californicus.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  not  lobed,  ovate,  cordate 
at  base,  soft-hairy  and  ashy  gray  beneath.     FLOWER  :  p.  white 
or  rose,  with  purple  eye,  3'-$'  across  (petals  5,  stamens  in  a  col- 
umn, 5  capitate  stigmas  on  united  styles). 

19.  The  Spiraeas.     (Spiraea.) 

The  leaf  is  usually  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  i'— 2',  rarely  com- 
pound or  lobed.  The  flower  is  polypetalous,  with  5  petals  and 
many  stamens,  small  and  clustered,  usually  white,  sometimes  pink 
or  red.  The  specific  details  are  as  follows  : 

(a)  S.  callosa  :  leaf  coarsely  and  finely  sharply  serrate,  lance- 
oblong,  apex  tapering.     Flower  (with  10  glands  in  calyx)  in  dense 
terminal  clusters.     Var.  alba  has  white,  var.  rosea  has  deep  pink 
blossoms.     Japan. 

(b)  S.  Antonia  wateri :  leaf  coarsely  serrate,  long  oval,  apex 
pointed.     Blossoms  in  large  heads  of  bright  crimson  or  deep  pink  ; 
only  2°-3°  high  ;  compact  and  dwarf.     Japan. 

(c)  S.  Douglasii  :  leaf  serrate,  lance-oblong,  apex  blunt,  a  lit- 
tle whitened  beneath.     Flowers  small,  deep  pink,  in  erect  pani- 
cles of  spike-like  clusters  ;  much  like  "  hard  hack,"  but  deeper 
colored.     California  and  Oregon. 

(d)  S.  prunifolia  :  leaf  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  ovate,  small. 
Flower    as   cultivated  full-double^    white,    }/$     across,    profuse. 
Japan. 

(e)  S.  Reevesii  :  leaf  coarsely  serrate,  often  3-5-lobed,  ellipti- 
cal, blue-green  beneath  ;  branches  not  hairy.     Flower  white,  in 
compact   clusters  ;  May,     June.      Var.  flore  plena   has   flowers 
double ;  3°-5°.     Japan. 

(f)  S.  sorbifolia  :  leaf  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets  17-21,  sharp- 
ly serrate,  lance-shaped,  quite  tapering.      Flower  white,  small,  in 
large  terminal  panicles.     Siberia.     (PI.  II.) 

(g)  S.  Van  Houtii  :  leaf  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets  3,  serrate, 
oval.     Flowers  white,  profuse  ;   May  ;  4°-6°.  Japan.  (PI.  II.) 

(h)   S.  salicifolia  :  leaf    serrate,    elliptical,    smaller    at    base, 
smooth.     Flower  flesh-red  in  terminal  panicles  ;  June-August ; 
branches  angular  ;  3°-6°.      Siberia. 
385 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


(i)  S.  Fortunei :  leaf  serrate,  oblong-lance-shaped.  Flower 
rose-colored,  in  flat-topped  clusters  ;  June. 

(j)  S.  Thunbergii  :  leaf  sharply  serrate,  oblong-lance-shaped, 
not  hairy  ;  branches  hairy.  Flowers  white,  2-5-clustered  ;  April ; 
3°.  Japan. 

(k)  S.  trilobata  :  leaf  serrate,  slightly  3-lobed,  roundish,  not 
hairy.  Flowers  white,  clustered,  profuse ;  May ;  2°.  Siberia. 

(PI.  ii.) 

20.  European  Red-osier.     (Cornus  sanguinea.) 
LEAF  :  2'-s',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  ovate,  somewhat  downy 
beneath  ;    branches    becoming   bright    red    at  end    of    winter. 
FLOWER  :  p.  white,  small  (petals  and  stamens  4),  in   flat-topped 
clusters,  early  in  summer  ;  berries  small,  black  or  purplish. 

21.  Philadelphia.  (Syringa.)  (P.  gordonianus.) 
LEAF:  3'~4\  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate,  pointed,  hairy 
both  sides,  branches  drooping.  FLOWER  :  p.  white  (petals  4, 
toothed  at  apex,  many  stamens,  4  or  5  styles  more  or  less  grown 
together),  single ;  July ;  6°-g0.  Northwestern  America.  Var. 
aurea  nana  is  smaller,  with  yellow  foliage. 

22.  Rhodotypus.     (R.  kerrioides.) 

LEAF  :  3',  simple,  opposite,  irregularly  and  sharply  serrate, 
ovate-lance-shaped,  bright  green,  not  hairy,  of  vivid  color  late  in 
fall.  FLOWER  :  p.  white,  nearly  2'  across  (petals  4,  roundish, 
stamens  many,  sepals  large),  single,  terminal ;  April  and  all  sum- 
mer ;  somewhat  resembles  a  rose.  Japan. 

23.  Hydrangea.     (H.  nivea.) 

LEAF  :  2'-4',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate  or  slightly  cor- 
date, pointed,  white-woolly  beneath,  green  and  smooth  above. 
FLOWER  :  p.  white  (calyx  4-5 -toothed,  small  petals  as  many  as 
calyx-teeth,  stamens  8-10),  in  flat  cymes,  a  few  marginal  flowers 
sterile  and  enlarged.  Southern  States. 

24.   Hydrangea.     (H.  paniculata  grandiflora.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',   simple,    opposite,    serrate,    long-ovate,    pointed, 
slightly  hairy.     FLOWER  :    white,   afterward   rosy,   sterile   (con- 

386 


PLATE   II 


19.  Forsythia  suspensa.  7.  (*L 

20.  Spiraea  sorbifolia.   19.  f. 

21.  Spiraea  Van  Houtii.  19.  g. 


22.  Three-lobed  Spiraea.   10.  kc 

23.  Rosarugosa.  76.  c. 


387 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

sisting  of  enlarged  4~5-lobed  calyx),  in  immense  terminal  clusters  ; 
August,  September  ;  3°-6°.     Japan. 

25.  Oak-leaved  Hydrangea.     (H.  quercifolia.) 
LEAF  :  4'-$',  simple,  opposite,  serrate  and  5-lobed,  oval,  large. 
FLOWER  :  as  in  23,  but  in  oblong  panicles,  and  with  many  en- 
larged sterile  flowers  ;  3°-6°.     Southern  States.     (PI.  I.) 

26.  Bladder-nut.     (Staphylea  colchica.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5  or  3,  2'-3',  serrate,  long- 
ovate,  long-pointed,  smooth ;  stipules  longer  than  leaf-stem. 
FLOWER  :  p.  white  (petals  oblong-lance-shaped,  5,  stamens  5, 
hairy  at  base,  long  style),  in  abundant  clusters  ;  May  ;  pod  over 
2'  long.  Southeastern  Europe. 

27.  Bladder-nut.     (Staphylea  pinnata.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  2'~3',  serrate,  oblong- 
lance-shaped,  smooth  ;  stipules,  length  of  leaf-stem.  FLOWER  : 
as  in  last,  but  stamens  not  hairy  /  inflated  pod  i'  in  diameter. 
(PI.  I.) 

28.  Xanthocera.     (X.  sorbifolia.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  6-10,  2'-3',  sharply  serrate,  lance- 
shaped.  FLOWER  :  p.  white  (petals  5,  stamens  8,  staminate  and 
pistillate),  clustered  ;  May.  China. 

29.  Dwarf  Horse-chestnut.  (^Esculus  macrostachya.) 
LEAF  :  palmate,  opposite ;  leaflets,  5-7,  3'-6',  serrate,  long- 
obovate,  apex  pointed,  base  tapering.  FLOWER  :  p.  white  (pet- 
als 4,  erect,  narrow,  stamens  6-8,  filaments  very  long),  in  erect 
spikes  i°  long  ;  July,  August ;  fruit  smooth  ;  3°-*)°.  Southern 
States. 

30.  Stuartia.     (S.  pentagyna.) 

LEAF  :  2f-3',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oval.  FLOWER  :  m. 
cream- white  (petals  5  or  more,  more  or  less  united  at  base, 
crimped  on  edge,  sepals  often  reddish  outside,  stamens  many, 
united  at  base,  orange-colored  anthers,  5  styles),  large,  showy, 
3'~4' across  ;  July,  August;  8°-i2°.  Mountains  south  of  Vir- 
ginia. A  native  shrub  on  edge  of  territory. 
389 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


31.  Storax.     (Styrax  japonica.) 

LEAF:  2^',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  ovate  or  long-ovate, 
pointed.  FLOWER  :  m.  white  (corolla  deeply  5-8-lobed,  hairy, 
stamens  10-16,  style  i),  clustered  ;  June,  July ;  4*-6°. 

32.  Fontanesia.    (F.  Fortune!.) 

LEAF:  1'-$',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  elliptical,  smooth. 
FLOWER  :  m.  white,  small  (corolla  4-lobed,  2  stamens,  i  style, 
2-lobed  at  apex),  in  terminal  and  lateral  clusters ;  July  ;  8°-i2° ; 
often  arboreal.  Syria. 

33.  California  Privet.     (Ligustrum  ovalifolium.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oval,  dark  green  above  ; 
whole  bush  entirely  smooth.  FLOWER  :  m.  white  (corolla  salver- 
shaped,  4-lobed,  i  style  2-lobed  at  apex),  clustered  ;  summer. 
Japan. 

34.  Ibota  Privet.     (Ligustrum  Ibota.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  elliptical ;  a  hairy  shrub. 
FLOWER  :  essentially  as  in  last.  Japan. 

35.  Italian  Privet.     (Ligustrum  Italicum.) 

LEAF:  i'-i^',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  elliptical,  both  ends 
pointed.  FLOWER  :  m.  white  (details  as  in  foregoing) ;  berries 
white  in  fall.  Europe. 

36.  Honeysuckles.     (Lonicera.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oval  to  elliptical,  mostly 
smooth,  and  almost  or  quite  stemless.  FLOWER  :  m.  white  to 
pinkish  (corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  somewhat  irregular, 
or  2-lipped,  5  stamens,  slender  style),  few-clustered  ;  specific  de- 
tails as  follows  : 

(a)  L.  fragrantissima  :  leaf  i^4'~3\  hairy  on  midrib  beneath, 
as  also  young  shoots.     Flower  rather  hairy  inside,  whitish,  very 
fragrant,  early  spring ;  bark  shreddy ;  berries  entirely  or  almost 
separate ;  3°-6°.     China. 

(b)  L.  rubra  :  a  variety  of  fragrantissima  with  red  flowers. 

300 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

(c)  L.  tartarica:  leaf  2 '-3',  oval,  base  cordate.     Flower  whitish 
or  pinkish,  paired,  along  branch  ;  spring  and  early  summer  ;  ber- 
ries red,  joined  at  base  ;  5°-8°.     Siberia. 

(d)  L.  Morrowi  :  leaf  (2'-^')  and  white  flower  much  as  in  the 
foregoing,  but  of  straggling  habit  in  its  form. 

37.  Japanese  Viburnum.     (V.  tomentosum.) 
LEAF  :  3'-$',  Dimple,   opposite,    coarsely  serrate,  ovate,  hairy 
above.     FLOWER  :  m.    white,  small  (corolla  5-lobed,  spreading, 
stamens  5,  stigma  3-lobed,  no  style),  in  compound  clusters,  with 
a  few  larger  sterile  ones  in  border  ;   May.     Japan  ;  low  shrub. 

38.  Japanese  Viburnum.     (V.  plicatum.) 

LEAF:  3'— 5',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate  or  long-ovate, 
pointed,  slightly  plaited.  FLOWER  :  m.  white,  in  very  abundant 
"heads,"  all  flowers  sterile,  handsome;  May.  Japan. 

39.  European  Viburnum.     (V.  lantana.) 

LEAF  :  2r-3\  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  elliptical,  pointed, 
loose-hairy  above,  woolly-whitish  beneath.  FLOWER  :  as  in  last, 
but  fragrant,  and  with  none  enlarged  and  sterile  ;  clustered  ; 
May. 

40.  European  Snowball.     (Viburnum  opulus.) 

LEAF  :  2'— 3',  simple,  opposite,  serrate  and  3-lobed,  fine-hairy 
and  green  beneath,  glandular-bristly  on  stem.  FLOWER  :  m. 
white  (details  as  in  37),  in  large  clusters  in  which  a  few  middle  blos- 
soms are  small  and  regular,  and  the  outer  ones  much  larger,  with 
no  stamens  nor  pistils  ;  May  ;  berries  bright  red.  elliptical ;  high, 
often  arboreal.  (PI.  I.) 

41.  American  Snowball.     (Viburnum  oxycoccus.) 
Like  the  last,  but  smaller  ;  flower-clusters  smaller,  fruit  larger  ; 
a  cultivated  form. 

42.  Azalea.     (A.  amoena.) 

LEAF  :  J^'-i',  simple,  alternate,  rather  crowded  at  end  of 
branch,  entire,  oblong  or  elliptical,  thick,  leathery,  glossy,  small. 
FLOWER  :  m.  rose-red  (corolla  funnel-shaped,  5  spreading  lobes, 

391 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


5   stamens),   clustered;    May;    2°-3°;   brilliant   in   full    bloom. 
China.     (PL  III.) 

43.  Cotoneaster.     (C.  vulgaris.) 

LEAF  :  2'— 3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  ovate,  yellow-downy 
beneath,  smooth  above.  FLOWER  :  p.  almost  flesh-colored  (5 
erect  petals,  many  stamens,  2  styles),  i-  to  few-clustered,  abun- 
dant ;  April ;  fruit  reddish,  rarely  white  or  yellow  ;  i°-6°.  Europe. 

44.  Tamarix.     (T.  germanica.) 

LEAF  :  ^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  linear-lance-shaped,  blunt, 
very  small.  FLOWER  :  p.  red  (sepals  5,  petals  8,  stamens  10), 
small,  in  terminal  spikes  ;  summer.  Europe. 

45.  Late-flowering  Tamarix.     (T.  Indica.) 
Much  like  last,   but  blossoms  in  fall  (August,  September)  on 
same  year's  growth.     Europe,  Africa. 

46.  Rose  of  Sharon.  Shrubby  Althaea.  (Hibiscus  syriacus.) 
LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  coarsely  serrate,  3-lobed  (mid- 
dle one  usually  tapering),  rather  ovate,  base  wedge-shaped. 
FLOWER  :  p.  rose-color,  purplish  or  white,  3'  across  (petals  5  or 
many,  many  stamens  joined  in  tube-form,  their  bases  adhering  to 
base  of  petals),  single  along  branch  ;  September  ;  arboreal  shrub. 
Syria. 

47.  Erica.     (E.  carnea.) 

LEAF:  ^',  simple,  3-  or  4-whorled,  linear,  small,  smooth,  edge 
slightly  rolled  under.  FLOWER  :  m.  flesh-red,  small  (corolla 
tubular,  contracted  at  apex,  4-toothed,  stamens  8,  style  i)  ;  April, 
May.  Alps,  Ireland. 

48.  Weigelas.     (Weigela.) 

LEAF  :  2^-3',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate- lance-shaped. 
FLOWER  :  m.  tubular  with  lobed  border,  5  stamens,  i  style  ;  spe- 
cific details  as  follows  : 

(a)  W.  rosea  :  flower  rose-red,  corolla  i'  long  or  more  ;  May, 
June  ;  3°-7°  ;  a  variety  has  variegated  foliage. 

392 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

(b)  W.  Desboissii  :  like  last,  but  flowers  much  deeper  rose. 

(c)  W.  Candida  :  like  rosea,  but  flowers  cream-white. 

(d)  W.  Abel  Carrier e  :  like  rosea,  but  flowers  bright  rose. 

(e)  W.  Eva  Ratke :  like  rosea,  but  flowers  a  clear,  brilliant 
crimson. 

(f)  W.  Lavallei :  hybrid  ;  like  rosea,  but  flowers  dark  reddish 
purple  ;  straggling. 

(g)  W.  amabilis  :  leaf  wrinkled,  rather  large.     Flower  red  or 
white,  broadening  suddenly  from  base,  3-clustered. 

49.  Chinese  Azalea.     (A.  mollis.) 

LEAF:  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  elliptical,  hairy  (as  also 
branches).  FLOWER  :  m.  yellow  (corolla  broad-bell-shaped,  5- 
lobed,  stamens  5),  clustered  ;  May ;  2°-3°. 

50.  Silver-leaved  Oleaster.  (Elaeagnus  argentea.) 
LEAF  :  i'-2r,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval,  silvery  on  both 
sides.  FLOWER  :  yellowish,  fragrant,  perianth  bell-shaped, 
lobes  spreading,  stamens  and  pistil  in  each,  mostly  ;  stamens  as 
many  as  perianth-lobes  ;  June- August ;  fruit  red  ;  young  branches 
beset  with  brown  scales  ;  6°-i8°.  Western  States  ;  sometimes  a 
tree. 

51.  Buffalo-berry.     (Shepherdia  argentea.) 
Like  the  last,  but  leaf  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  ;  flowers  mostly 
staminate  and  pistillate,  stamens  twice  as  many  as  lobes. 

52.  Smoke-tree.     (Rhus  cotinus.) 

LEAF:  i>£'-3',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  broad-oval  to  round- 
ish, smooth,  thickish,  quite  long-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  p.  yel- 
lowish, small  (petals  and  stamens  5),  in  panicles,  abundant  ; 
June  ;  4°-io°.  Europe.  The  lengthened  flower-stems  are  later 
much  branched  and  hairy,  giving  a  cloudy  effect,  whence  the 
name  ;  shrub  or  low  tree.  (PI.  III.) 

53.  Kerria.     Corchorus.     (K.  japonica.) 
LEAF  :    2'-3',    simple,    alternate,    serrate,    lance-ovate,  thin. 
FLOWER  :  p.    yellow,    handsome   (petals   5,  many  stamens),    in 
393 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


single  and  full-double  varieties,  the  latter  somewhat  like  small 
full  roses ;  May  ;  branches  bright  green  from  March  on  ;  another 
form  has  foliage  white-variegated  ;  2°-5°.  (PI.  III.) 

54.  Buffalo  or  Missouri  Currant.     (Ribes  aureum.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  3-lobed  and  coarse-toothed, 
roundish.  FLOWER  :  p.  bright  yellow,  spicy-fragrant  (petals 
and  stamens  5,  styles  2  or  i),  in  small  racemes  bearing  leafy 
bracts  ;  early  spring ;  berries  blackish,  tasteless.  Western 
States.  (PI.  III.) 

55.  St.  John's- wort.     (Hypericum  moserianum.) 

LEAF  :  i'  or  more,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  with  translucent 
dots.  FLOWER  :  p.  yellow,  large ',  2'  or  more  across  (petals  5, 
many  stamens),  abundant,  low  shrub. 

56.  Siberian  Pea-tree.     (Caragana  arborescens.) 

LEAF  :  even-pinnate  ;  leaflets,  8-16,  i'  long,  entire,  elliptical, 
somewhat  hairy,  prickly-pointed.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  pea-shaped, 
in  umbels ;  May;  6°-i2°.  Siberia;  slightly  arboreal.  (PI.  III.) 

57.  Bladder-senna.     (Colutea  arborescens.) 

LEAF:  odd-pinnate  ;  leaflets,  about  n,  if,  entire,  oval,  emargi- 
nate,  dull  green.  FLOWER  :  yellow,  pea-shaped,  3-6-clustered, 
throughout  summer ;  of  arboreal  figure.  Europe.  (PI.  III.) 

58.  Holly-leaved  Barberry.     (Mahonia  aquifolium.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-9,  2f,  spiny-toothed,  oval 
or  long-ovate,  very  glossy.  FLOWER  :  p.  yellow  (petals  6,  i  sta- 
men in  front  of  each  petal,  their  anthers  with  hinged  valves  at 
top  like  trap-door,  i  pistil),  in  racemes  ;  spring ,  berries  black  or 
blue  with  bloom  ;  2°.  Oregon.  (PI.  IV.) 

59.  European  Elder.     (Sambucus  nigra.) 

LEAF  :  odd-pinnate  ;  leaflets,  mostly  5,  i'-s',  serrate,  long-ovate, 
long-pointed.  FLOWER  :  m.  yellowish- white,  fragrant  (corolla 

394 


PLATE   III 


7.  Azalea  amoena.  42.  (Y2) 

8.  Smoke-tree    52.  (]/a) 

9.  Kerria  japonica.  53.  (2/3> 


10.  Missouri  Currant.  54.  (2/3) 

11.  Siberian  Pea-tree.  56.    (Va) 

12.  Bladder-senna.  57.  (V3) 


395 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,  stamens  5,  3-5  stigmas  without  styles)  in 
compound  clusters  ;  June  ;  fruit  black.  Var.  aurea  has  yellow- 
variegated  foliage. 

60.  Lycium.     (L.  chinensis.) 

LEAF:  iJ^'-2^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval,  base  tapering; 
branches  drooping,  seldom  thorny,  whole  plant  smooth.  FLOWER  : 
blue-violet  (corolla  short-funnel-shaped  with  5  spreading  lobes,  5 
stamens  projecting  from  corolla-tube,  bearded  at  base).  China. 
(PL  IV.) 

6z.  Rhododendron.     (R.  ponticum.) 

LEAF  :  4/-6',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  obovate-lance-shaped, 
base  tapering,  evergreen,  thick,  smooth.  FLOWER  :  m.  purple, 
very  open-bell-shaped  (corolla  5-lobed,  stamens  10,  style  i),  in 
terminal  clusters,  late  spring  ;  low  shrub.  Pontus,  etc. 

62.  Rhododendron.     (R.  hybridum.) 

Leaf  essentially  as  in  last ;  flower  variable  in  color  by  grafting 
foreign  upon  native  stock. 

63.  Syringa.     Lilac.     (Syringa.) 

In  all  lilacs  the  leaf  ($'-4')  is  simple,  opposite,  entire ;  flower  is 
m.  tubular,  with  4-lobed  and  more  or  less  spreading  border,  in 
large  clusters  ;  details  as  follows  : 

(a)  S.  Josikaa  :  leaf  elliptical,   base  tapering,  glossy,  lighter 
beneath,  somewhat  fleshy,  not  hairy.     Flower  deep  violet-blue, 
odorless,  lobes  not  spreading  ;  June  ;  8°-i2°.     Hungary. 

(b)  S.  Pcrsica  :  leaf  lance-ovate.     Flower  white,  corolla-lobes 
Wdfc-spreading  or  flat  when  fully  open,  rather  loosely  clustered  ; 
2  varieties,  alba  and  rubra  (reddish  flowers),  in  Park. 

(c)  S.    vulgaris  alba :    leaf   ovate,    base   somewhat    cordate. 
Flower  fragrant,  lobes  somewhat  spreading,  in  crowded  compound 
panicles  ;  spring  ;  color  white  and  red  in  varieties  alba  and  rubra. 
Eastern  Europe. 

(d)  S.  villosa :   flower  light  purple  in  bud,   then  white ;   two 
weeks  later  than  other  lilacs. 

397 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


64.  Hydrangea.    (H.  hortensis.) 

LEAF  :  3'-$',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  oval,  bright  green. 
FLOWER  :  blue,  purple,  pink  or  white,  almost  all  neutral  and  en- 
larged, in  large,  dense,  roundish  clusters  ;  half-hardy.  China. 

65.  Aucuba.     (A.  japonica.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  opposite,  somewhat  serrate,  oblong-ovate, 
large,  bright  green,  commonly  yellow-marbled.  FLOWER  :  p. 
dull  purple,  minute,  staminate  and  pistillate  (petals  and  stamens 
4,  style  short,  stigma  capitate),  in  small  panicles  ;  handsome  red 
berries.  Japan. 

66.  Japanese  Oleaster.     (Elaeagnus  longipes.) 

LEAF  :  i'— 2',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  thick,  dark  green 
above,  silvery-white  beneath.  FLOWER  :  greenish-white,  incon- 
spicuous, perianth  bell-shaped,  4-8-lobed.  Fruit  large,  bright  red 
in  July  ;  3°-5°. 

67.  Tree  Box.     (Buxus  sempervirens.) 

LEAF  :  i't  simple,  opposite,  entire,  evergreen,  thick.  FLOWER  : 
greenish  (no  corolla,  4  sepals,  4  stamens  or  3  styles)  in  small 
lateral  clusters  ;  erect,  compact  shrub  with  single  trunk  ;  from  the 
Mediterranean. 

68.  Japanese  Spindle-tree.     (Euonymus  japonica., 

LEAF  :  2'-3',  simple,  opposite,  finely  serrate,  obovate,  glossy. 
FLOWER  :  p.  greenish-white  (obovate  petals  and  stamens  4, 
latter  borne  on  flat  disk,  slender  style),  in  small  clusters  ;  globular 
pods  bright  colored  ;  branchlets  4-angled. 

69.  Chinese  Barberry.     (Berberis  Thunbergii.) 

LEAF  :  ^',  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  obo- 
vate or  with  tapering  base.  FLOWER  :  p.  yellow  (sepals,  petals 
and  stamens  6,  latter  with  lid  at  top  of  anther  !),  clustered  ;  May  ; 
stems  brownish  red,  usually  thorny  at  base  of  leaves. 

398 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

70.  Evergreen  Thorn.     (Cotoneaster  pyracantha.) 

LEAF  :  2'— 3',  simple,  alternate,  round-toothed,  ovate-lance- 
shaped,  glossy,  evergreen,  not  hairy  ;  young  shoots  yellow-hairy. 
FLOWER:  p.  white  (petals  and  styles  5,  stamens  many),  pani- 
cled  ;  May  ;  fruit  like  peas,  scarlet ;  4°-6°  ;  thorny.  Europe. 

71.  Japanese  Quince.     (Pirus  japonica.) 

LEAF  :  2',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oval  to  oblong,  with 
wedge-shaped  base,  a  little  glossy.  FLOWER  :  p.  rosy,  scarlet, 
to  white  (petals  5  or  more),  rather  large,  handsome,  before  or 
with  the  leaves  ;  first  of  May  ;  somewhat  thorny. 

72.  Lycium.     (L.  barbarum.) 

LEAF  :  i^ '-2^',  simple,  alternate,  entire,  oblong-lance-shaped, 
base  tapering;  branches  drooping,  fine-hairy,  often  thorny. 
FLOWER  :  m.  purplish-white,  rather  salver-shaped  or  funnel- 
form  (corolla  5  lobed,  5  stamens,  bearded  at  base);  summer 
Northwestern  Africa. 

73.  Evergreen  Buckthorn.     (Rhamnus  alaternus.) 

LEAF  :  2'-s',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  oblong  to  elliptical, 
dark,  glossy,  leathery,  evergreen.  FLOWER  :  p.  white,  small 
(petals  and  stamens  4-5,  latter  standing  on  a  disk),  in  lateral 
clusters  ;  often  thorny. 

74.  Chinese  Aralia.     (A.  chinensis.) 

LEAF  :  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  oval, 
pointed,  serrate  ;  stem  fine-hairy.  FLOWER  :  p.  whitish  (petals 
and  stamens  5,  styles  5  or  2),  small,  in  large  compound  clusters  ; 
August,  September;  6°-o,0  ;  thorny.  (PI.  IV.) 

75.  Barberry.     (Berberis  Fortunei.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  7~9>  small>  lance-elliptical,  dark  green 
above.  FLOWER  :  much  as  in  69,  but  crowded,  short-stemmed  ; 
June  ;  thorny.  North  China. 

399 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


76.  Roses.     (Rosa.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7  (i'-2')f  serrate.  FLOW- 
ER :  of  the  rose  type,  p.  petals  5  or  many,  stamens  many  ;  stems 
thorny  (except  in  Boursaltii) ;  specific  details  as  follows  : 

(a)  R.   canina :    leaflets,    5-7,   elliptical,  not  hairy ;   prickles 
stout,  sickle-shaped.     Flower  rosy,  sepals  feathery  ;  June  ;  fruit 
oblong,  dark  red  ;   3°-g°.     Europe. 

(b)  R.  centifolia  :  leaflets,  5,  oval,  hairy  beneath.    Flower  rose- 
color,  large,  full  double  (calyx-lobes  mostly  somewhat  pinnate), 
single,  on   long   stems ;   June ;    stems   erect,   with   stout   curved 
thorns. 

(c)  R.  rugosa :  leaflets,   7,    oval,   pointed,   dark   vivid   green, 
thickish,   somewhat  wrinkled.     Flower  rose-red,  petals  5.    Var. 
with  white  flowers  ;  June.     (PI.  II.) 

(d)  R.   Boursaltii :    leaflets,    7,    oval,    base    tapering,    thin. 
Flower  deep  pink,  petals  5  ;  shrub  and  vine  ;  t hornless. 

77.  European  Raspberry.     (Rubus  idaeus.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate  (7  leaflets)  or  trifoliate  ;  leaflets  serrate,  more 
or   less   white-cottony   beneath,    ovate,    pointed.       FLOWER  :  p. 
white  (petals  5,  about  or  quite  as  small  as  sepals,  stamens  many), 
in  small  clusters  ;  May,  June  ;  thorny. 

78.  European  Raspberry.     (Rubus  fruticosa.) 
LEAF:  palmate;  leaflets,    5,    serrate.      FLOWER:   p.    reddish 
(details   as   in  last,  but  petals  not  as   small),  in   loose,  terminal 
clusters  ;  June,  July  ;  fruit  black ;  thorny. 

79.  Cut-leaved  Raspberry.     (Rubus  laciniata.) 
LEAF  :     palmate  ;     leaflets,     5,    fringe-cut,     hairy     beneath. 
FLOWER  :  p.  violet  (details  as  in  last),  in  large,  terminal  clus- 
ters ;  July,  August  ;  thorny.     (PI.  IV.)     (The  illustration  should 
have  been  palmate.) 

80.  Japanese  Aralia.     (A.  pentaphyila.) 

LEAF  :  palmate,  opposite  ;  leaflets,  5,  serrate,  elliptical,  pointed, 
pale  green.  FLOWER  :  as  in  74  ;  thorny.  (PI.  IV.) 

400 


PLATE   IV 


13.  Holly-leaved  Barberry.  58. 

14.  Lycium.  60.  (3/4) 

15.  Cut-leaved  Raspberry.  79. 


1 6.  Aralia  pentaphylla.  80.  (Va) 

17.  Chinese  Aralia.  74.  (l/n) 

18.  Forsythia  vindissima.  O.  (3/4) 


401 


Description  of  Foreign  Shrubs 

8z.  European  Hazel-nut.     (Corylus  avellana,  with  var.  atro- 
purpurea.) 

LEAF  •  3^4' ,  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  slightly  roundish,  base 
cordate,  downy  when  young.  FLOWER  :  staminate  in  slender 
dense  catkins  ;  fertile  in  a  small  "head";  oval  nut,  i'  long,  en- 
closed in  deeply  lobed  involucre  of  about  same  length ;  young 
shoots  bristly.  Var.  atropurpurea  has  dark  purple  foliage  which 
becomes  almost  green  by  fall. 


403 


FOREIGN    VINES    IN    CENTRAL 
PARK 

(Comprising  the  principal  foreign  hardy  vines  cultivated 
in  the  Northeastern  United  States.) 

ANALYTICAL  KEY 

THORNLESS  : 

LEAVES  SIMPLE: 

Vines  climbing  by  small  rootlets  terminating  in  sucker- 
like  disks  :   1-3,  5  ("  Native  Vines,"  3) 

Vines  climbing  by  tendrils  :  7 

Vines   climbing   by   twining  branches  or   leaf-stems : 
8-10,  16  ("  Native  Vines,"  42,  58) 

Vines  trailing  :   n,  12  ("  Native  Vines,"  54,  98) 
LEAVES  PINNATE  OR  TRIFOLIATE  : 
Alternate  :  I,  6,  13,  24 
Opposite  :  4,  14-19  ("  Foreign  Shrubs,"  10) 

LEAVES  PALMATE:  20 
THORNY  :  21-24  ("  Native  Vines,"  98) 


404 


DESCRIPTION   OF   FOREIGN  VINES 

i.  Ampelopsis.  "Boston  Ivy.'1  (A.  veitchii.) 
LEAF  :  simple  or  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  3  or  5,-  i'-4't 
coarse-serrate,  glossy,  ovate-long-pointed  or  elliptical,  smooth  ; 
sometimes,  especially  in  young  plants  only  simple,  ivy-lobed. 
FLOWER  :  inconspicuous  (petals  4-5,  soon  falling,  stamens  4-5), 
clustered  ;  a  delicate  climber  ;  deciduous  ;  climbing  by  rootlets 
with  sucker-like  disks  ;  var.  tricolor  has  variegated  foliage.  (PI. I.) 

2.  Irish  or  Scotch  Ivy.  (Hedera  hibernica.) 
LEAF:  2'-3',  simple,  alternate,  3-5-lobed  (sometimes  entire), 
evergreen,  glossy.  FLOWER  :  p.  greenish-yellow  (petals,  stamens 
and  styles  5  or  10),  clustered  ;  berries  black ;  not  essentially  dif- 
ferent from  common  ivy,  of  which  it  is  perhaps  only  a  variety  \ 
climbing  by  rootlets.  (PI.  I.) 

3.  Schizophragma  hydrangeoides. 

LEAF  :  2 '-4',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  ovate-cordate  to  round- 
ish, long-pointed,  glossy,  long-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  p.  white  or 
flesh-colored  (petals  5),  in  terminal  cymes  6'  across,  fall ;  vigor- 
ous, climbing  by  rootlets.  Japan.  (PI.  I.) 

4.  Great-flowered  Trumpet-flower.  (Tecoma  grandiflora.) 
LEAF:  pinnate,  opposite;  leaflets,  5-11,  2-3',  serrate,  lance- 
shaped,  narrower  than  in  native  species  radicans.  FLOWER  : 
scarlet  and  orange-yellow,  3'  broad  and  long  (corolla  wide-bell- 
shaped,  5-lobed)  ;  climbing  less  than  radicans,  by  rootlets. 
Japan. 

5.  Spindle-tree.    (Euonymus  radicans.) 

LEAF:  i^',  simple,  opposite,  serrate,  roundish  or  oval,  rather 
leathery,  evergreen.     FLOWER  :  greenish,  small  (petals  and  sta- 
405 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


mens  4-5,  latter  on  a  disk,  I  style,  3~5-lobed  stigma),  clustered  ; 
climbing  by  rootlets  with  sucker-like  disks  ;  a  variety  has  varie- 
gated foliage. 

6.  Everlasting  Pea.  (Lathyrus  latifolia.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate ;  leaflets,  2,  oval,  entire,  the  leaf- 
stalk ending  in  a  tendril ;  leaf-  and  plant-stems  wing-margined, 
the  latter  broadly  (and  not  hairy).  FLOWER  :  pink-purple  (with 
a  white  variety),  odorless,  pea-shaped,  in  racemes ;  climbing  by 
tendrils.  Europe.  (PI.  I.) 

7.  European  Grape.     (Vitis  vinifera.) 

LEAF  :  3 '-4',  simple,  alternate,  serrate,  3-5-lobed,  cordate  at 
base,  rounded,  woolly  beneath  when  young.  FLOWER  :  greenish, 
somewhat  fragrant  (petals  and  stamens  5),  in  large  clusters  ;  late 
in  spring  ;  tendril-bearing. 

8.  Honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  Halleana.) 

LEAF  :  2'-3\  simple,  opposite,  entire,  almost  evergreen. 
FLOWER  :  m.  pure  white,  turning  yellow  (corolla  tubular,  with  5 
lobes),  flowering  from  July  more  or  less  till  late  fall ;  a  scarcely 
distinguishable  variety  of  the  next ;  twining. 

9.  Honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  japonica.) 

LEAF  :  2'— 3',  simple,  opposite,  entire,  oval  or  long-ovate, 
short-stemmed,  stem  downy.  FLOWER  :  m.  white,  later  yellow, 
often  reddish  or  purplish  outside  (corolla,  as  in  last,  in  pairs) ; 
berries  blackish ;  twining. 

10.  Honeysuckle.     (Lonicera  brachypoda.) 
LEAF  :    2 '-3',   simple,    opposite,    entire,    ovate-oblong,    apex 
pointed,  smooth,  on  short  stem.     FLOWER  :  m.  yellow  (corolla  as 
in  last),  in  small  lateral  clusters,  almost  stemless  ;  very  fragrant ; 
twining.     Japan. 

ii.  Common  Periwinkle.     (Vinca  minor.) 
LEAF  :    2',    simple,    opposite,    entire,   lance-elliptical,    glossy, 
evergreen.     FLOWER  :    m.    bright    blue,    rarely    white    (corolla 

406 


Description  of  Foreign  Vines 

salver-shaped,  5-lobed,  5  stamens,  i  style),  single ;  spring  and 
early  summer ;  stems  creeping,  blossoming  branchlets  upright ; 
suitable  for  shady  spots  under  trees.  Europe. 

12.  Prostrate  Juniper.     (Juniperus  squamata.) 
LEAF  :  X'»  sharp,  rigid,  in  threes ;  see  under  Foreign  Trees. 

13.  Chinese  Wistaria.  (W.  sinensis.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  9-15,  2'-3',  entire,  lance- 
ovate.  FLOWER  :  purplish-blue,  pea-shaped  (only  i  appendage 
at  base  of  "  wing"  petals,  instead  of  2,  as  in  native  species),  in 
dense  racemes  longer  than  in  native,  and  the  vine  higher-climb* 
ing  ;  often  twice-flowering  in  season  ;  twining. 

14.  Sweet-scented  Clematis.  (C.  paniculata.) 
LEAF  :  pinnate  (simply  or  doubly),  opposite ;  leaflets,  3  to  5 
or  more,  entire  or  lobed,  ovate  to  long-ovate,  long-stemmed. 
FLOWER  :  white,  small,  fragrant  (no  corolla,  usually  4  white 
sepals,  many  stamens  and  pistils),  in  panicles,  profuse  ;  mid- 
summer ;  fruit  with  feathery  appendage.  Europe  ;  climbing  by 
twisted  leaf-stalks.  (PI.  I.) 

15.  Sweet-scented  Clematis.    (C.  flammula.) 
Much  like  last,  but  leaflets  commonly  lobed,  and  flowers  less 
profuse.     Europe. 

16.  Clematis.     (C.  Jackmannii.) 

LEAF  :  trifoliate  or  simple ;  leaflets  entire,  lance-ovate,  hairy 
beneath,  as  also  stem.  FLOWER  :  violet-purple,  very  large, 
single,  with  6  outspread  sepals,  widest  in  middle ;  summer  ;  climb- 
ing by  twisted  leaf-stalks.  Japan. 

17.  Clematis.     (C.  lanuginosa.) 
Like  last,  but  blossoms  bright  blue. 

18.  Clematis.     (C.  Henryi.) 

Like  last,  but  blossoms  creamy-white  and  still  larger. 
407 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


19.  Clematis.     (C.  coccinea.) 

Leaf  much  as  in  foregoing,  but  smaller,  more  delicate,  and 
rather  roundish  ;  irregular ;  flower  scarlet,  somewhat  tubular, 
slightly  spreading  at  apex,  not  profuse  ;  inferior  to  all  the  others. 

20.  Akebia.     (A.  quinata.) 

LEAF  :  palmate;  leaflets,  5,  i'-i}^',  oval  to  roundish,  entire, 
notched  at  apex,  rather  long-stemmed.  FLOWER  :  violet,  pistil- 
late and  staminate  (3  concave  sepals),  in  small  lateral  clusters  ; 
April,  May.  Japan.  (PI.  I.) 

21.  Field  Rose.     (Rosa  arvensis.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  serrate,  oval,  stem  hairy  and 
often  prickly.  FLOWER  :  white,  seldom  red,  single  or  clustered  ; 
June,  July  ;  low,  creeping  or  climbing  ;  with  curved  thorns. 

22.  Crimson  Rambler. 

LEAF  :  pinnate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  serrate,  oval,  glossy.  FLOWER  : 
crimson,  small,  semi-double,  in  very  profuse  clusters  ;  May,  June. 
Japan  ;  thorny. 

23.  Yellow  Rambler. 

Much  like  last,  but  blossoms  yellow  in  bud,  yellow-tinged 
when  half-opened,  white  when  fully  grown,  2'-2^'  across,  6-10- 
clustered,  slightly  fragrant  ;  thorny. 

24.  Memorial  Rose.     (R.  Wichuriana.) 

LEAF  :  pinnate,  alternate  ;  leaflets,  5-7,  small,  oval,  serrate. 
FLOWER:  pure  white,  profuse,  i^'-2'  across,  yellow  stamens, 
blooming  throughout  July ;  low  and  trailing  ;  good  for  rockeries, 
etc.,  a  Japanese  variety. 


408 


PLATE    I 


1.  Ampelopsis  veitchii.  I.  (V») 

2.  Scotch  Ivy.  2.   (Vs) 

3.  Schizophragma.  3.  (Va) 


4.  Everlasting  Pea.  6.  (8/6> 

5.  Clematis  paniculata.  14.  ( 

6.  Akebia  quinata.  20.  (%) 


409 


PLANT-STRUCTURE 

LEAF  :  leaves  are  SIMPLE  and  COMPOUND  : 

SIMPLE,  when  in  one  piece  ;  Fig.  i. 

COMPOUND,  when  in  parts  so  distinct  that  each  part  looks  like 
a  small  but  complete  leaf  ;  the  subdivisions  are  called  LEAFLETS  ; 
in  a  twice-compound  leaf  each  leaflet  is  similarly  subdivided  ; 
Fig.  2. 

COMPOUND   LEAVES   are  of    two    sorts :    PINNATE  and 

PALMATE. 

PINNATE  has  the  leaflets  along  the  stem,  and  at  right  angles 
with  it ;  even-  and  odd-pinnate  differ  in  regard  to  the  end-leaflet ; 
Fig.  2. 

PALMATE  has  all  the  leaflets  radiating  from  the  apex  of  the 
leaf-stem  ;  Fig.  3. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES  ON  BRANCH.  Fig.  4 

Leaves  are  arranged  in  four  ways  : 

ALTERNATE,  when  following  along  singly  on  branch  (a). 

OPPOSITE,  when  in  pairs,  on  opposite  sides  of  branch  (b). 

WHORLED,  when  three  or  more  circle  around  stem  at  same 
point  (c). 

INDETERMINATE,  when  closely  and  irregularly  crowded  on 
stem  (d). 

Most  leaves  have  longer  or  shorter  stems,  but  some  are  stem- 
less  or  sessile. 

FORMS  OF  SIMPLE   LEAVES 

THE  GENERAL  FORM  of  a  leaf  (Fig.  5)  may  be  roundish  (a), 
oval  (b),  oblong  (c),  ovate  (d),  obovate  (e),  elliptical  (f),  arrow- 
shaped  (g),  halberd-shaped  (h),  lance-shaped  (i),  linear  (j),  or 
requiring  some  combination  of  these  terms. 

411 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 

THE  BASE  (Fig.  6)  may  be  square  (a),  rounded  (b),  tapering 
(c),  wedge-shaped  (d),  pointed  (e),  or  cordate  (more  or  less  heart- 
shaped)  (f). 

THE  APEX  may  be  blunt,  sharp,  taper-pointed,  or  notched 
(emarginate)  (Fig.  7). 

THE  EDGE  (Fig.  8)  may  be  entire  (a),  wavy  (b),  or  variously 
cut ;  when  the  incisions  are  small,  it  is  serrate  or  toothed  (c)  ; 
when  large,  lobed  (d)  ;  with  long,  sharp  projections  it  is  bristle- 
pointed  (e)  ;  there  is  great  variety  in  size  and  form  of  teeth  and 
lobes ;  many  leaves  are  both  serrate  and  lobed.  All  the  varia- 
tions in  form  and  edge  of  simple  leaves  may  occur  in  the  leaflets 
of  a  compound  leaf. 

BLOSSOM 

A  complete  blossom  has  four  distinctive  parts  :  viz.,  calyx,  co- 
rolla, stamens  and  pistil  (Fig.  9). 

CALYX  :  this  is  an  outer  whorl,  usually  resembling  minute 
narrow  green  leaves,  either  distinct  from  each  other,  or  more  or 
less  grown  together,  and  often  with  only  the  apex  of  each  distinct, 
in  the  form  of  a  tooth  ;  the  parts  of  the  calyx  are  called  sepals. 

COROLLA  :  this  is  an  inner  whorl,  usually  much  larger  than  the 
calyx,  and  variously  colored — the  showy  part  of  the  flower  ;  the 
parts,  called  petals,  are  either  distinct,  or  more  or  less  grown  to- 
gether, often  separate  only  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  showing  the 
number  of  petals.  When  the  petals  are  entirely  distinct  the  blos- 
som is  called  polypetalous  (many-petaled)  (Fig.  10)  ;  when  more 
or  less  united  by  their  edges,  monopetalous  (one-petaled)  (Fig. 
il)  ;  if  corolla  and  calyx  are  not  both  present,  it  is  the  corolla  that 
is  lacking,  while  the  calyx  is  often  colored  like  a  corolla  ;  the 
flower  is  then  apctalous  (without  petals). 

STAMENS  (Fig.  12)  :  consisting  of  filament  and  anther ;  the 
former  usually  slender  and  thread-like,  enlarged  at  apex  into  the 
anther  that  contains  the  pollen  ;  the  filament  is  sometimes  short 
and  stout. 

PISTIL  (Fig.  13)  :  consisting  of  seed-case  (a)  at  base  of  flower, 
surmounted  by  an  erect  slender  style  (b)  (much  like  filament  of 
stamen),  longer  or  shorter,  and  swollen  at  apex  into  a  stigma,  (c), 
for  receiving  the  pollen. 

412 


A         e         f      g       h       i    j 


413 


a  b  c  A  e  f 


415 


Plant-Structure 


A  staminate  flower  has  stamens,  but  no  pistil ;  a  pistillate 
flower  has  pistil,  but  no  stamens  ;  this  form  of  growth  prevails  in 
the  catkin-bearing  (amentaceous)  trees  and  shrubs;  sometimes 
the  two  forms  grow  on  the  same  plant ;  sometimes  only  the  stami- 
nate on  one,  the  pistillate  on  another,  as  in  the  ailanthus. 

ARRANGEMENT   OF   BLOSSOMS 

Blossoms  grow  either  singly  or  in  clusters.  Clusters  are  of 
different  forms : 

An  UMBEL  contains  few  or  several  blossoms,  whose  separate 
stems  grow  from  almost  the  same  point  on  the  branch,  as  in 
cherry  or  apple-tree  (Fig.  14). 

A  RACEME  is  a  slender,  leafless,  unbranched  stalk,  bearing 
numerous  blossoms  (with  stems)  throughout  its  length  (Fig.  15). 

A  SPIKE  is  a  raceme  densely  crowded  with  minute  stemless 
blossoms  (Fig.  16). 

A  PANICLE  is  a  leafless  branching  stem  covered  with  blossoms  ; 
in  other  words  a  compound  raceme :  both  raceme  and  panicle 
commonly  bear  the  rudiments  of  leaves,  often  called  bracts  :  a 
leafy  raceme  has  the  leaves  somewhat  developed  (Fig.  17). 

A  CORYMB  is  a  raceme,  in  which  the  lower  flower-stems  are  lon- 
ger, producing  a  flat-topped  or  convex  cluster  (Fig.  18).  Com- 
pound corymbs  and  cymes  often  have  an  immense  number  of 
blossoms,  as  in  the  hydrangea  and  hobble-bush. 

A  CYME  is  much  like  a  corymb,  flat-topped  or  convex,  but  the 
middle  flowers  developing  first. 

A  HEAD  is  a  dense  spherical  mass  of  small  blossoms  (Fig.  19). 

A  CATKIN  or  AMENT  is  much  like  a  spike,  but  the  blossoms 
are  very  rudimentary,  having  no  corolla  (sometimes  no  calyx), 
staminate  and  pistillate,  and  i-4-clustered,  each  cluster  under  a 
scale  or  minute  bract,  and  crowded  on  the  stem  (Fig.  20).  Cat- 
kins are  usually  pendent,  spikes  erect. 

A  CONE  is  a  longer  or  shorter  (occasionally  spherical)  growth, 
covered  with  broad,  flat,  rigid  scales  against  which  (with  no  cov- 
ering) lie  the  seeds  (Fig.  21). 

Blossoms  (single  or  clustered)  are  terminal  or  lateral,  accord- 
ing as  they  are  borne  at  the  end  of  the  branch,  or  along  the  side. 
417 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


These  general  facts  of  plant-structure,  with  the  added  glossary, 
suffice  to  explain  all  of  the  more  technical  terms  used  in  the  fol- 
lowing descriptions.  In  the  case  of  white-blossoming  shrubs,  it 
must  be  noted,  first  of  all,  whether  the  petals  are  distinct,  or 
somewhat  cohering  by  their  edges  (i.e.,  whether  the  flower  is 
polypetalous  or  monopetalous],  as  the  first  two  groups  are  based 
upon  this  difference  :  p.  means  polypetalous ;  m.  means  mono- 
petalous. 


418 


b-i? 


419 


GLOSSARY 

OF   BOTANICAL   TERMS   USED   IN  THIS 
BOOK 

Acuminate:  tapering  to  a  sharp  point. 

Alpine  :  on  high  mountains  above  the  forest  limit. 

Amentaceous  :  like  an  ament  or  catkin,  Fig.  20. 

Anther :  top  of  the  stamen,  containing  the  pollen,  Fig.  12,  b. 

Apetalous  :  without  petals. 

Apex  :  top  of  leaf,  petal  or  sepal. 

Appressed:  lying  parallel  with  and  close  to  stem. 

Awl-shaped :  pointed,  and  with  broad  base. 

Beaked :  surmounted  by  a  slender,  stem-like  growth. 

Bloom  :  white,  powdery  coating,  which  rubs  off. 

Bract :  minute  leaf,  often  at  base  of  flower-stem,  single  or  clustered. 

Bristly  :  long-stiff-hairy. 

Calyx  :  outer  circle  of  green  leaves  in  a  blossom,  Fig.  9. 

Catkin  :  long,  slender  cluster  of  minute  stemless  flowers,  Fig.  20. 

Compound  leaf:   a  leaf  divided  into  several  leaf-like  parts,  Figs. 

2,  3- 

Cordate  :  rather  heart-shaped. 

Corolla  :  inner  circle  of  leaves  in  a  blossom,  Fig.  9. 
Corymb  :  a  flat-  or  round-topped  flower-cluster,  Fig.  18. 
Crenate :  with  rounded  teeth. 
Croivded  leaves  :  growing  too  closely  to  be  distinctly  alternate  or 

opposite,   Fig.  4,  d. 
Cyme:  flattish-topped  flower-cluster,  the  central  ones  developing 

first. 

Deciduous:   of  foliage,  falling  in  autumn. 
Dissected:  of  leaves,  cut  into  numerous  deep  lobes. 

421 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


Double  flowers :  with  additional  petals,  by  transformation  of 
stamens. 

Elliptical:  long-oval. 

Emarginate  :  slightly  notched  at  apex. 

Entire  :  a  leaf-edge  unbroken  by  teeth  or  lobes,  Fig.  8,  a. 

Even-pinnate  :  with  an  even  number  of  leaflets. 

Evergreen  :  retaining  foliage  over  winter  ;  distinctively  applied  to 
the  type  of  foliage  in  cone-bearing  plants. 

Exserled:  when  stamens  protrude  above  the  top  of  the  corolla- 
tube. 

Fascicled:  densely  clustered,  and  radiating  from  one  point,  as 

leaves  in  the  larch. 
Filament:  thread-like  stem  of  anther,  Fig.  12,  a. 

Habitat:  area  of  natural  growth. 

Halberd-shaped :  tapering,  with  abrupt  lobes  projecting  at  base, 

Fig.  5,  h. 

Head :  a  globular  mass  of  flowers,  Fig.  19. 
Heart-shaped  :  referring  especially  to  rounded  indentation  at  base 

of  leaf,  Fig.  6,  f. 

Involucre  :  cluster  of  bracts  at  base  of  a  flower-cluster. 
Keeled:  sharply  ridged  along  the  middle. 

Leaflets  :  the  leaf-like  subdivisions  of  a  compound  leaf,  Figs.  2,  3. 
Lobed :  leaf-edge  deeply  cut,  Fig.  8,  d. 

Midrib  :  central  vein  in  a  leaf. 

Monopetalous :  with  all  the  petals  more  or  less  united,  Fig.  n. 

Mucronate  :  abruptly  tipped  with  a  short  point. 

Obovate:  reverse  ovate,  broad  end  at  top. 

Odd-pinnate  :  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets. 

Opposite:  with  leaves  on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  stem,  Fig.  4,  b. 

Oval :  somewhat  flattened  circle. 

Ovoid  :  applied  to  fruit  when  oval  or  ovate. 

Palmate  leaf:  with  all  its  leaflets  radiating  from  same  point, 
Fig.  3- 

422 


Glossary 

Panicle :  a  loose,  lengthened  compound  flower-cluster,  Fig.  1 7. 

Papilionaceous  :  of  butterfly-shape. 

Perianth:  calyx  and  corolla  together,    especially  applied  when 

they  are  colored  alike. 
Petal:  leaf  of  corolla. 

Pinnate  leaf:  with  leaflets  along  a  branch-like  stem,  Fig.  2. 
Pistil :  the  seed-producing  organ,  Fig.  13. 
Pistillate  :  said  of  a  flower  bearing  a  pistil  without  stamens. 
Pith  :  "  marrow  "  of  a  stem. 

Polypetalous :  with  petals  entirely  distinct,  Fig.  10. 
Prickles  :  sharp-pointed  outgrowth  of  bark. 

Raceme:  a  lengthened,  unbranched  flower-cluster,  Fig.  15. 
Radical :  growing  directly  from  the  ground,  not  from  a  branch. 

Scabrous  :  rough-hairy. 

Sepal:  a  leaf  of  the  calyx. 

Serrate :  toothed  edge  of  a  leaf,  Fig.  8,  c. 

Simple  :  said  of  a  leaf  when  in  one  piece,  Fig.  I . 

Spike  :  a  raceme  of  crowded,  stemless  flowers,  Fig.  16. 

Spine:  a  minute,  sharp-pointed  branch,  outgrowth  of  the  wood, 

not  of  the  bark. 

Stamen:  pollen-producing  organ,  Fig.  12. 
Staminate  :  said  of  a  flower  bearing  stamens  without  pistil. 
Stigma:  summit  of  pistil,  Fig.  13,  c. 
Stipules  :  minute,  leaf-like  bracts,  sometimes  (in  pairs)  at  base  of 

leaf-stem,  and  more  or  less  coherent  with  it. 
Style :  support  of  stigma,  Fig.  13,  b. 

Tendril:  a  thread-like  growth  in  vines  for  supporting  the  plant. 

Terminal:  said  of  blossoms  at  end,  rather  than  along,  a  branch. 

Thorn:  same  as  spine. 

Trifoliate  :  compound  leaf  with  three  leaflets. 

Twining  :  said  of  vines  that  twist  around  the  support. 

Umbel:  flower-cluster  whose  stems  radiate  from  one  point,  Fig.  14. 

Variety  :  subdivision  of  a  species. 

Veins  :  composing  the  framework  of  a  leaf ;  the  larger  ones  are 
called  ribs. 

423 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


Wavy -edged :  entire,  yet  slightly  undulating,  Fig.  8,  b. 
Wedge-shaped :  lower  part  of  leaf  tapering  with  straight  edges  to 

a  point. 

Whorl :  cluster  of  leaves  encircling  stem  at  same  point,  Fig.  4,  c. 
Winged :  said  of  a  seed  with  membranous  extension,  as  in  maple 

and  elm. 


424 


BOTANICAL  LIST  OF  ALL 
TREES,  SHRUBS,  AND  VINES 
IN  CENTRAL  PARK 


DECIDUOUS   AND   NON-CONIFEROUS  TREES 


Acer  campestre 

dasycarpum 

negundo 

palmatum 

platanoides 

polymorphum 

polymorphum  dissectum 

pseudo-platanus 

pseudo-platanus,  var.  atro- 
purpureum 

rubrum 

saccharinum 

saccharinum,    var.    dissec- 
tum 

tartaricum 

AZsculus  hippocastanum 
Ailanthus  glandulosa 
Alnus  cordata 

glutinosa 

Amelanchier  canadensis 
Aralia  spinosa 

Betula  alba,  var.  atropurpurea 
alba,  var.  laciniata 
alba,  var.  pendula 
lenta 


Betula  lutea 

papyracea 

populifolia 

rubra 
Broussonettia  papyrifera 

Caragana  arborescens 
Carpinus  americanus 

betulus 
Carya  alba 

porcina 

sulcata 

tomentosa 
Castanea  americana 

sativa 
Catalpa  bignonioides 

bungei 

Celtis  occidentalis 
Cercidophyllum  japonicum 
Cercis  canadensis 

japonica 
Citrus  trifoliata 
Cladrastis  tinctoria 
Colutea  arborescens 
Cornus  alternifolia 


425 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


DECIDUOUS   AND   NON-CONIFEROUS   TREES—  Confd 


Cornus  florida  alba 
florida  rosea 
Cratcegus  coccinea 
crus-galli 
flava 

oxyacantha 

oxyacantha  flore  plena  rosea 
tomentosa 

Diospyros  virginiana 
Elaagnus  angustifolia 

Fagus  ferruginea 

sylvatica 

sylvatica  asplenifolia 

sylvatica  atropurpurea 

sylvatica  pendula 
Fraxinus  americana 

excelsior 

ornus 

sambucifolia 

Gleditschia  sinensis 

triacanthus 
Gymnocladus  canadensis 

Halesia  tetraptera 
Hippophce  rhamnoides 

Idesia  polycarpa 
Ilex  aquifolium 

aquifolium  macrophyllum 

opaca 

Juglans  cinerea 
regia 


Koelreuteria  paniculata 


Laburnum  vulgare 
Liquidamber  styraciflua 
Liriodendron  tulipifera 

Madura  aurantica 
Magnolia  acuminata 

conspicua 

glauca 

macrophylla 

purpurea 

soulangeana 

tripetala 
Mortis  alba 

nigra 

rubra 

Nyssa  raultiflora 

Ostrya  virginiana 
Oxydendron  arboreum 

Paulownia  imperialis 
Pavia  flava 

ohioensis 

rubra 

Phellodendron  amurense 
Platanus  occidentals 

orientalis 
Popuhcs  alba 

balsamifera 

dilatata 

monilifera 

tremuloides 
Prunus  cerasus 

mahaleb 

padus 

pennsylvanicus 


426 


Botanical  List  of  Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


DECIDUOUS   AND   NON-CONIFEROUS  TREES—  Contact 


Prunus  pissardii 

serotina 

spinosa 

Ptelea  trifoliata 
Pyrus  aria 

floribunda 

malus 

spectabilis 

tor  in  go 

Quercus  alba 
bicolor 
cerris 
coccinea 
imbricaria 
lyrata 
macrocarpa 
nigra 
obtusiloba 
palustris 
phellos 
prinus 
robur 

robur  asplenifolia 
robur  pendula 
rubra 


Rhamnus  catharticus 
Robinia  pseudacacia 

pseudacacia,  var.  inermis 

Salisburia  adiantifolia 
Salix  alba  vitellina 

babylonica 

discolor 

lancifolia 

pentandra 

rosmarinifolia 
Sassafras  officinale 
Sophora  japonica 

Tilia  americana 
europaea 

Ulmus  americana 
campestris 
effusa 
fulva 
montana 
parvifolia 

Viburnum  lentago 
prunifolium 


EVERGREEN   AND   CONIFEROUS  TREES 

Abies  balsamea  Cedrus  atlantica 

concolor  libani 

excelsa 
fraseri 

nordmanniana 
orientalis 
pungens 


Cephalotaxus  fortunei 
Cryptomeria  japonica 
Cupressus  thujoides 


Juniperus  communis 


427 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


EVERGREEN   AND  CONIFEROUS   TREES— Continued 

Juniperus  prostrata  Pinus  sylvestris 

sabina  taeda 

squamata  Pseudo-Larix  kaempheri 
virginiana 

Retinospora  ericoides 

Larix  americana  obtusa 

europaea  obtusa  aurea 

pisifera 
Pinus  austriacus 

cembra  Taxodium  distichum 

excelsa  Taxus  baccata 

inops  cuspidata 

mitis  Thuja  gigantea 

mugho  occidentalis 

rigida  Tsuga  canadensis 

strobus  Douglasii 

SHRUBS 

sEsculus  macrostachya  Berberis  Thunbergii 

Alnus  viridis  vulgaris 

Amorpha  fruticosa  vulgaris  purpurea 

Amygdalus    com  munis  flore      Buxus  sempervirens 

pleno 

Andromeda  floribunda  Calluna  vulgaris 

Aralia  chinensis  Calycanthus  floridus 

pentaphylla  laevigatus 

Aucuba  japonica  Caragana  arborescens 

Azalia  amoena  Cephalanthus  occidentalis 

calendulacea  Chionanthus  virginica 

mollis  Clethra  alnifolia 

nudiflora  Colutea  arborescens 

pontica  Cornus  mas 

viscosa  sanguinea 

sericea 

Baccharis  halimifolia  stolonifera 

Berberis  Fortune!  stricta 

428 


Botanical  List  of  Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


SHRUBS—  Continued 


Corylus  avellana 

avellana  atropurpurea 
Cotoneaster  frigida 

vulgaris 

Crate gus  pyracantha 
Cydonia  japonica 

vulgaris 

Deutzia  crenata 
gracilis 
scabra 

El&agnus  argentea 

longipes 
Erica  carnea 
Euonymus  americana 

japonica 
Exochorda  grandiflora 

Fontanesia  Fortune! 
Forsythia  Fortunei 

suspensa 

viridissima 

Hamamelis  virginica 
Hibiscus  californicus 

syriacus 
Hydrangea  arborescens 

hortensis 

nivea 

paniculata  grandiflora 

quercifolia 
Hypericum  moseriana 

Ilex  verticellata 


Jasminum  nudiflorum 

Kalmia  latifolia 
Kerria  japonica 

japonica  flore  pleno 

japonica  fol.  van 

Leucothoe  catesbaei 
Ligustrum  ibota 

italicum 

ovalifolium 

vulgare 

Lindera  benzoin 
Lonicera  fragrantissima 

morrowi 

rubra 

tartarica 
Lycium  barbarum 

chinense 

Magnolia  stellata 
Mahonia  aquifolia 
Myrica  cerifera 

Philadelphus  coronarius 

gordonianus 

grandiflorus 

inodorus 

nana  aurea 
Prunus  maritima 

sinensis 

virginiana 
Pyrus  arbutifolia  erythrocarpa 

arbutifolia  melanocarpa 


Rhamnus  alaternus 
frangula 


429 


Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


SHRUBS—  Continued 

Rhododendron  hybridum 

Spircea  salicifolia 

ponticum 

sorbifolia 

Rhodotypus  kerrinoides 

Thunbergii 

Rhus  copallina 

tomentosa 

cotinus 

trilobata 

glabra 

Van  Houttii 

glabra  laciniata 

Staphylea  colchica 

typhina 

pinnata 

Ribes  aureum 

trifoliata 

Robinia  hispida 

Stuartia  pentagyna 

Rosa  blanda 

Sty  rax  japonica 

Boursaltii 

Symphoricarpus  racemosa 

canina 

vulgaris 

centifolia 

Syringa  Josikaea 

rubiginosa 

persica  alba 

rugosa 

persica  rubra 

Rubus  fruticosa 

villosa 

fruticosa  laciniata 

vulgaris  alba 

idaeus 

vulgaris  rubra 

odoratus 

Tamarix  africana 

Sambucus  canadensis 

gallica 

nigra 

indica 

nigra  aurea 

racemosa 

Vaccinium  corymbosum 

Shepherdia  argentea 

frondosum 

Spiraa  Antonia  Wateri 

vacillans 

callosa  alba 

Viburnum  acerifolium 

callosa  rosea 

cassinoides 

Douglasii 

dentatum 

Fortunei 

lantana 

opulifolia 

lantanoides 

opulifolia  aurea 

opulus 

prunifolia 

oxycoccus 

Reevesii 

plicatum 

Reevesii  flore  pleno 

tomentosum 

430 

Botanical  List  of  Trees,  Shrubs  and  Vines 


SHRUBS—  Continued 


Weigela  Abel  Carriere 
amabilis 
Candida 
Desboissii 
Eva  Rathka 
Lavallei 


Akebia  quinata 
Ampelopsis  quinquefolia 

tricolor 

Veitchii 
Aristolochia  sipho 

Celastrus  scandens 
Clematis  coccinea 

flammula 

Ilenryi 

Jacqmannii 

lanuginosa 

paniculata 

Euonymus  radicans 
radicans  fol.  var. 

Hedera  hibernica 
Juniperus  squamata 

Lathyrus  latifolia 
Lonicera  brachypoda 
halleana 


Weigela  rosea 
rosea  fol.  var. 

Xanthoceras  sorbifolia 
Xanthorhiza  apiifolia 

VINES 

Lonicera  japonica 
sempervirens 

Periploca  graeca 

Rhus  toxicodendron 
Rosa  arvensis 

Baltimore  Belle 

crimson  rambler 

setigera 

wichuriana 

yellow  rambler 

Schizophragma  hydrangeoides 
Smilax  rotundifolia 

Tecotna  grandiflora 
radicans 

Vinca  minor 
Vitis  aestivalis 

labrusca 

vinifera 

Wistaria  fruticosa 
sinensis 


431 


INDEX 


The  general  account  of  plants  precedes,  and  their  detailed  description  fol- 
lows, page  1 80.     Botanical  names  are  in  italics. 


Abies  balsamea,  237 

concolor,  371 

excelsa,  371 

fraseri,   237 

nordmanniana,   371 

orientalis,  371 

pungens,  372 
Acacia,  217 

Three-thorned,  230 
Acer    campestre,   365 

dasycarpum,   214 

pennsylvanicum,  217 

platanoides,  365 

polymorphum,    365 

var.    dissectum   atropurpure- 
um,   365 

pseudo-platanus,  366 

rubrum,  214 

saccharinum,  217 

spicatum,  217 

tartaricum,  366 

wierii   laciniatum,  217 
Adlumia  fungosa,  335 
JEsculus  Hava,  226 

var.    purpurascens,  226 

glabra,  226 

hippocastanum,  226 

macrostachya,  389 

pavia,  226 
Ailanthus,  65,  221 
Ailanthus  glandulosus,  221 
Akebia   quinata,   176,  408 
Alder,   158 

Black,  167,  252 


Alder,   European,  67,  356 

Green,  296 

Hoary,  295 

Mountain,  296 

Seaside,   194 

Smooth,    295 

Speckled,  295 

White,   155,  206,  251 
Alder- Buckthorn,  206 
Alligator  Pear,  190 
Allspice,   Carolina,   289 

Wild,  282 
Alnus  cor  data,  357 

glutinosa,  356 

incana,  295 

maritima,  194 

serulata,   295 

•viridis,  296 
Althsea,   Shrubby,  277 
Amelanchier  canadensis,   198 
Amorpha,    141 
Amorpha  canescens,  290 

fruticosa,  290 
Ampelopsis,  405 
Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  307 

veitchii,  405 

Amphicarp&a  commosa,   332 
Amygdalus  communis   flore  pie- 
no,  380 
Andromeda,  264,  273 

Marsh,  265 

Privet,  265 
Andromeda   ftoribunda,   273 

ligustrina,  265 


433 


Index 


Andromeda  mariana,  264 

polifolia,  151,  265 
Angelica-tree,    99,    233 
Apios  tuberosa,  332 
Apple,  Chinese  Crab,  358 

Crab,  201 

Japanese  Flowering,  358 

Wild,  201 

Wild  Balsam,  311 
Apple-tree,  358 

Toringo,  358 
Aralia,   Chinese,   165,  399 

Japanese,   400 
Aralia  chinensis,  165,  399 

pentaphylla,    165,    400 

spinosa,  233 
Arborvitae,  238 

Giant,  375 

Arbutus,   Trailing,    316 
Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi,   316 
Aristolochia  sipho,   318 

tomentosa,  351 
Arrow- wood,  138,  266,  270 

Downy,  266 

Few-flowered,  273 

Maple-leaved,    138,   269 
Ascyrum  crux-andrce,  286 

stans,  285 
Ash,  Black,  225 

Blue,  226 

Carolina  Water,  226 

European,  367 

Flowering,    367 

Green,  225 

Mountain  (American),  222 
(European),  222 

Prickly,  233 

Red,  225 

Wafer,   229 

Water,.  225 

White,   225 
Ash  Trees,  70 
Asimina  triloba,  189 
Aspen,   Common,   193 

Large-toothed,  193 
Aspens,  72 


Aucuba  japonica,  398 
Autumn  Scenes,  40 
Azalea,   133,   383 

Alpine,  274 

Chinese,  393 

Clammy,    133,  264 

Flame-colored,    133,    276 

Purple,    133,  276 

Smooth,  276 

White  Swamp,  264 
Azalea  amana,  391 

mollis,  393 

pontica,  383 

Baccharis  glomeruliftora,  270 

halmifolia,  265 
Balm  of  Gilead,  201 
Barberry,   135,  399 

American,  285 

Chinese,  398 

Common,   285 

Holly-leaved,    171,  394 
Basswood,  97,  193 

Downy-leaved,    193 

White,  193 
Bayberry,   170,  295 
Beach-pea,    315 
Beam-tree,    White,    128 
Bean,  Kidney,  330 

Few-flowered,  352 

Umbelled,  331 

Various-leaved,    331 

Wild,  330,  332 
Bearberry,   316 
Bedstraw,   339 

Hairy,  340 

Rough,  339 

Small,    340 

Sweet-scented,    340 
Beech,  198 

American,    66 

Cut-leaved,    213 

European,  66,  357 

Purple-leaved,  67,   357 

Water,   197 

Weeping,   92,   357 


434 


Index 


Berberis,  canadensis,  285 

fortunei,  399 

thunbergii,  398 

vulgaris,  285 
Berchemia  volubilis,  349 
Betula    alba,   var.    atropurpurea, 
362 

var.  laciniata,  213 

glandulosa,  300 

tewta,   194 

/wtea,  197 

papyrifera,   194 

populifolia,  205 

pumila,  295 

rubra,   197 
Bignonia,   351 
Bignonia  capreolata,  351 
Bilberry,  274 

Bog,  274 
Bilsted,  21  o 
Bindweed,  Black,  318 

Bristly  jointed,  321 

Hedge,   322 
Birch,  Black,  87,  194 

Canoe,   194 

Cut-leaved,  213 

Dwarf,  300 

Gray,   197,  205 

Low,  295 

Paper,  87,    194 

Purple-leaved,  362 

Red,  197 

River,  87,   197 

Sweet,    194 

White,    88,    205 

Yellow,  87,  197 
Birches,  87 
Birth  wort,  351 
Bittersweet,  177,  321,  325 
Black  Haw,   84,  214 
Black  Jack,  210 
Blackberry,  Common,   263 

High,   263 

Low,   263,   344 

Low  Bush,  263 

Running  Swamp,  344 


Blackberry,   Sand,   263 
Bladder-nut,  256,  389 
Bladder-senna,    119,    168,   394 
Blue  Tangle,  277 
Blueberry,  270 

Canada,  274 

Common  High,  264 

Low,  264 

Swamp,  1 66,  264 
Boneset,   Climbing,  330 
Borrichia  frutescens,  287 
Boston  Ivy,  405 
Box,  Tree,  139,  398 
Box-Elder,  96,   225 
Breweria,  317 
Breweria  pickeringii,  317 
Broom   Crowberry,    288 
Broussonettia   papyrifera,   357 
Brunnichia  cirrhosa,  351 
Buckeye,   Big,    226 

Fetid,    226 

Ohio,  226 

Purplish,    226 

Red,  226 

Sweet,  226 
Buckthorn,  384 

Alder-leaved,    291 

Common,  291 

Evergreen,  399 

Lance-leaved,   291 

Southern,    230 

Western,   230 
Buckwheat,  Climbing  False, 

321 

Buffalo-berry,   155,   393 
Buffalo-nut,  290 
Bumelia  lanuginosa,  230 

lycioides,  230 
Burning-Bush,   290 
Butterfly-Pea,   331 

Spurred,  331 
Butternut,  122,  222 
Buttonball,  213 
Button-bush,  171,  265 
Button  wood,   101,   213 
Buxus  sempervirens,  398 


435 


Index 


Calico-Bush,  275 
Callicarpa,  273 
Callicarpa   americana,   273 
Calluna  vulgaris,  281 
Calycanthus  floridus,   154,   289 

nanus,  289 

occidentalist   154 
Calycocarpum  lyoni,  352 
Caragana  arborescens,  394 
Carpinus  betulus,  357 

caroliniana,    197 
Carrion-Flower,  311 

Yellowish,   312 

Cassandra   calyculata,    153,    264 
Cassena,   259 
Castanea  pumila,  201,   299 

sativa,    357 

var.  americana,   198 
Catalogue  of  trees,  shrubs,   and 
vines  in  Central  Park,  4,  425 
Catalpa,  98,   214 

Japanese,   365 
Catalpa  bignonoides,   214 

bungei,  365 
Cat-Brier,  340 
Ceanothus  americanus,  251 
Cedar,  Himalayan,  368 

of  Lebanon,   119,  368 

Red,  238 

White,  238 
Cedrus  atlantica,  368 

libani,  368 

Celastrus   scandens,   321 
Celtis  occidentalis,  198 
Central  Park,  Routes  in,  57,  77, 
91,  105,  129 

Views  in,  29 

Centrosema  virginianum,  331 
Cephalantlms    occidentalis,    171, 

265 

Cephalotaxus   fortunei,  371 
Cercidophyllurn    japonicum,    365 
Cercis  canadensis,   189 

japonica,  356 

Cham&cyparis  thyoides,   238 
Checkerberry,  321 


Cherry,  Asiatic,   357 
Chinese  Dwarf,  380 
Cornelian,    31,   146,  380 
Dwarf,  250 
European,  86,  358 
Grape,  358 
Rum,    198 

Wild  Black,  85,  198 
Wild    Red,    198 
Chestnut,   75,    198 
Chinese,  165 
Dwarf,    299 
European,  357 
Chinquapin,  299 

(Chestnut),  201 
Chiogenes    serpyllifolia,    317 
Chionanthes  virginica,  213 
Choke-berry,  251 
Choke-cherry,  251 
Cinque-foil,    Common,    336 

Shrubby,  288 
Citrus  trifoliata,  368 
Cladrastis  tinctoria,  218 
Classification  of  native  trees   by 

the  type  of  blossom,   18 
Clematis,    335,   351,   407,  408 
Japanese  and  European,  176 
Pitcher's,  352 
Sweet-scented,   407 
Whorled,   335 
Clematis,   cylindrica,   351 
coccinea,  408 
flammula,  407 
henryi,  407 
jackmannii,  407 
lanuginosa,  407 
paniculata,  407 
pitcheri,  352 
verticillaris,   335 
viorna,  336 
virginiana,  335 
Clethra  acuminata,    155,   206 

alnifolia,    155,   251 
Climbing  Fern,  322 
Clitoria  mariana,  331 
Clover,  Bush,  332 


436 


Index 


Clover,   Running  Buffalo,  336 

White,  339 
Club-Moss,    Carolina,    347 

Common,  347 

Interrupted,   347 

Northern,  347 
Cocculus,   349 
Cocculus  carolinus,  349 
Colutea    arborescent,     119,    168, 

394 

Compound  leaf-type,  53 
Convolvulus,  Field,  318 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  318 

sepium,  322 
Coral-berry,    165,  278 
Corchorus,   169,  393 
Corema  conradii,  288 
Cork-tree,  366 
Cornus,  alter nifolia,  189 

asperifolia,  260 

circinata,  255 

no  rid  a,  213 

mas,  380 

paniculata,  256 

sanguinea,  386 

sericea,  255 

stolonifera,  256 

stricta,  260 
Corylopsis,    164 

spicoto,  164 
Corylus  americana,  296 

avellana,  403 

var.   atropurpurea,  403 

rostrata,  296 
Cotoneaster,   383 
Cotoneaster  frigida,  383 

pyracantha,   399 

vulgar  is,  392 
Cottonwood,  71,  205 

Angled,   206 

Swamp,  194 
Cowberry,  316 
Cranberry,  American,  316 

Large,    3 1 6 

Small,  316 
Cranberry-Bush,    High,   269 


Cranberry-Tree,   138,   269 
Cratcsgus  apiifolia,   260 

coccinea,   229 

cordata,  230 

crus-galli,  229 

ilava,  230 

mollis,  229 

oxyacantha,  230 

parvifolia,  260 

punctata,  229 

spathulata,  260 

tomentosa,    229 
Creeping-Charlie,    329 
Crowberry,    Black,   276 
Cryptomeria  japonica,   127,  372 
Cucumber,  One-seeded  Bur,  311 
Cucumber  Tree,   103,  189 
Cupseed,  352 

Currant,    Buffalo    or    Missouri, 
394 

Fetid,  255 

Indian,  278 

Wild  Black,   255 

Wild  Red,   255 
Cuscuta  arvensis,  348 

chlorocarpa,  348 

compacta,  348 

decora,  349 

epilinum,  348 

epithymum,  348 

glomerata,  348 

gronovii,  348 

inttexa,  348 

rostrata,  348 

tenuifolia,  348 
Cydonia  vulgaris,  384 
Cypress,   238,  372 

Bald,  63,  238 

Heath-leaved,   372 
Cypress  Vine,   322 

Wild,   318 

Dahoon  (Holly),  259 
Dalibarda  rep  ens,  321 
Dangleberry,  277 
Daphne,  277 


437 


Index 


Daphne  cneorum,  149 

genkwa,  149 

mesereum,    149,   277 
Date-Plum,  186 
Deerberry,  289 
Desmodium   humifusum,   332 

japonicum,  160 

penduliflorum,  160 

rotundifolium,    331 
Deutzia  crenata,  159,  384 

gracilis,   159,  384 

scabra,   159,  384 
Devil-wood,   214 
Devil's-Walking-Stick,    233 
Dewberry,  263,  344 
Dichondra,  349 
Dichondra  repens,  349 
Diervilla  trifida,  287 
Dioscorea  villosa,  321 
Diospyros  virginiana,  186 
Dirca  palustris,  285 
Dockmakie,  269 
Dodder,  Beaked,  348 

Bending,   348 

Coiled,  348 

Compact,  348 

Field-,  348 

Flax-,  348 

Green- fruited,    348 

Gronovius,  348 

Handsome,  349 

Slender-flowered,  348 

Thyme-,  348 
Dogwood,    Alternate-leaved, 

Flowering,    52,    145,    213 

Panicled,  256 

Poison,  218 

Red-Osier,.  145,  256 

Rough-leaved,    260 

Round-leaved,   255 

Silky,  255 
Dutchman's  Pipe,  318 

Eglantine,  344 
Elaeagnus,  163 
Elcsagnus  angustifolia,  164, 


189 


356 


Elaagnus  argentea,  393 

canadensis,  164 

longipes,   164,   398 
Elder,  Box-,  96 

Common,  156,  269 

European,  156,  394 

Marsh,  266 

Red-berried,    156,   269 
Elm,  American,  68,  197 

Corky  White,   197 

English,  68,  361 

Long-stemmed    Mountain,   361 

Scotch  or  Wych,  361 

Slippery,  197 

Small-leaved,  361 

White,    197 

Winged,  209 
Empetrum   nigrum,    276 
English    Hawthorn,   89,  230 
Enslenia,  329 
Enslenia  albida,  329 
Epigaa  repena,  316 
Erica  cornea,  392 
Euonymus  americanus,   290 

atropurpureus,  290 

japonica,  141,  398 

obovatus,  330 

radicans,  405 
Evergreens,  124 
Exochorda,  160 

Fagus  ferruginea,   198 

sylvatica,  357 

var.    asplenifolia,    213 
False    China-Brier,   343 
False  Indigo,  290 
False  Sarsaparilla,  340 
False  Violet,  321 
Farkle-berry,   270 
Fir,  Asiatic  Silver,  371 

Balm  of  Gilead,  237 

Balsam,  237 

Silver,  of  Colorado,   371 

Southern  Balsam,   237 
Firs,  127 
Five-Finger,  336 


438 


Index 


Floral     wealth     of     Japan     and 

China,  178 

Flowering  Almond,  380 
Flowering  Dogwood,  145 
Foliage,   Purple-leaved,  93 
Fontanesia  fortunei,  390 
Forestiera,  292 
Forestiera  acuminata,  292 
Forsythia,    31,    156,    383 
Forsythia   fortunei,   383 

suspensa,  383 

viridissima,    383 
Fosteronia  difformis,  350 
Fothergilla,  275 
Fothergilla   alnifolia,  275 
Four     dozen    plants    for    lawns, 

174 
Fragaria   in  die  a,    336 

vesca,  336 

Virginian  a,  336 
Frangula    caroliniana,   206 
Fraxinus    americana,    225 

excelsior,  367 

ornus,  367 

platacarpa,  226 

pub  esc  ens,   225 

quadrangulata,  226 

sambucifolia,   225 

viridis,  225 
Fringe-tree,  in,  213 
Fumatory,    Climbing,   335 

Galactia  pilosa,  332 

regular  is,    332 
Galium  aparine,  339 

asprellum,   339 

pilosum,  340 

trindum,  340 

trifiorum,   340 
Garland  Flower,  149 
Gaultheria  procumbens,  321 
Gaylussacia  brachycera,  278 

dumosa,  277 

frondosa,  277 

resinosa,   276 
Gelsemium  sempervirens,   350 


Genista    tinctoria,  282 
Gill,  330 

Ginkgo-tree,  107,  362 
Gleditschia   monosperma,   233 

sinensis,  367 

triacanthos,    230 
Golden  Bell,  383 
Gonolobus  lavis,   350 

obliquus,  329 
Gonolobus,    Smooth,  350 
Gooseberry,    Common  Wild,  291 

Prickly,   291 

Round-leaved,  291 

Swamp,  292 

Gordonia  lasianthusf  206 
Grape,  Downy,    352 

European,  406 

Frost,   308 

Heart-leaved,   349 

Muscadine,   308 

Northern    Fox,    308 

Red,   352 

River,  311 

Summer,  308 

Southern  Fox,  308 

Winter,   308 
Green-Brier,    340 
Ground-Ivy,  330 
Ground-Nut,  332 
Ground   Pine,    347 
Groundsel-Tree,    151,  265,  270 
Guelder   Rose,   138 
Gum,  Sour,   115,   190 

Sweet,   115,  21  o 
Gymnocladus  canadensist  218 

Hackberry,   198 
Hackmatack,  238 
Halesia  tetraptera,  206 
Hamamelis  virginica,  285 
Hardback,  277 
Hawthorn,   English,  89,  230 
Hazel-nut,  296 

Beaked,   296 

European,    403 

Purple-leaved,    137 


439 


Index 


Heather,  281 
Hedera  helix,  307 

hibernica,   405 
Hemlock,  127,  237 

Ground,  303 

Hempweed,    Climbing,    330 
Hercules'   Club,   233 
Hibiscus   californicus,   384 

syriacus,   277,  392 
Hickory,   Big-bud,    221 

Bitternut,   221 

Black,    221 

Broom,  221 

Mockernut,  221 

Pignut,  221 

Shagbark   (Shellbark),  84,  218 

Small-fruited,    221 

Swamp,  221 

Western  Shagbark,  221 
Hickories,  82 
Hicoria  alba,  221 

glabra,   221 

microcarpa,  221 

minima,  221 

olivceformis,  222 

ovata,  218 

sulcata,  221 
Highwater  Shrub,  266 
Hippophce   rhamnoides,    367 
Hobble-Bush,   138,  269 
Hog-Peanut,   332 
Holly,    105 

American,   201 

English,  1 66,  362 

Japanese,    166 

Mountain,  251 
Honeysuckle,    Bush,    287 

Fly,   286 

Hairy,  326 

Hall's,  406 

Japanese,  326,  406 

Mountain   Fly,  286 

Small,  325 

Swamp  Fly,  287 

Tartarian,  266 

Trumpet,    325 


Honeysuckle,  Yellow,  325 
Honeysuckles,   147,  390 
Hop,  339 

Hop-hornbeam,    65,    197 
Hop-tree,   108,   229 
Hornbeam,  64,   197 

European,   357 

Hop-,  65,  197 
Horse-chestnut,    71,    226 

Dwarf,    150,   389 

Red,  367 
Horse-sugar,    206 
Huckleberry,   Box,    278 

Common   Black,   276 

Dwarf,    277 

Squaw,  289 
Hudsonia,  282 
Hudsonia  ericoides,  28* 

tomentosa,  282 
Humulus  lupulus,   339 
Hydrangea,   157,  386,  398 

Oak-leaved,    389 

Wild,  256 
Hydrangea  arborescent,  256 

hortensis,   157,  398 

nivea,   386 

paniculata      grandiflora,      157, 
386 

quercifolia,   158,  389 
Hypericum  aureum,  161 

densifiorum,   286 

kalmianum,    161,    286 

moseriana,    161,  394 

prolificum,  286 

Idesia  polycarpa,  129 
Ilex  aquifolium,    106,  362 

cassene,  259 

crenata,    166 

dahoon,  259 

decidua,   259 

glabra,  252 

lavigata,  252 

latifolia,  166 

mo  I  Us,   252 

montana,  252 


440 


Index 


Ilex  opaca,  106,  166,  201 

verticillata,  252 
Ilex,  Mountain,  252 

Soft,  252 
Indian  Bean,  214 
Indian    Currant,    278 
Inkberry,   252 
Ipomoea,    White  Star-,   318 
Ipomcea  coccinea,  318 

hederacea,  322 

lacunosa,  318 

pandurata,  317 

purpurea,  317 

vulgaris,  322 
Iron-wood,  197 
Itea,  252 

I  tea  virginica,    164,   252 
Iva  f  rut  esc  ens,  266 
Ivy,  American,  307 

English,  307 

Ground-,  330 

Irish  or  Scotch,  405 

Poison,    177,  307 

Jasminum  nudiflorum,  165,  383 
Jessamine,    Early-flowering,    165, 
383 

Yellow,  350 
Judas-tree,  189 

Chinese,  356 
Juglans  cinerea,  222 

nigra,  222 

olivaformis,   222 

regia,  366 
June-berry,   198 
Juniper,  372 

Alpine,  303 

Common,  303 

Prostrate,  303,   407 
Junipers,    127 
Juniperus  communis,   303 
var.  alpina,  303 

sabina,  372 

var.  procumbens,  303 

squamata,  372,  407 

virginiana,  238 


Kalmia  angustifolia,   154,   278 

glauca,  154,  289 

hirsuta,  277 

latifolia,  154,  275 
Kentucky    Coffee-tree,    116,    218 
Kerria  japonica,  168,  393 
Kinnikinnik,  255 
Kcelreuteria  paniculata,   69,   366 

Laburnum,  168 

Common,   366 
Laburnum  vulgare,   366 
Lambkill,   278 
Larch,  238 

American,   109 

European,    109,    375 

False,  375 
Larix    americana,  238 

europaa,  375 

var.   pendulata,   375 
Lathyrus  latifolius,  406 

maritimus,  315 

myrtifolius,    315 

ochroleucus,    315 

palustris,  315 

pratensis,  315 

venosus,  315 
Laurel,  153 

Great,  275 

Hairy,   277 

Mountain,  275 

Pale,  289 

Sheep,  278 

Lawns,  Suggestions  for,  54,  174 
Lead-Plant,  141,  290 
Leaf-types,  54 
Leather-flower,  336 
Leather-leaf,    153,   264 
Leather-wood,    160,   285 
Ledum   latifolium,  250 
Leiophyllum  buxifolium,   256 
Lespedeza  procumbent,  332 
Leucothoe,  265,  273 
Leucothoe  axillaris,  156,  273 

catesbai,  273 

racemosa,  156,   265 


441 


Index 


Leucothoe  recurva,  273 
Ligustrum  ibota,  390 

italicum,  390 

ovalifolium,   390 

vulgar e,  266 

Lilac    (Syringa),  142,  397 
Lime-tree,  97,   193 
Linden,  97,    193 

European,    193,    361 
Lindera  benzoin,  282 

melissafolia, .  282 
Linnaa  borealis,  329 
Liquidamber,   210 
Liquidamber  styraciftua,   210 
Liriodendron  tulipifera,  209 
Loblolly  Bay,   206 
Locust,    217 

Black  or  Yellow,  81,  217 

Bristly,  282 

Chinese  Honey,   367 

Clammy,  81,   218 

Honey,    79,  230 

Water,  233 

Loiseleuria  procumbent,   274 
Lonicera,  147 

brachypoda,  406 

cerulea,  286 

ciliata,  286 

fragrantissima,   148,   390 

glauca,  325 

var.  douglasii,  325 

grata,  325 

halleana,  406 

hildebrandii,   148 

hirsuta,   326 

involucrata,  287 

japonica,   326,  406 

ntorrowi,  391 

oblongifolia,   287 

rubra,  390 

sempervirens,    325 

sullivantii,  325 

tartarica,  148,  266,  391 
Lycium,  177 

barbarum,   399 

chinensis,  397 


Lycium  vulgare,    343 
Lycopodium   annotinum,   347 

carolinianum,   347 

clavatum,  347 

complanatum,   347 
Lygodium  palmatum,    322 
Lysimachia   nummularis,  329 

Madura  aurantica,  367 
Magnolia,  Great-leaved,   104,  190 

Mountain,    103,    189 

Purple,  104,  380 

Small,   1 86 

Star-flowered,    380 

Swamp,    1 02 
Magnolia  acuminata,   189 

alexandrina,    162 

conspicua,   356 

fraseri,   190 

glauca,  163,  186 

gracilis,  163 

macrophylla,    190 

purpurea,    162,  380 

soulangeana,  162,  380 

stellata,  163,   380 

tripetala,   189 
Magnolias,   102 

Mahonia  aquifolium,  171,   394 
Maple,  Ash-leaved,  96,  225 

Cut-leaved,  217 

Field,   96,   365 

Japanese,   365 

Mountain,  96,  217 

Norway,  32,  95,   365 

Red,  97,  214 

Rock,  217 

Silver-leaf,  214 

Soft,  214 

Striped,  96,  217 

Sugar,  97,  217 

Swamp,   214 

Sycamore,  95,  366 

Tartarian,  366 

White,  97,  214 
Maples,  94 

Japanese,   172 


442 


Index 


Matrimony  Vine,   343 

Mayflower,  316 

Meadow-sweet,     Common,      136, 

251 

Melothria  pendula,  350 
Menispermum  canadense,  322 
Mensiesia  globella,  289 

globularis,  289 
Mezereum,  277 
Micrampelos  lobata,  311 
Mikania   scandens,    330 
Milk-Pea,  332 

Downy,  332 
Milkweed,.  Black,  329 

Rough-fruited,    329 

Twining,   329 
Missouri  Currant,   137 
Mistletoe,    American,   274 
Mitchella  repens,   326 
Moneywort,  329 
Moonseed,   322 
Moose-wood,  217,   285 
Morning-Glory,   Common,  317 

Small,  322 
Morus  alba,  194 

nigra,  357 

rubra,   194 

Moss,  Flowering,  317 
Mountain-Fringe,  335 
Mulberry,  no 

Black,    in,  357 

French,  273 

Paper,  in,   357 

Red,  in,   194 

Weeping  Russian,  93,  163 

White,   194 
Muscadine,    308 
Myrica,    1 70 

asplenifolia,   170,  295 

cerifera,  170,  295 

gale,  170,.  292 

Nature,  assisted  by  art,  118,  143 
Dynamic  force  of,  45 
its    impressions   on   the   mind, 
38 


Negundo  aceroides,  225 
Neopanthes  mucronata,  251 
Nepeta  glechoma,   330 
Nettle-tree,  85,  198 
Nine-Bark,   136,  255 
Nyssa  sylvatica,   190 
unHiora,  190 

Oak,  Barren,  210 

Bear,  296 

Black,  210 

Black  Scrub,  296 

Bur,  209 

Chestnut,   201 

Dwarf  Chestnut,  296 

English,  362 

Laurel,  186 

Live,  193 

Mossy-cup,  93,  209 

Pin,  210 

Poison,  307 

Post,  209 

Red,  210 

Rough  White,  209 

Scarlet,  210 

Scrub,  296 

Shingle,  186 

Southern  Over-cup,  363 

Spanish,  210 

Swamp   Spanish,    210 

Swamp  White,  209 

Turkey,  362 

Upland  Willow,   193 

Water,   189 

White,  60,  209 

Willow,  1 86 

Yellow  Chestnut,  201 
Oaks,  58 
Oil-nut,   290 
Olea  americana,  214 
Oleaster,    122,   163,  356 

Japanese,   398 

Silver-leaved,   393 
Orange,   358 

Mock,  256 

Osage,  122,  357 


443 


Index 


Ostrya  virginiana,    197 
Oxydendron  arbor eum,  201 

Papaw,   123,   189 
Partridge-Berry,  326 
Passiflora  incarnata,  350 

lutea,  311 
Passion-Flower,   White,   350 

Yellowish,  311 

Paulownia  imperialis,   106,  365 
Pavia  rubra,  367 
Pea,  Everlasting,  406 
Pea-tree,   Siberian,  394 
Pecan-nut,  222 
Pepperbush,  Sweet,  251 
Pepperidge,  190 
Periploca,  330 
Periploca  graca,   330 
Periwinkle,  Common,   406 
Per  sea   carolinensis,   190 
Persimmon,   114,    186 
Phaseolus  helvolus,  331 

paucMorus,  352 

polystachyus,  330 

umbellatus,  331 
Phellodendron  amurense,    366 
Philadelphus,  386 

coronarius,  256 

gordonianus,  386 

inodorus,  259 

var.  grandiflorus,   260 
Phlox,  Creeping,  326 
Phlox  rep  tans,  326 
Phoradendron  ftavescens,  274 
Phyllodoce,    288 
Phyllodoce  taxifolia,  288 
Physocarpus   opulifolius,   255 
Picea  canadensis,  234 

excelsa,  237 

mariana,  237 

rubens,  237 
Pieria  Horibunda,  152 

japonica,  152 

ligustrina,    152 

mariana,  152 
Pine,  Austrian,   124,  368 


Pine,   Cembra,   124,  368 

Gray,  234 

Himalaya  White,    124,    368 

Jersey  Scrub,  234 

Loblolly,   234 

Northern  Scrub,  234 

Old  Field,  234 

Pitch,   234 

Red,  234 

Scotch,    124,  368 

Spanish,  368 

Spruce,    234 

Swiss,  368 

Table  Mountain,  234 

White  or  Weymouth,  125,  233 

Yellow,  234 
Finns  austriaca,   368 

banksiana,  234 

cembra,  368 

excelsus,  368 

mitis,  234 

mug  ho,   124,   368 

pungens,  234 

resinosa,   234 

rigida,  234 

strobus,  233 

sylvestris,  368 

tee  da,  234 

virginiana,  234 
Pinxter-flower,    133,   276 
Pipe- Vine,  318 
Pirus  americana,  222 

aria,   128 

aucuparia,  222 

coronaria,    201 

ilorabunda,    358 

japonica,   144,  399 

malus,  358 

spectabilis,  358 

toringo,  358 
Plane,  Oriental,   362 
Plane-tree,  213 
Planer-tree,   209 
Planera  aquatica,  209 
Plant  Structure,  411 
Platanus  occidentalis,  213 


444 


Index 


Platanus  orientalis,   362 
Plum,  Beach,  250 

Chicasa,  250 

Japanese,  93,   358 

Wild  Yellow  or  Red,  120,  230 
Poison  Ivy,   177,  307 
Poison  Oak,  307 
Polygonum  arifolium,  339 

cilinode,  321 

convolvulus,  318 

sagittatum,  339 

scandens,  321 
Pond  Spice,  285 
Poplar,  Balsam,  73,  198 

Downy,  194 

Lombardy,   73,  206 

River,  205 

Silver-leaf  or  White,  75,  213 

Yellow,  209 
Poplars,   71,  74 
Populus  alba,  213 

angulata,   206 

balsamifera,    1 98 
var.  candicans,  201 

dilatata,    206 

grandidenta,   193 

heterophylla,    194 

monolifera,  205 

trevnuloides,    193 
Potato- Vine,  Wild,  317 
Potentilla,  335 
Potentilla  anserina,  335 

canadense,  336 

fruticosa,  288 
Privet,  167 

California,  168,  390 

Common,  266 

English,  1 68 

Ibota,  390 

Italian,  390 
Prunus  americana,    230 

arbuti folia,   251 

cerasus,  357 

chicasa,  250 

mahaleb,  358 

maritima,  2 so 


Prunus  padus,  358 

Pennsylvania  a,    198 

pissardii,   358 

pumila,  250 

serotina,  198 

sinensis,  380 

spinosa,  260 

virginiana,  251 
Pseudo-Larix   kampheri,   375 
Ptelea  trifoliata,  229 
Pyrularia  pubera,  290 
Pyxidanthera  barbulata,   317 
Pyxie,   317 

Quercus  alba,   209 

aquatica,  189 

bicolor,  209 

cerris,  362 

cinerea,   193 

coccinea,  210 

var.  tinctoria,  210 

cuneata,  210 

Hid  folia,  296 

imbricaria,    186 

lyrata,  362 

macrocarpa,   209 

minor,  209 

muhlenbergii,  201,  296 

nigra,  210 

palustris,  210 

phellos,    1 86 

Prinus,    201 

robur,  362 

rubra,  210 

virens,  193 
Quince,  Common,  384 

Japanese,   144,   399 

Rambler,   Crimson,   177,  408 

Yellow,  177,   408 
Raspberry,   Black,   263 

Cut-leaved,   400 

Dwarf,   325 

European,  400 

Purple-flowering,    169,   278 

White-flowering,   259  , 


445 


Index 


Raspberry,  Wild  Red,  263 

Red  Bay,   190 

Red  Buckeye,  150 

Red-Bud,   189 

Red-Osier,    European,    386 

Retinospora  ericoides,  128,  372 

obtusa,   372 

pissifera,   128,  372 
Rhamnus  alaternus,   399 

alnifolia,    291 

cathartica,    161,   291 

frangula,   384 

lanceolata,  291 
Rhododendron,     131,     275,     288, 

397 

Rhododendron    arborescenst    276 

calendulaceum,  276 

catawbiense,  132,   288 

hybridum,  397 

lapponicum,  288 

maximum,  132,  275 

nudiftorum,  276 

ponticum,  397 

•uiscosum,   264 
Rhodora,  275 
Rhodora  canadense,   275 
Rhodotypus  kerrioides,   169,   386 
Rhus  aromatica,  287 

copallina,   292 

cotinus,  393 

glabra,  292 

var.  laciniata,  292 

toxicodendron,  307 

typhina,  222 

venenata,  218 
Rhynchosia  tomentosa,  351 
Ribes  aureum,  137,  394 

cynosbati,  291 

Horidum,  255 

lacustre,  292 

oxyacanthoides,  291 

pro  stratum,   255 

rotundifolium,   291 

rubrum,  255 

sanguineum,    137 
Robinia  hispida,  282 


Robinia  pseudacacia,  217 

viscosa,   218 
Kosa  arvensis,  408 

b  Ian  da,   281 

boursaltii,  400 

canina,  400 

Carolina,    281 

centifolia,  400 

lucida,   281 

rubiginosa,  281,  344 

rugosa,    135,   400 

setigera,  343 

wichuriana,    1 78,   408 
Rose,    Carolina,  281 

Climbing,  343 

Dwarf  Wild,  281 

Early   Wild,    281 

Field,  408 

Memorial,    178,  408 

Prairie,    343 

Swamp,  281 

Sweet-Brier,  281,  344 
Rose-Acacia,  282 
Rose  Bay,  275 

Lapland,  288 
Rose    family,    Pre-eminence    of, 

Si,   143 

Rose-Mallow,  Californian,  384 
Rose  of  Sharon,   149,  277,  392 
Rosemary,   Wild,    151 
Routes  in   Central  Park,  57,   77, 

91,   105,    129 
Rubus  canadensis,  263,  344 

cuneifolius,  263 

fruticosus,  400 

hispidus,    344 

idozus,  400 

laciniata,   400 

nutkanus,    259 

occidentalis,  263 

odoratus,    169,    278 

strigosus,  263 

triftorus,  335 

trivialis,  263 

villosus,  263 
Rutland-Beauty,  322 


446 


Index 


St.  Andrew's   Cross,  286 
St.  John's-wort,   394 
Kalm's,    286 
Shrubby,   286 
St.   Peter's-wort,   285 
Salisburia  adiantifolia,  362 
Salix  alba,    205 

var.  vitellina,  205 
amygdaloides,   202 
argyrocarpa,  303 
babylonica,    205 
balsamifera,  303 
Candida,  299 
chlorophylla,  300 
cordata,  202 
discolor,   202,  299 
fragilis,  202 
herbacea,  300 
humilis,    299 
land  folia,   361 
livida,  300 
longifolia,   205,    299 
lucida,  202 
myrtilloides,  300 
mgra,    202 

var.   falcata,   205 
pentandra,   361 
petiolaris,  300 
purpurea,  202 
rosmarinifolia,  356 
rostrata,   205 
sericea,  299 
tristis,  299 
uva-ursi,   300 
•viminalis,    190 
Sambucus  canadensis,   269 
nigra,    156,    394 
pubens,  269 
Sand  Myrtle,  256 
Sandthorn,  Common,  121,  367 
Sassafras,   78,   190 
Sassafras  officinale,   190 
Savin,  238 
Schisophragma        hydrangeoides, 

176,  405 
Scientific  Training,  Need  of,  131 


Scientific      Nomenclature,      Ad- 
vantage of,   134 
Sea  Ox-eye,    287 
Shad-bush,   198 
Sheep-berry,    214 
Shepherdia,  287 
Shepherdia  argentea,   155,  393 

canadensis,   287 
Shrub,  Sweet-scented,  154 
Shrub  Yellow-root,   290 
Shrubby  Althaea,  392 
Shrubby  Trefoil,  229 
Siberian  Pea-tree,  118,  144 
Sicyos   angulatus,  311 
Silver-bell-tree,   123,  206 
Silver-weed,   235 
Sloe,  260 

Smilax,   Lance-leaved,  349 
Laurel-leaved,  312 
Rough,  343 
Walter's,  343 
Smilax  bona-nox,  340 
glauca,  340 
herbacea,    311 
hispida,  343 
lanceolata,  349 
laurifolia,  312 
Pseudo-China,  343 
rotundifolia,   340 
tamnifolia,   312 
walteri,   343 
Smoke-tree,  140,  393 
Snowball,    American,   391 
European,  391 
Japanese,   138 
Snowball-tree,    138 
Snowberry,   165,  278 

Creeping,    3 1 7 
Solanum   dulcamara,   325 
Sophora  japonica,   100,   366 
Sorrel-tree,  201 
Sour  Gum,  115,  190 
Sour-wood,  20 1 
Spice-bush,  32,   48,  282 
Spindle-tree,  141,  405 
Japanese,  398 


447 


Index 


Spiraea,  Birch-leaved,  251 
Spiraeas,  135,   136,   385 
Spiraea  antonia  wateri,  385 

callosa,  385 

corymbosa,  251 

douglasii,  385 

fortunei,   385 

prunifolia,  385 

reevesii,  385 

salicifolia,  251,  385 

sorbifolia,  385 

thunbergii,  385 

tomentosa,  277 

trilobata,   386 

t>an  houtii,  385 
Spring  Scenes,  47 
Spruce,  Black,  126,  237 

Colorado  Blue,  372 

Douglas',  371 

Eastern,  371 

Hemlock,  237 

Norway,  126,  237,  371 

Red,  237 

White,    126,  234 
Stag-bush,   214 
Stagger-bush,   153,  264 
Staphylea  colchica,  389 

pinnata,  389 

trifolia,  256 
Steeple-bush,  277 
Stephanandra,   162 
Stiff  Cornel,  260 
Storax,  159,  270,  390 
Strawberry,  Wild,   336 
Strawberry-bush,  290 

Trailing,    330 
Stretch-berry,  340 
Stuartia,  151,  259 
Stuartia  pentagyna,   151,  389 

pentaphylla,  259 

Pseudo-camellia,  151 

Virginia  a,   151,   259 
Stump-tree,  218 
Styrax  americana,  270 

grandiftora,  160,  270 

japonica,  390 


Styrax  obassia,  160 

pulverulenta,  270 

serrulata,  160 
Sugar-berry,    198 
Sumach,   Cut-leaved,  292 

Dwarf,  140,  292 

Fragrant,  287 

Poison,  218 

Smooth,    292 

Staghorn,   58,   222 

Velvet,  222 

Venetian,   140 
Sumachs,   139 
Supple-Jack,   349 
Sweet  Bay,  115,  186 
Sweet    Brier,    281,   344 
Sweet-Fern,   170,  295 
Sweet  Gale,  170 
Sweet  Gum,  115,  210 
Sweet-leaf,  206 
Sweet  Pepperbush,   155,  206 
Sweet-scented   Shrub,  289 
Sycamore,  362 
Symphoricarpus,    165 

occidentalis^  278 

orbicularis,  278 

racemosa,  278 
Symplocos  tinctoria,  206 
Syringa,    146,  256,  386 

Large-leaved,   260 

Odorless,  259 

Syringa  josikcea  var.  alba,  397 
var.  rubra,  397 

persica,  397 

villosa,  397 

vulgaris,  142 
var.   alba,   397 
var.  rubra,  397 

Tamarack,  238 
Tamarix,  89 

African,    172,    380 

German,  392 

Late-Flowering,    392 
Tamarix  afficana,  172,  380 

germanica,  392 


448 


Index 


Tamarix  indica,  392 
Taxodium   distichum,  238 
Taxus  baccata,  371 

canadensis,   303 

cuspidata,  371 
Tea,  Labrador,  250 

New  Jersey,  251 
Tearthumb,  Arrow-leaved,  339 

Halberd-leaved,  339 
Tecoma  grandiftora,  176,  405 

radicans,   308 

Tetranthera  geniculata,  285 
Thimble-berry,    263 
Thorn,  Black,  229,  260 

Cockspur,  89,  90,  229 

Dotted,  229 

Downy-leaved,    229 

Dwarf,  260 

English   Haw-,  89,  230 

Evergreen,   399 

Pear,  229 

Scarlet-fruited,  229 

Summer,    230 

Washington,  230 

White,  229,  260 
Thorn-trees,  88 
Thuya  gigantea,  375 

occidentalis,    238 
Tilia  americana,  193 

europaa,   193,  361 

heterophylla,    193 

pub  esc  ens,  193 
Toothache-tree,  233 
Tragia  macrocarpa,  352 
Trees,   age  of,   37 

bark  of,  33 

early    and    late    vernation    of, 
36 

figure  of,  33 

gregarious  and  solitary,   36 

human  sympathy  with,  45 

in  winter,  32 

interior  of,   35 

popular  names   of,   113 

rapid  and  slow  growth  of,  37 

resemblance  of  shrubs  to,   130 


Trees,  testimony  of  fossil,  27 

their  timber  uses,  35 

variable  size    in   same   species 
of,  112 

weeping  and  cut-leaved,   92 
Trees,     Native,     colors     of,     in 
autumn,  42 

Evergreen  and  coniferous,   25 

Inconspicuous  flowering,  22 

Nut- fruited,   23 

Ornamental  blossoming,  21 

Seed-fruited,  24 
Trefoil,  Bush-,  331 

Smooth  Bush-,  332 

Tick-,  331 
Trifolium  rep  ens,  339 

stoloniferum,   336 
Trumpet  Creeper,   308 
Trumpet-Flower,  308 

Chinese,    176 

Great-Flowered,    405 
Tsuga  canadensis,  237 

douglasii,  371 
Tulip-tree,    108,   209 
Tupelo,   190 

Large,  190 
Twin-Flower,   329 

Ulmus  alata,  209 

americana,   197 

campestris,  361 

eft  us  a,  361 

fulva,   197 

montana,   361 

parvifolia,  361 

racemosa,  197 
Umbrella-tree,   103,  189 

Ear-leaved,    190 

V actinium  arboreum,  270 
caspitosum,  274 
canadense,  274 
corymbosum,   166,   264 
erythrocarpon,    270 
macrocarpon,   316 
myrtilloides,  274 


449 


Index 


Vaccinium  ovalifolium,  274 

oxy coccus,  316 

pennsylvanicum,   264 

stamineum,   289 

uliginosum,  274 

-uitis-idcza,   316 
Vetch,  American,  315 

Carolina,    312 

Common,   312 

Four-seeded,  312 

Hairy,    312 

Tufted,  312 
Vetchling,   Beach-pea,  315 

Myrtle-leaved,    315 

Spreading,  315 

Swamp,   315 

Veiny,   315 

Yellow- white,   315 
Viburnum,   137 

Downy-leaved,   138 

European,   391 

Japanese,  391 

Soft,  266 

Sweet,   214 
Viburnum  acerifolium,  269 

cassinoides,  265 

dentatum,    138,   266 

lantana,   391 

lantanoides,   269 

lentago,  214 

mo  lie,  266 

nudum,    265 

obovatum,    270 

opulus,  269,  391 

oxycoccust  391 

pauciHorum,  273 

plicatum,    138,   391 

prunifolium,  214 

pubescens,  266 

tomentosum,  391 
Vicia  americana,  315 

caroliniana,  312 

cracca,   312 

hirsuta,   312 

sativa,  312 

tetrasperma,  312     ' 


Vinca  minor,  406 
Vincetoxicum,  Black,   329 
Vincetoxicum  nigrum,   329 
Virginia   Creeper,   307 
Virgin's-Bower,    335 
F*£«  astivalis,   308 

bipinnata,   351 

cinerea,  352 

co rdi folia,    308 

indivisa,  349 

labrusca,  308 

palmata,  352 

riparia,  311 

rotundifolia,  308 

vinifera,  406 

Waahoo,  209,  290 
Walnut,  121 

Black,  222 

English,    366 

White,   222 

Wax-Myrtle,    170,    295 
Wax-work,   321 

Wayfaring-Tree,    American,    269 
Weigela,    148,   392 
Weigela  abel  carriere,  393 

amabilis,   393 

Candida,  393 

desboissii,    393 

tfz/a  ra££a,  393 

lav  all  ei,   393 

rosea,  392 

trifida,    148 
Whin,  282 
Wild  Ginger,  318 
Wild  Rosemary,  265 
Willow,  Balsam,  303 

Basket-Osier,    190 

Bearberry,   300 

Bebb,   205 

Black,  202 

Brittle,  202 

Crack,  202 

Dwarf   Gray,   299 

Glaucous,  202,  299 

Gray,  299 


450 


Index 


Willow,  Green,  300 

Heart-leaved,  202 

Herb,  300 

Hoary,  299 

Lance-leaved,   361 

Livid,   300 

Long-beaked,  205 

Long-leaved,  205,  299 

Long-stalked,  300 

Mountain,    300 

Myrtle,    300 

Peach,  202 

Prairie,  299 

Purple,  202 

Pussy,  202 

Sage,  299 

Sandbar,  205 

Scythe-leaved,  205 

Shining,   63,   202 

Silky,  299 

Silver- fruited,  303 

Small-leaved,  356 

Weeping,    32,    205 

White,  205 

Yellow,  62,  205 
Willows,  6 1 
Winterberry,   167,  252 


Winterberry,   Smooth,  252 
Wintergreen,  321 
Wistaria,  350 

Chinese,  407 
Wistaria  frutescens,  350 

sinensis,   407 
Witch-Hazel,   146,  285 
Withe-rod,  138,  265 
Woad-Waxen,    282 
Wolfberry,  278 

Woodbine,  American,  307,  325 
Woody  Nightshade,   325 

Xanthoceras  sorbifolia,   165,  389 
Xanthorhisa  apiifolia,  290 

Yam-root,  Wild,  321 
Yaupon,  259 
Yellow- wood,  120,  218 
Yew,    American,   303 

European,    371 

Japanese,  371 
Yulan,  30,  356 

Zanthoxylum   americanum,   233 

carolinianum,   233 
Zenobia  speciosa,    153 


451 


14  DAY  USE 

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MAY  1  9  1958 

APR     7  1PH5 

MAY  7     1965 

1967 

MAR25198Q    , 

.1.5^S!f.fLEY  LIBRARIES 


